Download analyze the nervous system and explain its structure and

Unit 1
Analyze the nervous system and explain its structure and dynamics
Explain the basic structure and function of the central nervous system. Include:
(i) brain
(ii) spinal cord
Which structures in the diagram below belong to the central nervous system?
(A) W and X
(B) W and Z
(C) Y and X
(D) Y and Z
Which structure is part of the central nervous system?
(A) heart
(B) skin
(C) spinal cord
(D) thyroid gland
Explain how the nervous system is protected.
Include:
(i) skull
(ii) meninges
(iii) cerebrospinal
Explain the basic structure and function of the
Include:
(i) cerebrum
(ii) cerebellum
(iii) medulla oblongata
(iv) thalamus
(v) hypothalamus
(vi) midbrain
(vii) pons
(viii) corpus callosum
Which part of the brain controls hunger, body temperature, and aggression?
(A) cerebellum
(B) cerebrum
(C) hypothalamus
(D) thalamus
Which part of the brain controls movement that is an automatic, involuntary reaction to a
stimulus?
(A) cerebellum
(B) cerebrum
(C) hypothalamus
(D) thalamus
If a person is unable to walk straight, which part of the brain is most likely damaged?
(A) cerebellum
(B) cerebrum
(C) medulla
(D) thalamus
Which region of the brain below controls reflex actions, such as hiccuping and vomiting?
(A) W
(B) X
(C) Y
(D) Z
Describe the basic functions of a peripheral nervous system. Include:
(i) autonomic
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic
(ii) somatic
Which division of the nervous system is directly responsible for physiological responses
to fear?
(A) parasympathetic
(B) sensory
(C) somatic
(D) sympathetic
What effect does a somatic nervous system stimulant have on the human body?
(A) decreases the sensitivity of the postsynaptic membrane to acetylcholine
(B) increases the sensitivity of the postsynaptic membrane to acetylcholine
(C) makes the membrane permanently impermeable to potassium
(D) makes the membrane permanently impermeable to sodium
Which best describes the response of a human’s autonomic nervous system after an
emergency situation?
Sympathetic
parasympathetic
(A) inhibition
inhibition
(B) inhibition
stimulation
(C) stimulation
inhibition
(D) stimulation
stimulation
Explain how the nervous system helps to maintain homeostasis
– identify requirements necessary for a nervous response to occur. Include:
(i) sensory receptors (skin, eye, ear)
(ii) impulse transmission (neurons)
(iii) interpretation and analysis of impulses (brain, spinal cord)
(iv) effectors (muscle, gland)
Describe the structure of the typical neuron and explain the function of each part.
Include:
(i) dendrite
(ii) cell body
(iii) axon
(iv) axon terminal
(v) Schwann cells (myelin sheath and nodes of Ranvier)
Which part of a neuron is the site for receiving signals from other neurons?
(A) axon
(B) dendrite
(C) myelin sheath
(D) Schwann cells
Which region of the neuron below enhances the rate of impulse transmission?
(A) A
(B) B
(C) C
(D) D
Describe the function of sensory neurons, motor neurons and interneurons
Describe the transmission of an impulse along the length of a neuron. Include:
(i) the ion distribution of the neural membrane (rest, depolarization, repolarization)
(ii) threshold
(iii) action potential
(iv) all-or-none response
What is the normal ion distribution outside the neural membrane when a neuron is at
rest?
K+ concentration
(A) high
(B) high
(C) low
(D) low
Na+ concentration
high
low
high
low
What happens to the gates of the potassium ion (K+) and sodium ion (Na+) channels when
a neuron is stimulated above its threshold?
K+ gates
Na+ gates
(A) close
close
(B) close
open
(C) open
close
(D) open
open
In which direction does an action potential normally travel along an axon?
(A) away from the cell body
(B) away from the synapse
(C) from myelin to dendrites
(D) from myelin to nucleus
What initiates the action potential in a nerve?
(A) influx of calcium ions into the axon
(B) influx of sodium ions into the axon
(C) outflow of calcium ions from the axon
(D) outflow of sodium ions from the axon
Explain how the nervous system helps to maintain homeostasis
Describe the transmission of an impulse across a synapse and the effects of
neurotransmitters involved.
Include:
(i) acetylcholine
(ii) noradrenaline
(iii) glutamate
(iv) GABA
(v) dopamine
(vi) serotonin
Which neurotransmitter stimulates skeletal muscles but inhibits cardiac muscles?
(A) acetylcholine
(B) dopamine
(C) glutamate
(D) seratonin
In the diagram below an impulse travels from V to W but not from W to Y. Which best
explains why there is no transmission from W to Y?
(A) Acetylcholine caused an excitatory response at Z.
(B) Acetylcholine caused an inhibitory response at Z.
(C) Noradrenaline is inhibited at Y.
(D) Noradrenaline is stimulated at Y.
Describe the critical role of cholinesterase in nerve transmission
• identify the role of certain compounds to neuron function (oxygen, glucose, ATP,
sodium ions)
Analyze homeostatic phenomena to identify the feedback mechanisms involved
– define reflex arc
Perform an experiment to investigate and collect data on the nervous system (reflexes)
and identify specific variables involved
Describe disorders linked to the nervous system and their effect on homeostasis of the
system and the organism as a whole.
Include:
(i) Multiple Sclerosis
(ii) Alzheimer’s Disease
(iii) Parkinson’s Disease
(iv) Meningitis
(v) Huntington’s Disease
Which part of the nerve cell is affected most by multiple sclerosis?
(A) axon
(B) cell body
(C) dendrites
(D) myelin sheath
What causes meningitis?
(A) bacterial or viral infection
(B) death of neurons that produce dopamine
(C) degeneration of neurons in the brain
(D) inflammation of the myelin sheath
Which disorder affects the movement of skeletal muscles due to a dopamine deficiency?
(A) Alzheimer’s
(B) Huntingon’s
(C) Multiple Sclersosis
(D) Parkinson’s
Analyze why and how technologies related to the treatment of nervous system disorders
were developed and improved over time
– include the technologies:
(i) MRI
(ii) EEG
(iii) CAT Scan
(iv) PET Scan
– describe the methods used to treat stroke and spinal cord injury
Describe how the use of prescription and nonprescription drugs can have a role in
maintaining or disrupting homeostasis
Include:
(i) anaesthetics
(ii) prescription drugs (OxyContinTM, ValiumTM, RitalinTM)
(iii) illegal drugs (marijuana, ecstasy, cocaine)
(iv) legalized drugs (alcohol, nicotine, caffeine)
Which is a depressant?
(A) alcohol
(B) caffeine
(C) cocaine
(D) nicotine
Distinguish between questions that can be answered by science and those that cannot and
between problems that can be solved by technology and those that cannot
Propose courses of action on social issues related to science and technology, taking into
account an array of perspectives, including that of sustainability.
Explain how the eye as a sense organ helps maintain homeostasis
– describe the general structure and function of the eye. Include:
(i) lens
(ii) iris
(iii) retina
(iv) cornea
(v) choroid layer
(vi) fovea centralis
(vii) rods
(viii) cones
(ix) pupil
(x) blind spot
(xi) optic nerve
(xii) aqueous humour
(xiii) vitreous humour
Which part of the eye is responsible for absorbing light and preventing internal
reflection?
(A) choriod
(B) cornea
(C) iris
(D) retina
Which part of the human eye is considered to be an adaptation for living in a low light
environment?
(A) cones
(B) iris
(C) retina
(D) rods
Trace the path of light through the eye and explain how the amount of light entering the
eye is regulated
What is the sequence through which light passes on its way to the retina of the
human eye?
(A) cornea ÷ pupil ÷ lens ÷ retina
(B) cornea ÷ lens ÷ pupil ÷ retina
(C) pupil ÷ cornea ÷ lens ÷ retina
(D) pupil ÷ lens ÷ cornea ÷ retina
Analyze and describe examples of disorders of the eye and where technologies for the
correction of visual defects were developed based on scientific understanding
Include:
– eye disorders (glaucoma, cataracts, astigmatism, myopia, hyperopia)
– treatments for the eye disorders (corneal transplant, laser surgery, corrective lenses,
lens replacement)
Explain how the ear as a sense organ helps maintain homeostasis
– describe the general structure and function of the ear. Include:
(i) pinna
(ii) tympanic membrane
(iii) ossicles (i.e., malleus, incus, stapes)
(iv) eustachian tube
(v) semi-circular canals
(vi) cochlea
(vii) auditory nerve
Which part of the human ear is involved in hearing?
(A) cochlea
(B) eustachian tube
(C) semicircular canals
(D) vestibule
Which ear structure maintains balance?
(A) cochlea
(B) malleus
(C) semicircular canals
(D) tympanic membrane
Which structure of the human ear allows air pressure to equalize?
(A) cochlea
(B) eustachian tube
(C) hammer
(D) semi-circular canal
Trace the pathway of sound through the ear
Analyze and describe examples of disorders of the ear and where technologies for the
correction of auditory defects were developed based on scientific understanding
– ear disorders – conduction deafness, nerve deafness
– treatments for ear disorders
- eustachian tube implants, hearing aids
What is the best way to treat a child with repeated middle ear infections due to fluid
build-up behind the ear drum?
(A) Administer antibiotics for several years.
(B) Implant eustachian tubes.
(C) Prepare the child for the loss of hearing.
(D) Provide a hearing aid.
Evaluate, considering ethical issues, the consequences of medical treatments for visual
and auditory disorders
– sense of exclusion
– mandatory organ donation
Explain how the endocrine system helps maintain homeostasis
– understand the general concept of a hormone and target cell or organ
What distinguishes target cells from other cells?
(A) amount of cellulose in cell membrane
(B) amount of phospholipids in cell membrane
(C) hormone-specific cell surface receptors
(D) hormone-specific cytoplasmic receptors
Compare how non-steroid and steroid hormones cause changes in target cells.
Include:
(i) solubility in cell membrane
(ii) location of receptors
(iii) end result
– identify the location and function of principal endocrine glands in the human organism.
Include:
(i) pituitary
(ii) hypothalamus
(iii) pineal
(iv) thyroid
(v) parathyroid
(vi) adrenal
(vii) pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
(viii) thymus
(ix) ovaries
(x) testes
Which gland secretes melatonin?
(A) lacrimal
(B) pineal
(C) pituitary
(D) sweat
Which gland controls calcium levels in blood?
(A) adrenal
(B) pineal
(C) thymus
(D) thyroid
Which gland produces and releases a thyroid-stimulating hormone?
(A) anterior pituitary
(B) hypothalamus
(C) posterior pituitary
(D) thyroid
Which gland in the diagram below is responsible for controlling metabolism in the heart,
liver, kidney, and muscle tissues?
(A) A
(B) B
(C) C
(D) D
A newly discovered drug is found to increase the volume of urine production. When
ADH is administered, the volume of urine returns to normal. Which best describes the
action of the new drug?
(A) blocks the release of ADH from the kidney
(B) blocks the release of ADH from the pituitary
(C) triggers the release of ADH from the kidney
(D) triggers the release of ADH from the pituitary
Identify and describe the structure and function of important biochemical compounds,
including nonsteroid and steroid hormones
Why do protein hormones need to trigger a second messenger to activate a target cell?
(A) They are not water soluble.
(B) They bind to multiple types of cells.
(C) They cannot cross cell membranes.
(D) They require activation by ATP.
– identify the following hormones, their source gland, and explain their general effect on
the human organism:
(i) melatonin
(ii) thyroxine
(iii) adrenaline
(iv) somatotropin (HGH– human growth hormone)
(v) insulin
(vi) glucagon
What is most likely present in high amounts in an individual who has been fasting for
24 hours?
(A) glucagon
(B) glucose
(C) insulin
(D) oxytocin
The graph below shows the blood glucose levels of a healthy person over a short period
of time. Which hormone is most likely secreted by the pancreas at point Y?
(A) glucagon
(B) insulin
(C) melatonin
(D) somatotropin
Which term best describes the actions of adrenaline and noradrenaline?
(A) antagonistic
(B) complementary
(C) negative feedback
(D) positive feedback
Analyze homeostatic phenomena to identify the feedback mechanisms involved
– describe representative positive and negative feedback loops. Include:
(i) hypothalamus-pituitary complex as a negative feedback control
(ii) oxytocin as positive feedback control
Which is responsible for maintaining a relatively constant body temperature?
(A) antagonistic hormones
(B) negative feedback system
(C) pituitary hormones
(D) positive feedback system
Describe disorders and treatments linked to the secretions of the endocrine system and
their effect on the homeostasis of the system and the organism as a whole.
Include:
(i) dwarfism
(ii) giantism
(iii) hyperthyroidism
(iv) hypothyroidism
(v) diabetes mellitus
Which disorder is caused by an over-secretion of the human growth hormone (HGH)?
(A) diabetes mellitus
(B) dwarfism
(C) giantism
(D) hyperthyroidism
Which is a result of hyperthyroidism?
(A) decreased blood vessel diameter
(B) decreased mental capacity
(C) increased bone calcium
(D) increased metabolic rate
Dwarfism is caused by the under-secretion of which hormone?
(A) adrenaline
(B) HGH
(C) LH
(D) thyroxine
What causes giantism?
(A) overproduction of human growth hormone
(B) overproduction of insulin
(C) underproduction of human growth hormone
(D) underproduction of insulin
What would be the best treatment for an individual with an intolerance to cold, decreased
heart rate, and weight gain, despite a decreased appetite?
(A) combination of insulin, exercise, and diet to control insulin levels
(B) diet to reduce the amount of dietary iodine, increasing thyroxine production
(C) increase the amount of vitamin D to increase levels of blood calcium
(D) injections of thyroid hormone to increase metabolic activity
Which gland functions improperly when there is a lack of iodine in the diet?
(A) adrenal
(B) salivary
(C) tear
(D) thyroid
Analyze examples of Canadian contributions to science and technology
– investigate the role played by Frederick Banting and Charles Best in the
discovery of insulin
Describe the regulation of blood sugar by controlled release of insulin and glucagon
perform an experiment to investigate and collect data on the endocrine system and
identify specific variables involved
Distinguish between questions that can be answered by science and those that cannot, and
between problems that can be solved by technology and those that cannot
Debate the merits of developing and using life support technology, identifying questions
that are scientific, technological and social in nature