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Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015
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MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Violent shaking from an earthquake can cause soil and rock on slopes to fail and cause a ____.
a. fault
c. tsunami
b. landslide
d. sinkhole
REF: p. 229
OBJ: 8.8 Identify the major hazards associated with earthquakes.
MSC: application
2. The thermal convection that drives plate motion is caused by ____.
a. seafloor spreading
c. gravity
b. an unequal distribution of heat
d. subduction
REF: p. 270
OBJ: 9.10 Relate the unequal distribution of heat in Earth and the mechanism of mantle convection to
the movement of tectonic plates.
STA: 12.E.4a
MSC: application
3. The smallest particle of an element that still retains all the element’s properties is a(n) ____.
a. compound
c. isotope
b. atom
d. mineral
REF: p. 35
OBJ: 2.2 Identify the kinds of particles that make up atoms.
MSC: knowledge
4. A rock that forms when magma hardens beneath Earth’s surface is called an ____.
a. intrusive metamorphic rock
b. intrusive igneous rock
c. extrusive sedimentary rock
d. extrusive igneous rock
REF: p. 71
OBJ: 3.5 Compare and contrast intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks.
MSC: knowledge
5. What determines whether a mineral will show cleavage or break in irregular fractures?
a. hardness
c. internal atomic structure
b. external shape
d. density
REF: p. 52
OBJ: 2.12 Distinguish between cleavage and fracture.
MSC: comprehension
6. Which of the following is a nonmetallic mineral resource?
a. wood
c. iron
b. coal
d. aggregate
REF: p. 100
OBJ: 4.5 Recognize how nonmetallic mineral resources are used.
MSC: comprehension
Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015
7. New ocean crust is formed at ____.
a. divergent boundaries
b. convergent boundaries
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c. continental volcanic arcs
d. transform fault boundaries
REF: p. 264
OBJ: 9.9 Explain what happens at the three types of plate boundaries.
STA: 12.E.5
MSC: comprehension
8. A mineral that contains carbon, oxygen, and the metallic element magnesium would be classified as
a(n) ____.
a. silicate
c. carbonate
b. oxide
d. sulfate
REF: p. 48
OBJ: 2.8 Explain how minerals can be classified.
MSC: application
9. What amount of Earth’s total water supply is usable fresh water?
a. 25%
c. 50%
b. less than 1%
d. 75%
REF: p. 108
OBJ: 4.10 Explain why fresh water is a vital resource.
MSC: knowledge
10. Which of the following is an example of a nonrenewable resource?
a. cotton
c. cattle
b. trees
d. uranium
REF: p. 94
OBJ: 4.1 Distinguish between renewable and nonrenewable resources.
MSC: comprehension
11. What is a naturally occurring, solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter?
a. a rock
c. lava
b. a mineral
d. a fossil
REF: p. 66
OBJ: 3.1 Define the term rock.
MSC: knowledge
12. To which mineral group does orthoclase feldspar (KAlSi O ) belong?
a. the oxides
c. the silicates
b. the carbonates
d. the halides
REF: p. 47
OBJ: 2.9 List some of the major groups of minerals.
MSC: application
13. What was the main reason Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis was rejected?
a. He was not well liked by other scientists.
b. He could not provide a mechanism for the movement of the continents.
c. He could provide only illogical explanations for the movement of the continents.
d. His evidence was incorrect.
REF: p. 252
Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015
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OBJ: 9.3 Identify the main objections to Wegner’s hypothesis of continental drift.
STA: 12.E.4b | 12.E.5
MSC: knowledge
14. The three groups of rocks are classified by ____.
a. color
c. chemical composition
b. grain size
d. how they formed
REF: p. 66
OBJ: 3.2 Identify the three major types of rocks and explain how they differ.
MSC: knowledge
15. Why are subduction zones not commonly found at convergent continental-continental boundaries?
a. Continental lithosphere is too buoyant to be forced down into the mantle.
b. Subduction zones are never found at convergent boundaries.
c. Oceanic lithosphere is too buoyant to be forced down into the mantle.
d. Continental lithosphere is too dense to be forced down into the mantle.
REF: p. 266
OBJ: 9.5 Explain the processes of sea-floor spreading and subduction.
STA: 12.E.5
MSC: evaluation
16. What type of boundary occurs where two plates move together, causing one plate to descend into the
mantle beneath the other plate?
a. transform fault boundary
c. convergent boundary
b. divergent boundary
d. transitional boundary
REF: p. 265
OBJ: 9.9 Explain what happens at the three types of plate boundaries.
STA: 12.E.5
MSC: application
17. Which of the following is a use for fossils found in sedimentary rocks?
a. interpreting past environments
b. indicating when the rock formed
c. matching rocks of the same age found in different places
d. all of the above
ANREF:
p. 78
OBJ: 3.10 Identify the features that are unique to some sedimentary rocks.
STA: 12.E.4b
MSC: comprehension
18. Which of the following changes may occur during metamorphism?
a. Certain minerals may recrystallize.
b. The rock becomes more compact.
c. Crystals may grow larger.
d. all of the above
REF: p. 81
OBJ: 3.13 Identify the three agents of metamorphism and explain what changes they cause.
MSC: comprehension
Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015
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19. How did opponents of continental drift account for the existence of similar fossils on widely separated
continents?
a. parallel evolution
c. large ocean rafts
b. oceanic currents
d. migration across land bridges
REF: p. 249
OBJ: 9.3 Identify the main objections to Wegner’s hypothesis of continental drift.
STA: 12.E.4b | 12.E.5
MSC: knowledge
20. Which of the following factors helps determine whether a volcanic eruption will be explosive or
relatively quiet?
a. amount of dissolved gases in the magma
b. temperature of the magma
c. composition of the magma
d. all of the above
REF: p. 286
OBJ: 10.3 Explain the factors that determine the type of volcanic eruptions that occur.
MSC: comprehension
21. Which of the following is responsible for the partial melting of rock beneath ocean ridges?
a. chemical reactions with atmospheric oxygen
b. increases in pressure
c. decreases in pressure
d. increases in temperature
REF: p. 281
OBJ: 10.1 Describe the origin of magma.
MSC: synthesis
22. What type of sedimentary rock is formed from weathered particles of rocks and minerals?
a. clastic sedimentary rock
c. chemical sedimentary rock
b. biochemical sedimentary rock
d. intrusive sedimentary rock
REF: p. 77
OBJ: 3.9 Distinguish between clastic sedimentary rocks and chemical sedimentary rocks.
MSC: knowledge
23. Mohs scale is used to determine what property of minerals?
a. cleavage
c. hardness
b. density
d. luster
REF: p. 52
OBJ: 2.11 Define the terms luster, crystal form, streak, and Mohs scale.
MSC: knowledge
24. The greenhouse gas carbon dioxide helps to ____.
a. deflect harmful radiation from space
b. increase precipitation in arid areas
c. form clouds in the atmosphere
d. maintain warmth near Earth’s surface
REF: p. 110
Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015
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OBJ: 4.11 Recognize why the chemical composition of the atmosphere is important.
MSC: comprehension
25. What feature is labeled D in Figure 10-1?
a. pipe
b. volcanic neck
c. crater
d. lava flow
REF: p. 289
OBJ: 10.5 List the three main types of volcanoes.
MSC: application
26. Which of the following is NOT a land resource?
a. soil
c. iron
b. forests
d. wind
REF: p. 111
OBJ: 4.12 Identify Earth’s important land resources.
MSC: comprehension
27. Which of the following is true about cinder cones?
a. They have very steep sides.
b. They are usually less than 300 meters high.
c. They often occur in groups.
d. all of the above
REF: p. 290
OBJ: 10.5 List the three main types of volcanoes.
MSC: application
28. Which type of landform develops at plate boundaries where one oceanic plate descends beneath
another?
a. rift valley
b. volcanic island arc
c. mountain ranges formed by a batholith
d. lava plateau
REF: p. 284
Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015
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OBJ: 10.2 Explain the relationship between plate tectonics and volcanism, including intraplate
volcanism.
STA: 12.E.5
MSC: analysis
29. Which of the following is NOT true about a batholith?
a. It is made up of rocks with a composition similar to granite.
b. It is the largest intrusive igneous body.
c. It may form the core of a mountain range.
d. It is often a small part of a sill.
REF: p. 297
OBJ: 10.8 Describe batholiths and how they form.
30. Vein deposits are usually produced by ____.
a. cementation and compaction
b. hydrothermal solutions
MSC: comprehension
c. weathering
d. density sorting
REF: p. 99
OBJ: 4.4 Describe the processes that concentrate minerals into large deposits as they form.
MSC: comprehension
31. Overall, which seismic waves are the most destructive?
a. P waves
c. compression waves
b. S waves
d. surface waves
REF: p. 223
OBJ: 8.4 Identify the three types of seismic waves.
MSC: analysis
32. The Moho is ____.
a. the boundary between the outer and inner core
b. boundary between the crust and the mantle
c. the material of which the mantle is composed
d. an area of the mantle that will not transmit seismic waves
REF: p. 236
OBJ: 8.10 List the layers of Earth based on composition and physical properties.
MSC: knowledge
33. Which of the following actions would NOT keep you safe during an earthquake?
a. stay low to the ground
c. indoors, crouch against an inner wall
b. cover your head and neck with your arms d. outdoors, take shelter near a building
REF: p. 232
OBJ: 8.9 Describe how earthquake damage can be reduced.
MSC: evaluation
34. Which of the following locations probably has the greatest short-term earthquake risk?
a. an area along an active fault that has not had recent earthquake activity
b. an area along an active fault that has experienced major earthquakes in recent years
c. Florida and other states along the Atlantic coast of the United States
Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015
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d. North Dakota and other states near the interior of North America
REF: p. 231
OBJ: 8.9 Describe how earthquake damage can be reduced.
MSC: evaluation
35. What commonly horizontal intrusive igneous body is formed when magma is injected parallel to
sedimentary rock layers?
a. dike
c. sill
b. laccolith
d. stock
REF: p. 296
OBJ: 10.7 Describe major intrusive igneous features such as dikes, sills, and laccoliths and how they
form. MSC:
knowledge
36. An earthquake’s magnitude is a measure of the ____.
a. size of seismic waves it produces
b. amount of shaking it produces
c. number of surface waves it produces
d. damage it causes
REF: p. 225
OBJ: 8.6 Describe the different ways earthquakes are measured.
MSC: knowledge
37. The trace that records an earthquake from seismic instruments is called a ____.
a. seismograph
c. richtergram
b. seismogram
d. magnitude
REF: p. 224
OBJ: 8.5 Describe how seismic waves are recorded.
MSC: knowledge
38. The geographic distribution of the swimming reptile Mesosaurus provides evidence that ____.
a. Europe was covered by a shallow sea when Mesosaurus lived
b. a land bridge existed between Australia and India
c. South America and Africa were once joined
d. the Atlantic Ocean was wider when Mesosaurus lived than it is now
REF: p. 249
OBJ: 9.2 Evaluate the evidence in support of continental drift.
MSC: application
STA: 12.E.5
39. Harnessing the sun’s energy to produce heat or electricity is ____.
a. non-polluting
c. possible only in coastal areas
b. inexpensive
d. a major source of air pollution
REF: p. 102
OBJ: 4.6 Evaluate the advantages of solar energy.
MSC: comprehension
Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015
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40. Earthquakes are usually associated with ____.
a. violent weather
c. large cities
b. faults
d. the east coast of North America
REF: p. 218
OBJ: 8.1 Compare and contrast the epicenter and focus of an earthquake.
MSC: comprehension
41. Which of the following is a geographic example of a transform fault boundary?
a. the East African Rift valley
c. the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
b. the San Andreas Fault
d. the Andes Mountains
REF: p. 268
OBJ: 9.9 Explain what happens at the three types of plate boundaries.
STA: 12.E.5
MSC: application
42. Which of the following plays a major part in determining the form of a volcano?
a. elevation above sea level
c. magma composition
b. local soil type
d. nearness of other volcanoes
REF: p. 289
OBJ: 10.5 List the three main types of volcanoes.
MSC: comprehension
43. Which of the following properties is generally the least useful in identifying minerals?
a. hardness
c. cleavage
b. streak
d. color
REF: p. 50
OBJ: 2.10 Explain why color is often not a useful property in identifying minerals.
MSC: comprehension
44. In areas where unconsolidated sediments are saturated with water, earthquakes can turn stable soil into
a fluid through a process called ____.
a. tidal effect
c. liquefaction
b. fault creep
d. underwater landslide
REF: p. 229
OBJ: 8.8 Identify the major hazards associated with earthquakes.
MSC: knowledge
45. Typical rates of seafloor spreading are approximately ____.
a. 50 centimeters per year
c. 5 kilometers per year
b. 5 meters per year
d. 5 centimeters per year
REF: p. 256
OBJ: 9.5 Explain the processes of sea-floor spreading and subduction.
STA: 12.E.5
MSC: knowledge
46. The downward sliding characteristic of ridge-push is the result of ____.
a. gravity
c. paleomagnetism
b. uneven heat distribution
d. continental rifting
Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015
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REF: p. 271
OBJ: 9.11 Compare the mechanisms of slab-pull and ridge-push as contributing to plate motion.
STA: 12.E.5
MSC: comprehension
47. Which sedimentary rock would most likely be deposited in a very high-energy stream?
a. shale
c. siltstone
b. coal
d. conglomerate
REF: p. 76
OBJ: 3.8 Describe the major processes involved in the formation of sedimentary rocks.
MSC: synthesis
48. What layer of Earth is labeled C in Figure 9-1?
a. asthenosphere
c. oceanic crust
b. continental lithosphere
d. continental crust
REF: p. 265
OBJ: 9.8 Describe lithospheric plates.
49. What feature is labeled B in Figure 9-1?
a. trench
b. ocean ridge
STA: 12.E.5
MSC: analysis
c. volcanic island arc
d. continental volcanic arc
REF: p. 265
OBJ: 9.4 Identify mid-ocean ridges and deep-ocean trenches.
MSC: analysis
STA: 12.E.5
50. What forms when one oceanic plate is forced beneath another plate?
a. an ocean basin
c. a subduction zone
b. an ocean ridge
d. a rift valley
Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015
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REF: p. 257
OBJ: 9.5 Explain the processes of sea-floor spreading and subduction.
STA: 12.E.5
MSC: comprehension
51. If granite undergoes high temperatures and high pressures deep within Earth, what type of rock will be
formed? Assume that the granite does not melt.
a. a sedimentary rock
c. an organic rock
b. a metamorphic rock
d. an igneous rock
REF: p. 68
OBJ: 3.3 Describe the rock cycle.
MSC: application
52. If a deep ocean trench is located adjacent to a continent, active volcanoes would likely be found ____.
a. seaward from the trench
c. at the ends of the trench
b. along the axis of the trench
d. landward from the trench
REF: p. 265
OBJ: 9.9 Explain what happens at the three types of plate boundaries.
STA: 12.E.5
MSC: application
53. The hypothesis that explains the release of energy during an earthquake is called the ____.
Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015
a. Richter hypothesis
b. moment magnitude hypothesis
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c. vibration hypothesis
d. elastic rebound hypothesis
REF: p. 219
OBJ: 8.2 Identify the cause of earthquakes.
MSC: knowledge
STA: 12.E.4a
54. Which of the following metamorphic rocks has a nonfoliated texture?
a. slate
c. marble
b. gneiss
d. schist
REF: p. 83
OBJ: 3.14 Recognize foliated metamorphic rocks and describe how they form.
MSC: application
55. Which of the following results when divergence occurs between two oceanic plates?
a. seafloor spreading
c. an ocean trench
b. a subduction zone
d. a volcanic island arc
REF: p. 264
OBJ: 9.5 Explain the processes of sea-floor spreading and subduction.
STA: 12.E.5
MSC: comprehension
56. An earthquake’s epicenter is ____.
a. the place on the surface directly above the focus
b. a spot halfway between the focus and the surface
c. the spot below the focus
d. any spot along the nearest fault
REF: p. 218
OBJ: 8.1 Compare and contrast the epicenter and focus of an earthquake.
MSC: knowledge
57. Evidence about ancient climates indicates that ____.
a. glacial ice once covered much of what is now India and Australia
b. continents in the Northern Hemisphere today were once centered over the South Pole
c. continents in the Southern Hemisphere today were once centered over the North Pole
d. no continents occupied the Southern Hemisphere
REF: p. 250
OBJ: 9.2 Evaluate the evidence in support of continental drift.
MSC: application
STA: 12.E.5
58. The volcanic landform that is formed when the more resistant volcanic pipe remains after most of the
cone has been eroded is called a ____.
a. lahar
c. volcanic vent
b. caldera
d. volcanic neck
REF: p. 293
OBJ: 10.6 Distinguish how the different types of volcanic landforms form.
MSC: knowledge
Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015
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59. The adjustments of materials that follow a major earthquake often generate smaller earthquakes
called ____.
a. foreshocks
c. aftershocks
b. surface waves
d. body waves
REF: p. 221
OBJ: 8.3 Compare and contrast aftershocks and foreshocks.
MSC: knowledge
60. According to Figure 8-1, what is the distance between the seismic station and an earthquake epicenter,
if the first S wave arrives 4.0 minutes after the first P wave?
a. 1500 kilometers
c. 3000 kilometers
b. 2500 kilometers
d. 2000 kilometers
Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015
REF: p. 227
OBJ: 8.7 Explain how to locate the epicenter of an earthquake
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MSC: analysis
61. Where is the energy source found that drives the processes that form igneous and metamorphic rocks?
a. the sun
c. Earth’s interior
b. the wind
d. moving water
REF: p. 69
OBJ: 3.4 List the forces that power Earth’s rock cycle.
MSC: application
STA: 12.E.4a
62. What is one of the drawbacks to the extensive use of solar energy?
a. It is nonrenewable.
b. Necessary equipment and installation are expensive.
c. It is available only at night.
d. It produces toxic pollution.
REF: p. 103
OBJ: 4.6 Evaluate the advantages of solar energy.
MSC: comprehension
63. One problem with wind energy as a major source of electricity is ____.
a. it is nonrenewable
b. it causes major air pollution
c. it does not work during the night
d. the expense of large tracts of land in populated areas
REF: p. 104
OBJ: 4.8 Evaluate wind power’s potential for providing energy in the future.
MSC: comprehension
64. The largest intrusive igneous body is called a ____.
a. stock
c. dike
b. batholith
d. sill
REF: p. 297
OBJ: 10.8 Describe batholiths and how they form.
MSC: knowledge
65. Through which Earth layer are S waves NOT transmitted?
a. continental crust
c. inner core
b. ocean crust
d. outer core
:
p. 236
OBJ: 8.12 Explain how scientists determined Earth’s structure and composition.
MSC: comprehension
Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015
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66. According to Figure 3-2, a clastic sedimentary rock with particles that are 1.5 millimeters in diameter
would be classified as a ____.
a. conglomerate
c. siltstone
b. coquina
d. sandstone
REF: p. 79
OBJ: 3.9 Distinguish between clastic sedimentary rocks and chemical sedimentary rocks.
MSC: comprehension
67. Strips of alternating magnetic polarities found in rocks in the ocean basins ____.
a. conflict with the theory of plate tectonics
b. provide evidence that Earth’s magnetic field has never reversed polarity
c. indicate changes in Earth’s gravitation field
d. provide evidence for seafloor spreading
REF: p. 258
OBJ: 9.6 Explain the evidence for sea-floor spreading, including paleomagnetism and magnetic
reversals, earthquake patterns, and the age of the ocean floor.
STA: 12.E.5
MSC: application
68. Which of the following is an example of a renewable resource?
a. cotton
c. natural gas
b. copper
d. coal
Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015
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REF: p. 94
OBJ: 4.1 Distinguish between renewable and nonrenewable resources.
MSC: comprehension
69. The fuel for nuclear fission in nuclear reactors is ____.
a. petroleum
c. hydrogen
b. carbon
d. uranium
REF: p. 103
OBJ: 4.7 Explain how nuclear power plants use nuclear fission to produce energy.
MSC: knowledge
70. One way that mining for mineral resources damages the land is by ____.
a. adding greenhouse gases to the environment
b. depleting the world’s ozone
c. causing salinization
d. increasing soil erosion
REF: p. 111
OBJ: 4.12 Identify Earth’s important land resources.
MSC: comprehension
71. The lithospheric plates move an average of ____.
a. 5 inches per year
c. 5 centimeters per year
b. 50 inches per year
d. 50 centimeters per year
REF: p. 261
OBJ: 9.8 Describe lithospheric plates.
72. What are the building blocks of minerals?
a. rocks
b. elements
STA: 12.E.5
MSC: knowledge
c. isotopes
d. electrons
REF: p. 34
OBJ: 2.1 Explain how elements are related to minerals.
MSC: knowledge
73. What is the most important law passed to deal with air pollution?
a. Clean Water Act
b. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
c. Clean Air Act
d. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
REF: p. 114
OBJ: 4.14 Name the most important law passed to deal with air pollution.
MSC: knowledge
74. What is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite
chemical composition?
a. a mineral
c. an isotope
b. an element
d. a compound
REF: p. 45
OBJ: 2.6 List five characteristics of minerals.
MSC: knowledge
Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015
75. Which subatomic particles are most involved in chemical bonding?
a. protons
c. neutrons
b. electrons
d. isotopes
REF: p. 39
OBJ: 2.4 Explain what compounds are and describe why they form.
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