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Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015 1 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Violent shaking from an earthquake can cause soil and rock on slopes to fail and cause a ____. a. fault c. tsunami b. landslide d. sinkhole REF: p. 229 OBJ: 8.8 Identify the major hazards associated with earthquakes. MSC: application 2. The thermal convection that drives plate motion is caused by ____. a. seafloor spreading c. gravity b. an unequal distribution of heat d. subduction REF: p. 270 OBJ: 9.10 Relate the unequal distribution of heat in Earth and the mechanism of mantle convection to the movement of tectonic plates. STA: 12.E.4a MSC: application 3. The smallest particle of an element that still retains all the element’s properties is a(n) ____. a. compound c. isotope b. atom d. mineral REF: p. 35 OBJ: 2.2 Identify the kinds of particles that make up atoms. MSC: knowledge 4. A rock that forms when magma hardens beneath Earth’s surface is called an ____. a. intrusive metamorphic rock b. intrusive igneous rock c. extrusive sedimentary rock d. extrusive igneous rock REF: p. 71 OBJ: 3.5 Compare and contrast intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks. MSC: knowledge 5. What determines whether a mineral will show cleavage or break in irregular fractures? a. hardness c. internal atomic structure b. external shape d. density REF: p. 52 OBJ: 2.12 Distinguish between cleavage and fracture. MSC: comprehension 6. Which of the following is a nonmetallic mineral resource? a. wood c. iron b. coal d. aggregate REF: p. 100 OBJ: 4.5 Recognize how nonmetallic mineral resources are used. MSC: comprehension Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015 7. New ocean crust is formed at ____. a. divergent boundaries b. convergent boundaries 2 c. continental volcanic arcs d. transform fault boundaries REF: p. 264 OBJ: 9.9 Explain what happens at the three types of plate boundaries. STA: 12.E.5 MSC: comprehension 8. A mineral that contains carbon, oxygen, and the metallic element magnesium would be classified as a(n) ____. a. silicate c. carbonate b. oxide d. sulfate REF: p. 48 OBJ: 2.8 Explain how minerals can be classified. MSC: application 9. What amount of Earth’s total water supply is usable fresh water? a. 25% c. 50% b. less than 1% d. 75% REF: p. 108 OBJ: 4.10 Explain why fresh water is a vital resource. MSC: knowledge 10. Which of the following is an example of a nonrenewable resource? a. cotton c. cattle b. trees d. uranium REF: p. 94 OBJ: 4.1 Distinguish between renewable and nonrenewable resources. MSC: comprehension 11. What is a naturally occurring, solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter? a. a rock c. lava b. a mineral d. a fossil REF: p. 66 OBJ: 3.1 Define the term rock. MSC: knowledge 12. To which mineral group does orthoclase feldspar (KAlSi O ) belong? a. the oxides c. the silicates b. the carbonates d. the halides REF: p. 47 OBJ: 2.9 List some of the major groups of minerals. MSC: application 13. What was the main reason Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis was rejected? a. He was not well liked by other scientists. b. He could not provide a mechanism for the movement of the continents. c. He could provide only illogical explanations for the movement of the continents. d. His evidence was incorrect. REF: p. 252 Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015 3 OBJ: 9.3 Identify the main objections to Wegner’s hypothesis of continental drift. STA: 12.E.4b | 12.E.5 MSC: knowledge 14. The three groups of rocks are classified by ____. a. color c. chemical composition b. grain size d. how they formed REF: p. 66 OBJ: 3.2 Identify the three major types of rocks and explain how they differ. MSC: knowledge 15. Why are subduction zones not commonly found at convergent continental-continental boundaries? a. Continental lithosphere is too buoyant to be forced down into the mantle. b. Subduction zones are never found at convergent boundaries. c. Oceanic lithosphere is too buoyant to be forced down into the mantle. d. Continental lithosphere is too dense to be forced down into the mantle. REF: p. 266 OBJ: 9.5 Explain the processes of sea-floor spreading and subduction. STA: 12.E.5 MSC: evaluation 16. What type of boundary occurs where two plates move together, causing one plate to descend into the mantle beneath the other plate? a. transform fault boundary c. convergent boundary b. divergent boundary d. transitional boundary REF: p. 265 OBJ: 9.9 Explain what happens at the three types of plate boundaries. STA: 12.E.5 MSC: application 17. Which of the following is a use for fossils found in sedimentary rocks? a. interpreting past environments b. indicating when the rock formed c. matching rocks of the same age found in different places d. all of the above ANREF: p. 78 OBJ: 3.10 Identify the features that are unique to some sedimentary rocks. STA: 12.E.4b MSC: comprehension 18. Which of the following changes may occur during metamorphism? a. Certain minerals may recrystallize. b. The rock becomes more compact. c. Crystals may grow larger. d. all of the above REF: p. 81 OBJ: 3.13 Identify the three agents of metamorphism and explain what changes they cause. MSC: comprehension Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015 4 19. How did opponents of continental drift account for the existence of similar fossils on widely separated continents? a. parallel evolution c. large ocean rafts b. oceanic currents d. migration across land bridges REF: p. 249 OBJ: 9.3 Identify the main objections to Wegner’s hypothesis of continental drift. STA: 12.E.4b | 12.E.5 MSC: knowledge 20. Which of the following factors helps determine whether a volcanic eruption will be explosive or relatively quiet? a. amount of dissolved gases in the magma b. temperature of the magma c. composition of the magma d. all of the above REF: p. 286 OBJ: 10.3 Explain the factors that determine the type of volcanic eruptions that occur. MSC: comprehension 21. Which of the following is responsible for the partial melting of rock beneath ocean ridges? a. chemical reactions with atmospheric oxygen b. increases in pressure c. decreases in pressure d. increases in temperature REF: p. 281 OBJ: 10.1 Describe the origin of magma. MSC: synthesis 22. What type of sedimentary rock is formed from weathered particles of rocks and minerals? a. clastic sedimentary rock c. chemical sedimentary rock b. biochemical sedimentary rock d. intrusive sedimentary rock REF: p. 77 OBJ: 3.9 Distinguish between clastic sedimentary rocks and chemical sedimentary rocks. MSC: knowledge 23. Mohs scale is used to determine what property of minerals? a. cleavage c. hardness b. density d. luster REF: p. 52 OBJ: 2.11 Define the terms luster, crystal form, streak, and Mohs scale. MSC: knowledge 24. The greenhouse gas carbon dioxide helps to ____. a. deflect harmful radiation from space b. increase precipitation in arid areas c. form clouds in the atmosphere d. maintain warmth near Earth’s surface REF: p. 110 Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015 5 OBJ: 4.11 Recognize why the chemical composition of the atmosphere is important. MSC: comprehension 25. What feature is labeled D in Figure 10-1? a. pipe b. volcanic neck c. crater d. lava flow REF: p. 289 OBJ: 10.5 List the three main types of volcanoes. MSC: application 26. Which of the following is NOT a land resource? a. soil c. iron b. forests d. wind REF: p. 111 OBJ: 4.12 Identify Earth’s important land resources. MSC: comprehension 27. Which of the following is true about cinder cones? a. They have very steep sides. b. They are usually less than 300 meters high. c. They often occur in groups. d. all of the above REF: p. 290 OBJ: 10.5 List the three main types of volcanoes. MSC: application 28. Which type of landform develops at plate boundaries where one oceanic plate descends beneath another? a. rift valley b. volcanic island arc c. mountain ranges formed by a batholith d. lava plateau REF: p. 284 Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015 6 OBJ: 10.2 Explain the relationship between plate tectonics and volcanism, including intraplate volcanism. STA: 12.E.5 MSC: analysis 29. Which of the following is NOT true about a batholith? a. It is made up of rocks with a composition similar to granite. b. It is the largest intrusive igneous body. c. It may form the core of a mountain range. d. It is often a small part of a sill. REF: p. 297 OBJ: 10.8 Describe batholiths and how they form. 30. Vein deposits are usually produced by ____. a. cementation and compaction b. hydrothermal solutions MSC: comprehension c. weathering d. density sorting REF: p. 99 OBJ: 4.4 Describe the processes that concentrate minerals into large deposits as they form. MSC: comprehension 31. Overall, which seismic waves are the most destructive? a. P waves c. compression waves b. S waves d. surface waves REF: p. 223 OBJ: 8.4 Identify the three types of seismic waves. MSC: analysis 32. The Moho is ____. a. the boundary between the outer and inner core b. boundary between the crust and the mantle c. the material of which the mantle is composed d. an area of the mantle that will not transmit seismic waves REF: p. 236 OBJ: 8.10 List the layers of Earth based on composition and physical properties. MSC: knowledge 33. Which of the following actions would NOT keep you safe during an earthquake? a. stay low to the ground c. indoors, crouch against an inner wall b. cover your head and neck with your arms d. outdoors, take shelter near a building REF: p. 232 OBJ: 8.9 Describe how earthquake damage can be reduced. MSC: evaluation 34. Which of the following locations probably has the greatest short-term earthquake risk? a. an area along an active fault that has not had recent earthquake activity b. an area along an active fault that has experienced major earthquakes in recent years c. Florida and other states along the Atlantic coast of the United States Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015 7 d. North Dakota and other states near the interior of North America REF: p. 231 OBJ: 8.9 Describe how earthquake damage can be reduced. MSC: evaluation 35. What commonly horizontal intrusive igneous body is formed when magma is injected parallel to sedimentary rock layers? a. dike c. sill b. laccolith d. stock REF: p. 296 OBJ: 10.7 Describe major intrusive igneous features such as dikes, sills, and laccoliths and how they form. MSC: knowledge 36. An earthquake’s magnitude is a measure of the ____. a. size of seismic waves it produces b. amount of shaking it produces c. number of surface waves it produces d. damage it causes REF: p. 225 OBJ: 8.6 Describe the different ways earthquakes are measured. MSC: knowledge 37. The trace that records an earthquake from seismic instruments is called a ____. a. seismograph c. richtergram b. seismogram d. magnitude REF: p. 224 OBJ: 8.5 Describe how seismic waves are recorded. MSC: knowledge 38. The geographic distribution of the swimming reptile Mesosaurus provides evidence that ____. a. Europe was covered by a shallow sea when Mesosaurus lived b. a land bridge existed between Australia and India c. South America and Africa were once joined d. the Atlantic Ocean was wider when Mesosaurus lived than it is now REF: p. 249 OBJ: 9.2 Evaluate the evidence in support of continental drift. MSC: application STA: 12.E.5 39. Harnessing the sun’s energy to produce heat or electricity is ____. a. non-polluting c. possible only in coastal areas b. inexpensive d. a major source of air pollution REF: p. 102 OBJ: 4.6 Evaluate the advantages of solar energy. MSC: comprehension Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015 8 40. Earthquakes are usually associated with ____. a. violent weather c. large cities b. faults d. the east coast of North America REF: p. 218 OBJ: 8.1 Compare and contrast the epicenter and focus of an earthquake. MSC: comprehension 41. Which of the following is a geographic example of a transform fault boundary? a. the East African Rift valley c. the Mid-Atlantic Ridge b. the San Andreas Fault d. the Andes Mountains REF: p. 268 OBJ: 9.9 Explain what happens at the three types of plate boundaries. STA: 12.E.5 MSC: application 42. Which of the following plays a major part in determining the form of a volcano? a. elevation above sea level c. magma composition b. local soil type d. nearness of other volcanoes REF: p. 289 OBJ: 10.5 List the three main types of volcanoes. MSC: comprehension 43. Which of the following properties is generally the least useful in identifying minerals? a. hardness c. cleavage b. streak d. color REF: p. 50 OBJ: 2.10 Explain why color is often not a useful property in identifying minerals. MSC: comprehension 44. In areas where unconsolidated sediments are saturated with water, earthquakes can turn stable soil into a fluid through a process called ____. a. tidal effect c. liquefaction b. fault creep d. underwater landslide REF: p. 229 OBJ: 8.8 Identify the major hazards associated with earthquakes. MSC: knowledge 45. Typical rates of seafloor spreading are approximately ____. a. 50 centimeters per year c. 5 kilometers per year b. 5 meters per year d. 5 centimeters per year REF: p. 256 OBJ: 9.5 Explain the processes of sea-floor spreading and subduction. STA: 12.E.5 MSC: knowledge 46. The downward sliding characteristic of ridge-push is the result of ____. a. gravity c. paleomagnetism b. uneven heat distribution d. continental rifting Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015 9 REF: p. 271 OBJ: 9.11 Compare the mechanisms of slab-pull and ridge-push as contributing to plate motion. STA: 12.E.5 MSC: comprehension 47. Which sedimentary rock would most likely be deposited in a very high-energy stream? a. shale c. siltstone b. coal d. conglomerate REF: p. 76 OBJ: 3.8 Describe the major processes involved in the formation of sedimentary rocks. MSC: synthesis 48. What layer of Earth is labeled C in Figure 9-1? a. asthenosphere c. oceanic crust b. continental lithosphere d. continental crust REF: p. 265 OBJ: 9.8 Describe lithospheric plates. 49. What feature is labeled B in Figure 9-1? a. trench b. ocean ridge STA: 12.E.5 MSC: analysis c. volcanic island arc d. continental volcanic arc REF: p. 265 OBJ: 9.4 Identify mid-ocean ridges and deep-ocean trenches. MSC: analysis STA: 12.E.5 50. What forms when one oceanic plate is forced beneath another plate? a. an ocean basin c. a subduction zone b. an ocean ridge d. a rift valley Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015 10 REF: p. 257 OBJ: 9.5 Explain the processes of sea-floor spreading and subduction. STA: 12.E.5 MSC: comprehension 51. If granite undergoes high temperatures and high pressures deep within Earth, what type of rock will be formed? Assume that the granite does not melt. a. a sedimentary rock c. an organic rock b. a metamorphic rock d. an igneous rock REF: p. 68 OBJ: 3.3 Describe the rock cycle. MSC: application 52. If a deep ocean trench is located adjacent to a continent, active volcanoes would likely be found ____. a. seaward from the trench c. at the ends of the trench b. along the axis of the trench d. landward from the trench REF: p. 265 OBJ: 9.9 Explain what happens at the three types of plate boundaries. STA: 12.E.5 MSC: application 53. The hypothesis that explains the release of energy during an earthquake is called the ____. Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015 a. Richter hypothesis b. moment magnitude hypothesis 11 c. vibration hypothesis d. elastic rebound hypothesis REF: p. 219 OBJ: 8.2 Identify the cause of earthquakes. MSC: knowledge STA: 12.E.4a 54. Which of the following metamorphic rocks has a nonfoliated texture? a. slate c. marble b. gneiss d. schist REF: p. 83 OBJ: 3.14 Recognize foliated metamorphic rocks and describe how they form. MSC: application 55. Which of the following results when divergence occurs between two oceanic plates? a. seafloor spreading c. an ocean trench b. a subduction zone d. a volcanic island arc REF: p. 264 OBJ: 9.5 Explain the processes of sea-floor spreading and subduction. STA: 12.E.5 MSC: comprehension 56. An earthquake’s epicenter is ____. a. the place on the surface directly above the focus b. a spot halfway between the focus and the surface c. the spot below the focus d. any spot along the nearest fault REF: p. 218 OBJ: 8.1 Compare and contrast the epicenter and focus of an earthquake. MSC: knowledge 57. Evidence about ancient climates indicates that ____. a. glacial ice once covered much of what is now India and Australia b. continents in the Northern Hemisphere today were once centered over the South Pole c. continents in the Southern Hemisphere today were once centered over the North Pole d. no continents occupied the Southern Hemisphere REF: p. 250 OBJ: 9.2 Evaluate the evidence in support of continental drift. MSC: application STA: 12.E.5 58. The volcanic landform that is formed when the more resistant volcanic pipe remains after most of the cone has been eroded is called a ____. a. lahar c. volcanic vent b. caldera d. volcanic neck REF: p. 293 OBJ: 10.6 Distinguish how the different types of volcanic landforms form. MSC: knowledge Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015 12 59. The adjustments of materials that follow a major earthquake often generate smaller earthquakes called ____. a. foreshocks c. aftershocks b. surface waves d. body waves REF: p. 221 OBJ: 8.3 Compare and contrast aftershocks and foreshocks. MSC: knowledge 60. According to Figure 8-1, what is the distance between the seismic station and an earthquake epicenter, if the first S wave arrives 4.0 minutes after the first P wave? a. 1500 kilometers c. 3000 kilometers b. 2500 kilometers d. 2000 kilometers Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015 REF: p. 227 OBJ: 8.7 Explain how to locate the epicenter of an earthquake 13 MSC: analysis 61. Where is the energy source found that drives the processes that form igneous and metamorphic rocks? a. the sun c. Earth’s interior b. the wind d. moving water REF: p. 69 OBJ: 3.4 List the forces that power Earth’s rock cycle. MSC: application STA: 12.E.4a 62. What is one of the drawbacks to the extensive use of solar energy? a. It is nonrenewable. b. Necessary equipment and installation are expensive. c. It is available only at night. d. It produces toxic pollution. REF: p. 103 OBJ: 4.6 Evaluate the advantages of solar energy. MSC: comprehension 63. One problem with wind energy as a major source of electricity is ____. a. it is nonrenewable b. it causes major air pollution c. it does not work during the night d. the expense of large tracts of land in populated areas REF: p. 104 OBJ: 4.8 Evaluate wind power’s potential for providing energy in the future. MSC: comprehension 64. The largest intrusive igneous body is called a ____. a. stock c. dike b. batholith d. sill REF: p. 297 OBJ: 10.8 Describe batholiths and how they form. MSC: knowledge 65. Through which Earth layer are S waves NOT transmitted? a. continental crust c. inner core b. ocean crust d. outer core : p. 236 OBJ: 8.12 Explain how scientists determined Earth’s structure and composition. MSC: comprehension Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015 14 66. According to Figure 3-2, a clastic sedimentary rock with particles that are 1.5 millimeters in diameter would be classified as a ____. a. conglomerate c. siltstone b. coquina d. sandstone REF: p. 79 OBJ: 3.9 Distinguish between clastic sedimentary rocks and chemical sedimentary rocks. MSC: comprehension 67. Strips of alternating magnetic polarities found in rocks in the ocean basins ____. a. conflict with the theory of plate tectonics b. provide evidence that Earth’s magnetic field has never reversed polarity c. indicate changes in Earth’s gravitation field d. provide evidence for seafloor spreading REF: p. 258 OBJ: 9.6 Explain the evidence for sea-floor spreading, including paleomagnetism and magnetic reversals, earthquake patterns, and the age of the ocean floor. STA: 12.E.5 MSC: application 68. Which of the following is an example of a renewable resource? a. cotton c. natural gas b. copper d. coal Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015 15 REF: p. 94 OBJ: 4.1 Distinguish between renewable and nonrenewable resources. MSC: comprehension 69. The fuel for nuclear fission in nuclear reactors is ____. a. petroleum c. hydrogen b. carbon d. uranium REF: p. 103 OBJ: 4.7 Explain how nuclear power plants use nuclear fission to produce energy. MSC: knowledge 70. One way that mining for mineral resources damages the land is by ____. a. adding greenhouse gases to the environment b. depleting the world’s ozone c. causing salinization d. increasing soil erosion REF: p. 111 OBJ: 4.12 Identify Earth’s important land resources. MSC: comprehension 71. The lithospheric plates move an average of ____. a. 5 inches per year c. 5 centimeters per year b. 50 inches per year d. 50 centimeters per year REF: p. 261 OBJ: 9.8 Describe lithospheric plates. 72. What are the building blocks of minerals? a. rocks b. elements STA: 12.E.5 MSC: knowledge c. isotopes d. electrons REF: p. 34 OBJ: 2.1 Explain how elements are related to minerals. MSC: knowledge 73. What is the most important law passed to deal with air pollution? a. Clean Water Act b. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act c. Clean Air Act d. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act REF: p. 114 OBJ: 4.14 Name the most important law passed to deal with air pollution. MSC: knowledge 74. What is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition? a. a mineral c. an isotope b. an element d. a compound REF: p. 45 OBJ: 2.6 List five characteristics of minerals. MSC: knowledge Study Guide for Earth Science Final Exam 2015 75. Which subatomic particles are most involved in chemical bonding? a. protons c. neutrons b. electrons d. isotopes REF: p. 39 OBJ: 2.4 Explain what compounds are and describe why they form. 16