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Our Star, the Sun and The Nature of the Stars Chapter 18 & 19 Sun •Energy source •Interior structure and helio-seismology •Surface features •Atmosphere of the sun Nature of the stars •Distance – parallax •Motion of the stars – proper and radial motion •Spectral types •H-R diagram •Binary systems By the way, how is your research going? Chapter 16 By reading this chapter, you will learn 16-1 The source of the Sun’s heat and16-8 The nature of sunspots 16-9 The connection between light sunspots and the Sun’s 16-2 How scientists model the Sun’s magnetic field internal structure 16-10 How magnetic reconnection 16-3 How the Sun’s vibrations reveal can power immense solar what lies beneath its glowing eruptions surface 16-4 How scientists are able to probe the Sun’s energy-generating core 16-5 Why the gaseous Sun appears to have a sharp outer edge 16-6 Why the upper regions of the solar atmosphere have an emission spectrum 16-7 The relationship between the Sun’s corona and the solar wind Steps to Fuse Hydrogen into Helium Step 1: 2 protons or hydrogen nuclei, combine to form a 2H. also produces a neutrino (n ), a neutral, nearly massless particle, & positron (e+). This positron encounters an electron (e-), annihilates to produce gamma-ray photons ( ). Step 2: 2H combines with a third proton, forming an isotope of helium (3He) and releasing another gamma-ray photon. Step 3: 2-3He nuclei formed 4He and releasing two protons. The gammaray & KE, are the source of the Sun's energy. Energy source of the sun H fusion PP chain Neutrino detection? Interior structure How are you doing? • The sun is the largest object in the solar system: the sun’s diameter is about __ than Earth. a) In order of million times larger, b) 1300 times larger, c) 100 times larger, d) 10 times larger • The sun generates energy at: a) The surface ( photosphere), b) anywhere in the sun, c) only at the core which takes up about 50% in radius, d) none of the above • Sun’s energy source is a) Hydrogen fission, b) hydrogen fusion, c) helium fission, d) helium fusion, e) uranium fission Click “enter” to review your answers C, d,b Watch the Solar blast video • http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/ player/science/space-sci/solarsystem/solar-blast-sci.html • Is the sun a peaceful ball of gas? • How hot is the core of the sun? • What are / what causes the sun spots? • What is a solar blast? Effect on earth? Photosphere Photosphere Zeeman effect Differential rotation and magnetic field line Go to the SOHO link. Is there any significant sun spot today? • http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/sunspot s/ Temperature graph (2) Coronal mass ->solar wind Chromosphere 1. The convective current on the sun creates: a) granulations, b)Sunspots, c) solar wind, d) tide on Earth 2. Who was the first person to observe the sunspots? a) Hubble, b) Aristotle, c) Hipparchus, d) Galileo 3. What are sunspots? a) Permanent marking on the sun’s surface. b) higher temperature than surroundings, c) lower temperature than surrounding. d) made of different material than surrounding. (like storms on Jupiter) 4. Zeeman effect measures: a) temperature, b) mass, c) electric field, d) magnetic field Click “enter” to review your answers A,d, c, d