Download Review for Final Examination Definitions

12/3/2012
Definitions
Review for Final Examination
Medical Terminology
Definitions
cerebrospinal fluid ‐ liquid that circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord
angina pectoris ‐ severe chest pain and constriction caused by insufficient blood supply to the heart
vasodilation ‐ increase in the diameter of a blood vessel
fibrillation ‐ severe cardiac arrhythmia where contractions are too rapid and uncoordinated for effective blood circulation
tachycardia ‐ increased pulse rate
bradycardia – decreased pulse rate
biopsy ‐ excision of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination
edema ‐ the presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the tissues
emesis ‐ another name for vomiting
neoplasm ‐ a new growth of tissue
homeostasis ‐ equilibrium of the internal environment of the body
peritoneum ‐ membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and enfolds the internal organs
Definitions
lymphoma ‐a general term for cancer that originates in the lymphatic system pleura ‐ the membrane that surrounds each lung
calculi – another name for stone
endometriosis – a condition in which tissue resembling the endometrium is found abnormally in other locations in the pelvic cavity
debridement ‐ removal of foreign material and dead or damaged tissue from a wound
thyrotoxicosis ‐ morbid condition caused by excessive thyroid secretion
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Suffixes: “Pertaining to”
Suffixes: Specialists or Specialties, cont. ‐logist
one who studies; specialist
‐logy
study or science of • an, ‐ar, ‐ary,
‐eal, ‐ive, ‐tic,
‐ous , ‐ac, ‐al,‐ic
ex:
=
cardi/o=heart neur/o=nerve
gastr/o=stomach
pertaining to
cardiac
neural
gastric
ex:skin= derm/a, derm/o, dermat/o, cutane/o
‐logic, ‐logical =
ex: dermatologic
dermatological
dermatologist, dermatology
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
pertaining to the study of
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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scope: instrument used to view
scopy: process of visually examining
• ‐tome = instrument used for cutting
• ‐tomy = incision (cutting into tissue)
• ‐stomy = formation of an opening
meter: instrument used to measure
metry: process of measuring
graph: instrument for recording
graphy: process of recording
gram: a record
y=process
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Enzymes
‐ase
lact/o amyl/o
prote/o
lip/o
= enzyme
= milk (lactase is an enzyme that acts on the milk sugar lactose)
= starch (amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch)
= protein (protease or proteinase
are enzymes that break down protein.
= fat( lipase is an enzyme that breaks down fat)
Fig. 2‐2 Measuring the head of a newborn. This is the appropriate placement of the measuring tape to obtain the head circumference of a newborn. Neonatology focuses on care of the newborn.
From Seidel HM, Ball JW, Dains JE, Benedict GW: Mosby’s guide to physical examination, ed 4, St Louis, 1999, Mosby. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Needle Insertion for injection
A. subcutaneous= a small amount of
medication is placed under the skin, into
the subcutaneous tissue
B. intramuscular= medication is deposited
within the muscular layer
C. intradermal= small amts of medication
injected within the outer layers of the
skin (test for allergic reactions)
D. intravenous= administers medications
directly within the blood stream for
immediate effect.
Fig. 3‐6 Cyanosis. This bluish discoloration of the skin is caused by a deficiency of oxygen in the blood. Cyanosis is generally not as obvious as it is in this patient. From Kamal A, Brockelhurst JC: Color atlas of geriatric medicine, ed 2, St Louis, 1991, Mosby.
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•Electrocardiography‐ the process of recording the electrical activity of the heart
•The instrument used is an electrocardiograph
Fig. 3‐7 Jaundice. Note the contrast in the examiner’s hand and the yellow discoloration of the skin of a patient with an acute liver disorder. •The record produced of the tracing is called an electrocardiogram, or ECG. From Emond RT, Welsby PD, Rowland HA: Colour atlas of infectious diseases, ed 4, London, 2003, Mosby, Ltd.
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Basic Examination Procedures
blood pressure (BP):The pressure exerted by the circulating volume of blood on the walls of the arteries and veins and on the chambers of the heart
BP consists of 2 numbers expressed as a fraction. ex: 120/80 mm Hg
•Electroencephalography‐ the process of recording the electrical impulses of the brain
•The instrument used is an electroencephalograph
•The record produced is an electroencephalogram
.
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
systolic (top number, the first sound heard) : pressure on the arteries when the heart is contracted diastolic(bottom number, the last sound heard) : the pressure on the arteries when the heart is relaxed
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imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4
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Techniques used in a physical exam
inspection: examiner uses the eyes and ears to observe and listen to patient
palpation: examiner feels the texture, size, consistency, and location of certain body parts with the hands.
percussion: examiner taps the body with fingertips or fist to evaluate size, borders, & consistency of internal organs, and to determine amt of fluid in a body cavity
auscultation: examiner listen for sounds within the body using a stethoscope
Fig. 4‐9 Computed tomography (CT) of the brain. Also called CAT scan for computed axial tomography.
Computed tomography: The use of ionizing radiation to produce a detailed image of a cross section of tissue, as if the body were actually cut into sections. It is painless and noninvasive.
A tomogram is the record produced.
A. Positioning of patient for CT.
B. CT image of the brain
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Additional Imaging Procedures
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): uses magnetic properties of elements in the body to produce images
sonography: images deep structures of the body by sending and receiving high‐frequency sound waves that are reflected back as echoes from tissue interfaces
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ‐ uses magnetic properties of elements in the body to produce images
A, From Mourad LA: Orthopedic disorders, St Louis, 1991, Mosby; B, courtesy Professor A. Jackson, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Manchester; C, courtesy Siemens, Inc.
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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contrast imaging: uses radiopaque material to help outline structures so they are more visible on x‐ray
fluoroscopy : provides continuous imaging of the motion of internal organs and immediate serial images
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Fig. 4‐14 Radiation therapy.
Also called radiotherapy or radiation oncology, radiation therapy treats neoplastic disease by using powerful x‐rays or gamma rays to prevent the malignant cells from increasing in number.
From Frank ED, Long BW, Smith BJ: Merrill’s atlas of radiographic positioning and radiologic procedures, ed 11, St Louis, 2007, Mosby‐Elsevier. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
A, Frontal or coronal plane: divides body into front and back portions
B, transverse plane: divides body into upper & lower portions
C, midsagittal plane: divides body into two equal halves
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Directional Word Parts and Terms
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Directional Word Parts and Terms, Cont.
• anter/o toward the front; ventral
• poster/o toward the back, dorsal
• super/o uppermost
• infer/o lowermost
• ventr/o belly side
• dors/o back side
• medi/o middle
• later/o toward the side
• trans‐
across
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Fig. 5‐4 Anatomic position with reference systems. The erect anterior view with palms forward is used as the point of reference in anatomic nomenclature.
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• proxim/o
• dist/o
nearer the origin
far or distant (also tel/e)
• cephal/o
• caud/o
toward the head
toward the tail
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Positions
• practice with exercise 5 on page 103
5‐6 Comparison of pronation and supination.
A, Prone, lying facedown. B, Supine, lying on the back. (lying face up)
C, Supination and pronation of the elbow and wrist joints, which permit the palm of the hand to turn up (supination) or down (pronation).
Fig. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Fig. 5‐9 Abdominal paracentesis or abdominocentesis‐
is a surgical procedure that removes excess fluids from the abdomen, or injects a therapeutic agent
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Fig. 5‐14 Four‐month‐old child with hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus is usually caused by obstruction of the flow of cerebrospinal fluid. If hydrocephalus occurs in an infant, the soft bones of the skull push apart as the head increases in size. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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• Practice with programed learning on page 137
Fig. 6‐2 Anterior view of the human skeleton, with major bones identified.
see page 135
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Blood components
Diseases and Disorders erythrocyte – red blood cell (RBC)
• erythr/o= red
leukocyte – white blood cell (WBC)
• leuk/o= white
thrombocyte – blood platelets
• thromb/o= clot (thrombus)
• my/o=muscle
• myolysis‐ degeneration of muscle tissue
• myopathy‐ any disease of the muscle
• myalgia –muscle pain
• do not get confused with myel/o= bone marrow or spinal cord
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
‐osis
increased or abnormal when cellular components
‐penia
deficiency
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The Heart
cardiomyopathy‐ any disease of the heart muscle
cardi/o=heart , my/o= muscle, ‐pathy=disease
3 layers of the heart: endocardium ‐ innermost layer
myocardium ‐ middle layer = heart muscle
epicardium (visceral pericardium) ‐ outermost (peri‐ means around)
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Diseases, Disorders, and Diagnostic Terms: The Heart, cont
Each layer of the heart can be inflammed:
endocarditis‐ inflammation of the endocardium (innermost layer) often caused by infection
myocarditis‐ inflammation of the mycoardium(heart muscle)
pericarditis – inflammation of the outermost layer of heart (pericardium) sometimes caused by infection or cancer Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
‐pnea=breathing
. fibrillation‐ severe cardiac arrythmia. The heart contracts too rapid and uncoordinated for effective blood circulation
 defibrillator‐ electronic device that shocks the heart to reverse fibrillation and restore normal rhythm (de‐ means down from, reversing)
heart murmur – soft blowing or rasping sound heard when listening to heart with a stethoscope. (Not necessarily caused by disease)
hyperlipidemia – excessive lipids (fats) in blood esp. cholesterol hypertension/hypotension‐high blood pressure/low blood pressure
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eupnea‐ normal respiration (eu‐ = normal) 15‐20 bpm
dyspnea‐ labored/difficult breathing (dys‐ = bad/difficult)
apnea‐ temporary absence of breathing(a‐ = no/without)
orthopnea‐ uncomfortable breathing in any position except sitting erect or standing (orth/o= straight)
bradypnea‐ abnormally slow breathing (<12 bpm)
(brady‐ = slow)
tachypnea‐fast rate of breathing which may lead to hyperventilation (tachy‐ = fast)
(hyper‐ = excessive)
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an i
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Diseases, Disorders, and Diagnostic Terms
Two abnormal conditions of the chest cavity.
A, Pneumothorax is air or gas in the chest pneum/o= air or lungs thorax=chest
B, Hemothorax, or blood in the pleural cavity
hem/o=blood thorax=chest
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• pulmonologist‐a physician who specializes in the lungs.
• Pneumon + ia, or pneumon + itis means inflammation of the lungs. There are many causes of pneumonia, but it is caused primarily by bacteria, viruses, or chemical irritants
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Diseases, Disorders, and Diagnostic Terms, cont.
Fig. 8‐5 Pulmonary embolism. This blood clot broke loose and traveled from a lower extremity and is now located in a branch of the pulmonary artery. A pulmonary embolism obstructs blood flow in the pulmonary artery.
embolus=foreign body or blood clot that travels in the bloodstream and then lodges in a blood vessel and obstructs circulation
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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• pneumocentesis‐surgical puncture of the lung
• pulmonary edema‐ effusion (escape) of fluid which accumulates in the lungs.
• edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue.
• rhinorrhea‐runny nose
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Voice and Speech Disorders/Diseases
phon/o=voice
laryngitis‐ inflammation of the larynx(voice box)
dysphonia‐ difficultly speaking or weak voice (hoarseness)
aphonia‐ absence of voice
laryngitisdysphoniaaphonia
phas/o=speech
dysphasia‐ speech impairment (difficult speech) resulting from brain lesion. aphasia – inability to communicate (absence of speech) caused by improper brain function
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Fig. 8‐8 Bronchoscopy. Visual examination of the tracheobronchial tree using a bronchoscope. Other uses for this procedure include suctioning, obtaining a biopsy specimen or fluid, or removing foreign bodies. bronch/o= bronchus
‐scopy= process of visually examining
‐scope= instrument Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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• ‐tome=instrument
• ‐tomy=incision
• ‐stomy=formation of an aopning
Fig. 9‐6 Cholelithiasis, the presence of gallstones. After cholecystectomy, this photograph of an opened gallbladder shows several stones of different sizes.
From Damjanov I, Linder J: Pathology: a color atlas, St Louis, 2000, Mosby.
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Fig. 9‐9
Colonoscopy. (used to screen for colon cancer)
A, Endoscopic examination of the colon using a flexible colonoscope.
B, Colonic polyps can often be removed with the use of a snare (wire noose) that fits through the colonoscope. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Fig. 10‐13 Normal bladder compared with cystocele. A, Normal position of the bladder
in relation to other pelvic structures. B, A cystocele, herniation of the bladder. Note how
the bladder sags and protrudes into the vagina.
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Reproductive System
• gynecology‐ the study of diseases of the female reproductive system
• obstetrics ‐ The branch of medicine that specializes in the care of women during pregnancy and childbirth
Fig. 11‐2B Anterior view of the internal organs of the female reproductive system. The left ovary, the left uterine tube, and the left side of the uterus are sectioned to show their internal structure. ovary‐produces ova and hormones
uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)‐transport ova to the uterus
uterus‐provides nourishment from the time the fertilized egg is implanted to the time of birth of fetus
cervix uteri (cervix)‐ the lowermost cylindrical part of the uterus vagina‐”the birth canal”
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Layers of Uterine Tissue
endometrium‐innermost layer
myometrium‐ middle layer of thick muscular tissue
perimetrium‐ membrane that surrounds the uterus
(endo‐)=inside
(my/o)= muscle
(peri‐) = around
(metr/o)= uterine tissue, or measurement
(‐ium)=membrane
Fig. 11‐6 Hysteroscopy. Direct visual examination of the cervical canal and uterine cavity using a hysteroscope is performed to examine the endometrium to obtain a specimen for biopsy, to excise cervical polyps, or to remove an intrauterine device.
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Fig. 11‐7 Hysterosalpingogram. This x‐ray image of the uterus and uterine tubes was made after the introduction of a radiopaque substance through the cervix.
Fig. 11‐4 Colposcopy. The vagina and cervix are examined with a colposcope. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Pregnancy and Childbirth, cont.
Menstrual Irregularities • para I, II, etc. • amenorrhea (a‐, without, + men/o, month, + ‐rrhea, discharge): absence of menstrual flow when it is normally expected.
• dysmenorrhea (dys‐, difficult): painful menstruation.
• menorrhagia (‐rrhagia, hemorrhage): excessive flow during menstruation.
• metrorrhagia (metr/o, uterine tissue): bleeding from the uterus at any time other than during the menstrual period. Metrorrhagia literally means hemorrhage from the uterus. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Pregnancy and Childbirth, cont.
• gravida pregnant woman
• Prefix + ‐gravida # pregnancies
• primigravida , gravida I = a woman who is pregnant for the first time (primi‐, first)
• gravida II
• gravida III, etc. • ****Note that gravida refers only to pregnancy, whereas para designates successful pregnancies resulting in live births. A woman could be gravida III but para 0 (same as nullipara). Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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• ‐para •
•
•
•
unipara
secundipara
tripara
nullipara # pregnancies resulting in live births
a woman who has given birth
(uni‐, one)
(secundus is latin for second)
(tri‐, three)
a woman who has never given birth to a viable offspring
(nulli‐, none)
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Word Parts, cont.
seps/o
infection
• sepsis= infection or contamination
• asepsis=absence of infection/germs
sept/o
infection or septum
• septic=infected wound
• aseptic conditions=free of pathogenic organisms • a‐ = no, not, without
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Skin Injuries
keloid: overgrowth of unsightly scar tissue
laceration: torn, jagged wound incision: smooth‐edged wound produced by a sharp instrument
puncture: a wound made by piercing
abrasion: skin is scraped or rubbed away by friction
contusion: a bruise that does not break the skin
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Fig. 13‐9 Meningocele. (above) The spinal meninges have formed a hernial cyst that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid and is protruding through a defect in the vertebral column
.
encephalocele(below) – hernia of the brain through an opening of the skull
\
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• phagia
• phasia
• dipsia
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