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Download M3 Neural and Hormonal Systems
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Module 3 Neural and Hormonal Systems Body’s communication system: Neural Communication Neuron: the building block of the nervous system How do the neurons communicate? 1 How do the neurons communicate? Neurotransmitters • Chemical messengers that go across the synaptic gaps between neurons. • They bind to the receptor sites on the receiving neuron • They influence whether the receiving neuron will respond with a “neural impulse”. Neural Communication Serotonin Pathways Dopamine pathways Neural Communication • Acetylcholine: Learning, memory, muscle contraction (Alzheimer’s) • Endorphins: (“morphine within”) pain control and to pleasure • Dopamine: Movement, learning, attention, emotion (Schizophrenia, Parkinson’s) • Serotonin: Mood, hunger, sleep, arousal (depression) • Norepinephrine: alertness and arousal • GABA: Inhibitory (seizures, tremors, insomnia) • Glutamate: Excitatory, memory (seizures, migranes, “MSG”) 2 How do the drugs work? The Nervous System Neurons of different systems • CNS • Interneurons • CNS’s internal communications • Peripheral system • Sensory neurons • From tissues to CNS • Motor neurons • From the CNS to the tissues 3 The Central Nervous System • There exist an intense information network within the brain • • • • 40 billion neurons Each with 10,000 contacts 400 trillion synapses Organized into neural networks • Spinal cord maintains the communications between the peripheral system and the brain • Reflexes The Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles Autonomic Nervous System the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands (salgi bezi) and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart) Peripheral System: the Sympathetic System 4 Peripheral System: the Parasympathetic System The Endocrine System • Endocrine System • the body’s “slow” chemical communication system • a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream • Act on brain to influence our growth/emotions/moti vations/mood. The Endocrine System: Hormones Hormones: chemical messengers manufactured by the endocrine glands Produced in one tissue and affect another Pituitary Gland Controlled by the hypothalamus regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands Adrenal Glands just above the kidneys secrete epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress 5 Feedback system between the nervous and endocrine systems CNS Behavior changed DANGER Pituitary Message to adrenal glands Other glands Hormones Epinephrine is released 6
