Download Adverbs

BMC-LANGUAGE WRITING SKILLS
SEM-2
S.no./Unit no
1.
2.
3.
Topic
a.) Study of Nouns, Adjectives and
Adverbs
b.) Tenses
c.) Voices –Active –Passive
d.) Idioms and Phrases
a.) Letter to the Editor
b.) Note writing
c.) Summary
Preparations for Bio-DaAt and
Curriculum Vitae
Unit-1
Objective : The aim of this unit is to familiarize the student with various parts of the
speech, grammatical structures and their uses.
1.1:
Study of Nouns, Adjectives and Adverbs
Noun :
A Noun is a word used as the name of a person , place or thing.
Example : Asoka was a wise king.
Here Asoka is a Proper Noun, while king is a common Noun.
Nouns are of four types :
1. Common Noun
2. Proper Noun
3. Collective Noun
4. Abstract Noun
1.A common Noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same
class or kind.
(Common here means shared by all.)
Sita is the name of a girl in my class.
The Common Noun here is Girl.
2. Proper Noun is the name of some particular person or place.
(Proper means one‟s own.Hence a Proper Name is a person‟s own name.)
Sita is the name of a girl in my class.
The proper Noun here is Sita.
3. Collective Noun:
Collective Noun is the name of a number (or collection) of persons or things taken
together and spoken of as one whole; as,
Crowd, Mob, Jury ,Family, Team.
5. Abstract Noun is usually the name of a quality ,action or state considered
apart from the object to which it belongs; as ,
Quality :Goodness,Kindness
Action: Laughter,Theft
State : Childhood, Boyhood
Point out the Nouns in the following sentences , and say whether they are Common,
Proper, Collective or Abstract:
1. The crowd was very big.
2. Always speak the truth.
3. We all love honesty.
4. Our class consists of twenty pupils.
5. The elephant has great strength.
6. Solomon was famous for his wisdom.
7. Cleanliness is next to godliness.
8. We saw a fleet of ships in the harbour.
9. The class is studying grammar.
10. The Godavari overflows its banks every year.
Answers: 1.Crowd : Collective
2. truth : Abstract
3. honesty : Abstract
4. class : collective pupils : common
5. elephant : common
Strength : Abstract
6.Solomon: Proper
Wisdom: Abstract
7. cleanliness : Abstract ; godliness :Abstract
8. fleet: collective ;ships : common; harbour : common
9. class : collective
Grammar : abstract
10. Nile –Proper ;bank : common;year –common
Another classification of Nouns is whether they are “Countable” or “Uncountable”.
Countable Nouns are the name and objects , people etc. that we can count , eg., book
, pen , apple , boy , sister, doctor, horse.
Uncountable Nouns (or uncountables) are the names of things which we cannot
count e.g., milk, oil, sugar, gold.They mainly denote substances and abstract things.
Countable Nouns have plural forms while uncountable nouns do not. For example ,
we say, “books” but we cannot says “milks”
The Noun:Gender
A noun that denotes a male form is known as a masculine gender and the one that
denotes a female form is known as a feminine gender.
A noun that denotes either a male or a female is said to be of the Common Gender ;
as,
Parent, Child, Friend, Pupil
A noun that denotes a thing that is neither male nor female (i.e., thing without life)
is said to be of the Neuter Gender; as,
Book, pen, room, tree
Objects without life are often personified, that is, spoken of as if they were living
beings.We then regard them as males or females.
The Masculine Gender is often applied to object sremarkable for beauty , gentleness
, and gracefulness; as,
The sun, Summer, Winter,Time, Death
The Feminine Gender is sometimes applied to objects remarkable for beauty ,
gentleness and gracefulness ; as,
The moon, the Earth, spring,Autumn
Justice,Mercy,Charity,Hope
Adjectives:
The Adjectives : A word used with a noun to describe or point out , the person,
animal, place or thing which the noun names , or to tell the number or quantity is
called an Adjective.
So, we may define an Adjective as a word used with a noun to add something for its
meaning.
Sita is a clever girl.(Girl of what kind?)
I don‟t like that boy.(Which boy?)
He gave me five mangoes.(How many mangoes?)
There is little time for preparation.(How much time?)
Here clever describes the quality of Sita and is , therefore an adjective.
In sentence no. 2 ,“that” points out which boy is meant.
In sentence no. 3, “five” shows how many mangoes he gave me.
In sentence 4, “little” shows how much time there is for preparation.
So, we may define an Adjective as a word used with a noun to add something to its
meaning.
Kinds of Adjectives :
1. Adjectives of Quality (Descriptive Adjective): large city, honest man
2. Adjectives of quantity :”how much”: some rice, much patience, little
intelligence, enough exercise, no sense,any rice,great care ,half share,
sufficient rain,whole sum
3. Adjectives of Number : show how many persons or things are meant , or in
what order a person or thing stands ;as,
five fingers, Few cats, no pictures, many things, All men, ripe mangoes, most
boys, several mistakes, first day
a.) Definite Numeral Adjectives :
One, two, three,ardinals)
First ,second ,third(Ordinal)
b.) Indefinite Numeral Adjrctives: All, no , many , any , certain, several , sundry
c.) Distributive Numeral Adjectives : Each boy, every man, Either pen , Either
side Neither accusation
The same Adjective may be classed as od Quantity or Number ,according to its use:\
Adjectives of Quantity
Adjectives of Number
I ate some rice
Some boys are clever
He has lost all his books
All men must die
4. Demonstrative Adjectives: Point out which peson or thing is meant
This boy, That boy, These mangoes, Those rascals, Yonder fort,such a hurry, such
things
5.Interrogative Adjectives : what ,which,whose ,when they are used with Nouns to
ask questions ,are called Interrogative Adjectives ;as,
What manner of man is he?
Which way shall we go?
Whose book is this?
Exercise 1. Pick out all the Adjectives in the following sentences , and say to which
class each of them belongs :
1.The ship sustained heavy damage.
2. I have called several times.
3. Every dog has his day.
4. Alive ass is better than a dead lion .
5. Every man has his duties.
6. Say the same thing twice over.
7. Several persons were present at the time.
8. He is a man of few words.
9. Neithe party is quite in the right.
10. What time is it?
Answers :
1. heavy : Adj . of quality
2. several : Indefinite numeral adj.
3. Every : Distributive Numeral Adj.
4. live: Adj of quality
better: Adj of quality
dead:
Adj of quality
5. Every : Distributive numeral adj.
6. same: Demonstrative Adj.
7. several: Indefinite numeral adj.
present : Descriptive adj.
8. few : indef. Numeral adj.
9. Neither : distributive numeral adj.
10. What –Interrogative adj.
In the following sentences the words own and very are used as Emphasizing
Adjectives:
A.
I saw it with my own eyes.
He was beaten at his own game.
B.
The word what us sometimes used as an Exclamatory Adjective ; as
Adverbs:
What genius!
What folly!
As already pointed out this and that are the only Adjectives which are inflected or
changed in form to show number:
That girl sings
Those boys play
These girls sing
That boy plays
Comparison of Adjectives :
Read the following sentences:
1.Rama‟s mango is sweet.
2. Hari‟s mango is sweeter than Rama‟s.
3. Govind‟s mango is the sweetest of all.
In sentence -1 , the adjective sweet merely tells us that Rama‟s mango has the
quality of sweetness , without saying how much of this quality it has.
In sentence 2, the adjective sweeter tells us that Hari‟s mango , compared with
Rama‟s , has more of the quality of sweetness.
In sentence 3, the adjective sweetest tells us that of all these mangoes Govind‟s
mango has the greatest amount or the highest degree of the quality of sweetness.
We thus see that Adjectives change in form (sweet, sweeter, sweetest)
The Adjective sweet is said to be in the Positive Degree.
The Adjective sweeter is said to be in the comparative Degree.
The Adjective sweetest is said to be in the superlative Degree.
The Positive Degree of an Adjective is the Adjective in its simplest form. It is used to
denote the mere existence of some quality of what we speak about.It is used when no
comparison is made.
The Copmparative degree of an Adjective denotes a higher degree of the quality
than the Positive , and is used when two things (or sets of things) are compared; as ,
This boy is stronger than that.
Which of these two pens is the better?
Apples are dearer than oranges.
The Superlative Degree of an Adjective denotes the highest degree of the quality ,
and is used when more than tow things (or sets of things are compared; as ,
This boy is the strongest in the class.
Formation of Comparative and Superlative
Most Adjectives of one syllable , and some of more than one , form the Comparative
by adding “er” and Superlative by adding “est” to the positive.
Positive
Sweet
Small
Tall
Bold
Clever
Kind
Young
Great
Comparative
Sweeter
Smaller
Taller
Bolder
Cleverer
Kinder
Younger
Greater
Superlative
Sweetest
Smallest
Tallest
Boldest
Cleverest
Kindest
Youngest
Greatest
When the positive ends in e, only “r” and “st” are added :
Positive
Brave
Fine
White
Large
Able
Noble
Wise
Comparative
Braver
Finer
Whiter
Larger
Abler
Nobler
Wiser
Superlative
Bravest
Finest
Whitest
Largest
Ablest
Noblest
Wisest
When the Positive ends in “Y” , preceded by a consonant , the “y” is changed into
“I” before the “er” and “est”
Positive
Happy
Easy
Comparative
Happier
Easier
Superlative
Happiest
Easiest
Heavy
Merry
Wealthy
Heavier
Merrier
Wealthier
Heaviest
Merriest
Wealthiest
When the positive is a word of one syllable and ends in a single consonant , preceded
by a short vowel , this consonant is doubled before adding “er” and “est”
Positive
Red
Big
hot
Thin
Comparative
redder
bigger
hotter
thinner
Superlative
reddest
biggest
hottest
thinnest
Adjectives oof more than two syllables form the Comparative and Superlative by
putting “more “ and “most” before the positive.
Positive
beautiful
Comparative
More
beautiful
Difficult
More
difficult
Industrious More
industrious
Courageous More
courageous
Superlative
Most
beautiful
Most
difficult
Most
industrious
Most
courageous
Later,latter;latest,last: Later and latest refer to time ;latter and last refer to position
He is later than I expected
I have not heard the latest news.
The latter chapters are lacking in interest .
The last chapter is carelessly written
Ours is the last house in the street
Elder,older;eldest,oldest
Elder and eldest are used only of persons , not of animals or things; and are now
confined to members of the family .Elder is not used with than following . Older and
oldest are used of both persons and things.
John is my elder brother .
Tom is my eldest son.
He is older than his sister.
Rama is the oldest boy in the leven.
This is ythe oldest temple in Kolkata
Farther,Further:
Both “farther” and “further” are used to express distance .Further , not farther , is
used ti mean “additiona”.
Kolkata is farther /further from the equator than Colombo.
After this he made no further remarks.
I must have a reply without any further delay.
Nearest,Next
Nearest means the shortest distance away .Next refers to one of a sequence of things
coming one after the other.
Mumbai is the nearest to Europe.
Where is thenearest phone box?
Karim‟s shop is next to the post office.
My uncle lives in thenext house.
A.)Fill the blank with “later” or “latter”:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The majority accepted the _____ proposal.
The _________ part of the book shows signs of hurry.
At a _______ date, he was placed in charge of the whole taluka.
I prefer the __________ proposition to the former.
Is there no________ news than last week‟s?
B.) Fill the blank spaces with “older” or “elder”
1.I have an _______ sister.
2.Rama is ______ Hari by two years .
3.His ______ brother is in the Indian Civil service.
4.She is the _________ of tehtwo sisters.
5.The nephew is __________ than his uncle.
C.)Fill the blank spaces with “oldest” and “eldest”
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Rustam is the _________ of my uncle‟s five sons.
He is the ________ member of the School committee.
That is Antonio , the duke‟s _______ son.
The _________ mosque in the town is near the railway station.
Mr.Smith is the _______ teacher in the school.
D.)
Fill the blank spaces with “farther” or “further”
1. I can‟t walk any _________ .
2. No ________ reasons were given.
3. He walked off without ________ ceremony.
4. Until ________ orders Mr. K.S. Dave will act as Headmaster of Nira High
School.
E.) Fill the blank spaces with “latest” or”last”
1.The __________ news from Chins is very disquieting.
2. The _______ time I saw him, he was in high spirits .
3.To-day is the _________ day for receiving tenders.
4. We expect to get the _______ news in a few hours.
5. The _______ Moghul Emperor came to an iognominious end.
f.) Fill the blank spaces with “nearest” or”next”
1.This is the ___________ post office to my house.
2.The pillar-box is ________ to my house.
3.The burglar was taken to the _________ police station.
4.His house is ___________ to mine.
5.The___________ railway station is two miles from here.
Adverbs:
Read the following sentences :
1.Rama runs quickly.
2. This is a very sweet mango.
3.Govind reads quite clearly.
A word that modifies the meaning of a verb , an adjective or another Adverb is
called an Adverb .The words quickly, very and quite are , therefore ,Adverbs.
In sentence-1 , quickly shows how (or in what manner)Rama runs; that is, quickly
modifies the verb runs.
In sentence -2 , very shows how much (or in what degree) the mango is sweet ; that
is, very modifies the Adjective sweet.
In sentence 3, quite shows how far (or to what extent) Govind reads clearly ; that is ,
quite modifies the Adverb clearly.
An Adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of a Verb, an Adjective or another
Adverb.
In the following sentences Adverbs modify phrases.
She was sitting close beside him.
He paid his debts down to the last penny.
Adverbs standing at the beginning of sentences sometimes modify the whole
sentence , rather than any particular word;as,
Probably he is mistaken.
Possibly it is as you say. Certainly you are wrong.
Kinds of Adverbs:
Adverbs may be divided into the following classes, according to their meaning:
a.)Adverbs of Time
b.)Adverbs of frequency
c.)Adverbs of Place
d.)Adverbs of Manner
e.) Adverbs of Degree or Quantity
f.) Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation
g.) Adverbs of Reason
a.)Adverbs of Time: (which show when)
I have heard this before.
We shall now begin to work.
b.) Adverbs of Frequency: (which show how often)
I have told you twice.
He often makes mistakes.
c.)Adverbs of Place (which show where)
Stand here.
The little lamb followed Mary everywhere.
d.)Adverbs of manner(which show where)
Govind reads clearly .
The story is well written.
Note : This calss includes nearly all those Adverbs which are derived from
adjectives and end in –ly.
e.)Adverbs of Degree or quantity ( which show how much, or in what degree or
to what extent)
He was too careless.
These mangoes are almost ripe.
f.) Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation:
Surely you are mistaken.
He certainly went.
g.)Adverbs of Reason:
He is hence unable to refute the charge.
He therefore left school.
Some of the above Adverbs may belong to more than one class:
She sings delightfully.(Adverb of manner)
The weather is delightfully cool.(Adverb of degree)
Don‟t go far.(Adverb of place)
He is far better now. (Adverb of degree)
In the following sentences pick out the Adverbs :
1.He was ill-pleased.
2. Try again.
3.He is too shy.
4. We rose very early.
5. I am so glad to hear it.
Answers: 1. ill
2. again
3. too
4. very
5. so
When adverbs are used in asking questions they are called Interrogative Adverbs ;
as,
Where is Abdul? (Inter. Adv of palce)
When did you come?(Inter Adv of Time)
Why are you late?(Inter Adv of Reason)
How did you contrive it?(Inter Adv of manner)
How many boys are in your class?(Inter Adv of number)
How high is Rajbai Tower?(Inter Adv of Degree)
Relative Adverbs:
Show me the house where (=in which) he was assaulted.
Here the Adverb where modifies the verb “was assaulted”.
The Adverb where , like a Relative Pronoun , here relates or refers back to its
antecedent house. It is , therefore, called a Relative Adverb.
1.2 : Tenses :
Simple present tense :
1.To express a habitual action :
He drinks tae every morning
I get up everyday at five O‟Clock.
My watch keeps good time.
2.To express general truths:
The sun rises in the east.
Honey is sweet.
Fortiune favors the brave.
3.In exclamatory sentences beginning with “here” and “there” to express what is
actually taking place in the present :
Here comes the bus!
There she goes!
4.In vivid narrative, as substitute for Simple Past :
Sohrab now rushes forward and deals a heavy blow to Rustam.
Immediately the Sulatn hurries to his capital.
5.To express a future event that is part of the Simple present Tense:
The next flight is at 7:00 tomorrow.
The match starts at 9 o‟clock
The train leaves at 5:20.
Some more uses of the simple present tense:
To introduce Quotations:
Keats says , “A thing of beauty is a joy forver”.
It is used , instead of the Simple Future Tense , in clauses of time and of condition
;as
I shall wait till you finish your luncj.
If it rains we shall get wet.
Present continuous tense:
The present continuous is uysed :
1.For an action going on at the time of speaking :
1.She is singing (now)
The boys are playing hockey .
2. For a temporary action which may not be actually happening at the time of
speaking ;as,
I am reading “David Copperfield “ (but I am not reading at this moment).
3.For an action that has already been arranged to takeplace in the near future ;as,
I am going to the cinema tonight.
My uncle is arriving tomorrow.
When the reference is to a particularly obstinate habit :
My dog is very silly ;he is always running into the road.
4.The following verbs , on account of their meaning , are not normally used in the
continuous form:
A.) Verbs of perception , eg. See, hear, smeel, notice , recognize
B.)Verbs of appearing , eg., apppaer ,look, seem
C.)Verbs of emotion , eg. Want, wish, desire , feel, like ,love hate , hope refuse,
prefer
D.)Verbs of thinking: think, suppose, believe, agree, consider, trust, remember,
forget, understand, imagine, mean, mind.
E.)have (=possess) , own, possess, belong to, contain, consist of , be (except when
used in the passive)
Wrong :
These grapes are tasting sour.
I am thinking you are wrong
She is seeming sad.
He is having a cellular phone
Right :
These grapes taste sour.
I think you are wrong
She seems sad.
He has a cellular phone
However , the verbs listed above can be used in the continuous tenses with a change
of meaning :
She is tasting the soup to see if it needs more salt.
(taste = to taste the flavor)I am thinking of going to Malaysia.
(think of : consider the idea of)
They are having lunch .(have =eat)
Present perfect tense:
Present perfect is used :
1.to indicate completed activities in theimmediate past : (with just) ; as ,
He has just gone out.
It has just struck ten.
2. To express past actions whose time is no tgiven and not definite ;as,
Have you read “Gulliver‟s Travels”?
I have never known him to be angry.
Mr.Hari has been to Japan.
3.To describe past events when we think more of their effect in the present than of
the action itself ;as ,
Gopi has eaten all the biscuits (i.e., there are‟nt any more left for you.)
I have cut my finger (and it is bleeding now).
I have finished my work (now I am free.)
4.To denote an action beginning at some time in the past and continuing up to the
present moment (often with since- and for-phrases ); as,
I have known him for a long time.
He has been ill since last week.
We have lived here for ten years.
We have‟nt seen Padma for several months.
The following adverbs or adverb phrases can also be used with the present perfect
(apart from those mentioned above): never,ever,so far,till now, yet ,already,today,
this week, this month, etc.
Note : The Present Perfect is never used with adverbs of past time .We should not
say, for example, “he has gone to Kolkata yesterday “.In such cases the Simple Past
should be used.(He went to Kolkata yesterday.)
Present perfect Continuous tense :
1.Th epresent perfect Conyinuous tense is used for an action which began at some
time in the past and is still continuing :, as,
He has been sleeping for five hours.(and is still sleeping).
They have been building the bridge for several months.
They have been playing since four‟O‟clock.
This tense is also sometimes used for an action already finished.In such cases the
continuity of the activity is emphasized as an explanation of something :
“Why are your clothes so wet?”
- “I have been watering the garden”.
Past Tense : Simple past tense:
1.The simple past tense is used to indicate an action completed in the past.It often
occurs with adverbs or adverb phrases of past time.
Yhe steamer sailed yesterday.
I received his letter a week ago.
She left school last year.
2.Sometimes this tense is used without an adverb of time .In such cases the time may
be either implied or indicated by the context.
I learnt Hindi in Nagpur.
I did‟nt sleep well (i.e., last night)
Bbabar defeated Rana Sanga at Kanwaha.
3.The Simple Past is also used for past habits ;as,
He studied many hours every day.
She always carried an umbrella.
Past Continuous tense :
1.
The Past continuous is used to denote an action going on at some time in the
past.The time the action may or may not be indicted.
We were listening to the radio all night.
It was getting darker.
The light was out while I was reading.
When I saw him, he was playing chess.
As in the last two examples above , the past continuous and simple past were used
together when a new action happened in the middle of a longer action. The simple
past is used for the new action.
2. This tense is also used with always ,continually, etc., for persistent habits in the
past .
He was always grumbling.
Past perfect tense :
1.The past pefect describes an action completed before a certain moment in the past;
as,
I met him in New delhi in 1996.I had seen his last five years before.
2.If two actions happened in the past , it may be necessary to show which action
happened earlier than the other .The Past Perfect is mainly used in such situations
.The Simple Past is used in one clause and the Past Perfect in the other; as,
When I reached the station the train had started (so I could‟nt get into thetrain).
I had done my exercise when Hari came yo see me.
I had written the letter before he moved.
Past perfect continuous tense :
The past perfect continuous tense is used fro an action that began before a certain
point in the past and continued up to that time; as,
At that time he had been writing a novel for two months.
When Mr.Muerji came to the school in 1995,Mr.Anand had already been teaching
there for three years.
Exercise 1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
The earth ________ round the sun.(move, moves, moved)
My friends _________ the Prime minister yesterday .(see, have seen, saw)
I ____________ him only one letter up to now.(sent, have sent, send)
She ______ worried about something .(looks, looking, is looking)
5. It started to rain while we _________ tennis.(are playing, were playing, had
played)
6. He ________ fast when the accident happened .(is driving, was driving,
drove)
7. He ________ asleep while he was driving .(falls, fell, has fallen)
8. I‟m sure I __________ him at the party last night.(saw, have seen, had seen)
9. He _________ a mill in this town .(have , has, is having)
10. He _______ here for the last five years. (worked, is working, has been
working)
11. He thanked me for what I ____________ . (have done, had done, have been
doing)
12. I _________ a strange noise.(hear, am hearing, have been hearing)
13. I ________ him for a long time.(know, have known, am knowing)
14. I __________ English for five years.(study , am studying , have been studying
)
15. Don‟t disturb me .I _________ my homework.(do, did,am doing)
16. Abdul _____________ to be a doctor .(wants, wanting,is wanting)
17. The soup _________ good. (taste , tastes, is tasting)
18. He ______________ TV most evenings .(watches, is watch, is watching)
19. He _________ out five minutes ago .(has gone , had gone, went)
20. When he lived in Hyderabad , he ________ to the cinema once a week.(goes,
went, was going)
21. The baby _________ all morning .(cries, has been crying)
22. I __________ Rahim at the zoo.(saw, have seen, had seen)
23. I __________ Kumar this week .(have‟nt seen , did‟nt see, am not seeing)
24. This paper ____ twice weekly .(is appearing , appearing, appears)
25. Ashok fell off the ladder when he _______ the roof.(is mending, was
mending, mended)
Choose the correct alternative from those given in brackets:
1.The headmaster _________ to speak to you.(wants, is wanting, was wanting)
2.I ________ a new bicycle last week .(bought, have bought, had bought)
3.Here are your shoes; I _______ them (just clean, just cleaned, have just cleaned)
4. It __________ since early morning .(rained, is raining, has been raining)
5. I ________ a lot of work today .(did, have done, had done)
6. I __________ something brning .(smell, am smelling, have been smelling)
7. Look! The sun ________ over the hills .(rises, is rise, is rising)
8.She ________ unconscious since four‟o clock .(is , was, has been)
9. He used to visit us every week , but he ___________ now.(rarely comes, is rarely
coming, has rarely come)
10. We ________ for his call since 4.20 .(are waiting, have been waiting, were
waiting)
11. Every day last week my aunt _______ a plate.(breaks, broke, was breaking)
12. I know all about that film because I _____ it twice .(saw, have seen, had seen)
13.Our guests ___________ ; they are sitting in the garden.(arrived, have arrived,
had arrived)
14. I ________ him since we met a year ago.(did‟nt see, have‟nt seen, had‟nt seen)(
15. We _______ our breakfast half an hour ago .(finished , have finished , had
finished)
16. She jumped off the bus while it __________ (moved, had moved, was moving)
17.When we went to the cinema , the film (already started, had already started,
would already start)
18.I _________ for half an hour when it suddenly started to rain.(have walked, have
been walking, had been walking)
19. Did you think you ________ me somewhere before ?(have seen, had seen, were
seeing)
20. The town _______ its appearance completely since 1980(is changing, changed ,
has changed)
21. Sheila ________ her case , look .(packed, has packed, had packed)
22. When I was in Sri Lanka ,I _________Negombo ,Beruwela and Nilaveli.(visited,
was visited, have visited)
23.I meant to repair the radio , but _______ time to do it today (am not having,
have‟nt had , had‟nt)
24.When I _________ my dinner I went to bed .(had, have had , had had)
25. Men _______ to abolish wars up to now, but may be they will find a way in the
future .(never managed, have never managed, will have never managed.)
The Future :
1.There are several ways of talking about the futut=re in English : the Simple
Future Tense , the going to form , the Simple present tense , etc.
Simple Future tense :
2.
The simple future tense is used to talk about things which we cannot control.It
expresses the future as fact :
I shall be twenty next Saturday .
It will be Diwali in a week.
We will know our exam results in May.
3.We use this tense to talk about what we think or believe will happen in the
future .
I think Pakistan will win tha match.
I‟m sure Helen will get a first class.
As in the above sentences , we often use this tense with “I think , and I‟m
sure.We also say I expect , I belive, Probably, etc.,
4.We can use this tense when we decide to do something at the time of speaking .
It is raining.I will take an umbrella.
“Mr. Sinha is very busy at he moment “.-“All right .I‟ll wait”.
We use the going to form (be going to+ base of the verb)when we have decided to
do something before talking about it.
“Have you decided what to do? “Yes.I am going to resign the job”.
“Why do you want to sell your motorbike ?” “I‟m going to buy a car”.
Remember that if the action is already decided upon and preparations have been
made , we should use the going to form , not the Simple Future Tense.
The Simple Future Tense is used for an instant decision.
6. We also use the going to form to talk about what seems likely or certain ,
when there is something in the present which tells us about the future.
It was going to rain ; look at those clouds.
The boat is full of water .I t is going to sink.
She is going to have a baby.
7. The going to form may also express an action which is on the point of
happening :
Let‟s get into the train .It‟s going to leave .
Look! The cracker is going to explode.
Be about to:
Be about to + base form can also be used for the immediate future .
Let‟s get into the train .It‟s going to leave .
Don‟t go out now. We are about to have lunch.
Simple present tense:
1.
The simple present tense is used for official programmes and time tables.
1.The college opens on 23rd June.
2.The film starts at 6:30 and finishes at 9:00
3.When does the next train leave for Chennai.
2. The Simple Present is often used for future time in clauses with”if”, unless, when ,
while ,as(=while) before , after, until, by the time and as soon as.Th esimple Future
Tense is not used in such cases.
I won‟t go out if it rains.(not: will rain)
Can I have some milk before I go to bed?
Let‟s wait till he finishes his work.
Please ring me up as soon as he comes.
Present continuous tense :
We use the Present continuous Tense when we tlak about something that we have
palnned to do in the future :
I am going to Shimla tomorrow.
We are eating out tonight.
Mr.Abdul Rehman is arriving this evening.
You are advised to use the Present Continuous (not the Simple Present) for personal
arrangements)
Future Continuous tense:
1. We use the Future Continuous Tense to talk about actions which will be in
progress at a time in the future:
I suppose it will be raining when we start .
This time tomorrow I will be sitting on the beach in Singapore .
“Can I see you at 5o‟clock ?” “Please don‟t come then .I will be watching tennis
match on TV”.
2. We also use this tense to talk about actions in the future which are already
planned or which are expected to happen in the normal course of things:
I will be staying here til Sunday.
He will be meeting us next week.
The postman will be coming soon.
3. Be to :
We use the be+to base form to talk about official plans and arrangements :
The PrimeMinister is to visit America next month.
The conference is to discuss “Nuclear Tests”
Be is used in a formal style , often in news reports .Be is usually left out in headlines
, eg., “Prime Minister to visit
America.
Future Perfect tense:
The Future Perfect tense is used to tlak about actions that will be completed by a
certain future time:
I shall have written my exercise by then.
He will have left before you go to see him.
By the end of this month I will have worked heer for five years.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense :
The future Perfect continuous tense is used for actions which will be in progress
over a period of time that will end in the near future :
By next March we shall have been living here for four years.
I‟ll have been teaching for twenty years next july.
This tense is not very common.
Choose the correct or more suitable forms of verbs to fill in the blanks:
1.The plane ______ at 3.30 (arrives, will arrive)
2. I will phone you when he _______ back(comes, will come)
3. When I get home , my dog ______ at the gate waiting for me.(sits, will be sitting)
4. I ________ Joshis this evening .(visit, am visiting)
5. Look at those black clouds .It _________ (will rain, is going to rain)
6. The train ________ before we reach the station .(arrives, will have arrived)
7. Perhaps we ___________ Mahabaleshwar next month .(visit , will visit)
8. Unless we _________ now we can‟t be on time .(start, will start)
9. I _________ into the town later on .Do you want a lift?(drive, will be deriving)
10. The next term _________ on 16th November .(begins, is beginning)
11. Oh dear! I ________ (will sneeze , am going to sneeze)
12. By 2005 , computers ________ many of the jobs that people do today .(will be
taking over , will have taken over)
13. I‟m sure she __________ the exam .(passes, will pass)
14. I _________ home next Sunday .(go, am going)
15. I _________ you one of these days , I expect .(see, will be seeing)
16. Help! I _______ fall.(will fall,am going to fall)
17.She has bought some cloth ; she _______ herself a blouse .(will make , is going
to make)
18. I _________ your house this afternoon .It is on my way from work.(will be
passing,am passing)
19.Hurry up! The programme _________ (will start, is about to start)
20.This book is long .I __________ it by lunch time.(will be reading,will have
read.)
1.3:
Voice-Active and Passive :
Compare :
1.Rama helps Hari.
2.Hari is helped by Rama.
It will be seen that these tow sentences express the same meaning.
But in sentence 1 , the form of the Verb shows that the peson denoted by the Subject
does something.
Rama (the person denoted by the subject) does something.
The verb helps is said to be in the Active Voice.
In sentence 2 , the form of the Verb shows that something is done to the person
denoted by the subject.
Something is done to Hari(the person denoted by the Subject)
The verb helped is said to be in the passive voice.
Def.: A verb is in the Active Voice when its form shows (as in sentence 1) that the
person or thing denoted by the Subject does something ; or in other words, is the
doer of the action. The Active Voice is so called because the person denoted by the
Subject acts.
Def.: AVerb is in the Passive Voice when its form shows (as in sentence 2) that
something is done to the person or thing denoted by the Subject.
The Passive Voice is so called because the person or thing denoted by the Subject is
not Active but Passive, that is, suffers or receives some action.
Def.: Voice is that form of Verb which shows whether what is denoted by the
Subject does something or has something done to it.
Active Voice
1.Sita loves Savitri
2. The mason is building the wall
3. The peon opened the gate
4. Some boys were helping the wounded
man.
5. He will finish the work in a fortnight.
Passive Voice
Savitri is loved by Sita
The wall is being built by the mason
The gate was opened by the peon.
The wounded man was being helped by
some boys.
The work will be finished by him in a
fortnight.
Since the Object of Verb in the active voice becomes the Subject of the passive form
, it follows that only Transitive Verbs can be used in the Passive Voice , because an
Intransitive Verb has no Objcet.
When to use Active Voice and when to use Passive Voice:
The Active Voice is used when the agent (i.e., the doer of the action) is to be made
prominent; the Passive Voice , when the person or the thing acted upon is to be
made prominent. The Passive is, therefore, generally preferred when the active form
would involve the use of an indefinite or vague pronoun or noun(somebody , they ,
people, we, etc.) as subject; that is, when we do not know the agent or when it is
clear enough who the agent is.
Example: My pen has been stolen.(Somebody has stolen my pen.)
I was asked my name.(They asked me my name.)
English is spoken all over the world.(People speak English all over the world.)
I have been invited to the party.(Someone has invited me to the party.)
We will execute all orders promptly .(SAll orders will be executed promptly.)
In such cases the agent by is usually avoided.
Note, however, that , as in the examples given earlier, the by –phrase cannot be
avoided where the agent has some importance and is necessary to complete the
sense.
1.4:
Idioms and Phrases
Idioms :
Idiomatic Expresssions:
1. Keep up with the Joneses: To try to have all the possessions that the
friends and neighbours have.
We are squandering all our income in keeping with the Joneses.
2. A give and take policy : A policy of mutual concessions.
We can maintain good relations by following a give and take policy.
3. To have too many irons in fire: To be very busy.
These days we can’t help you as we have our hands full.
4. To make amends : To compensate for damage .
If you have said something impolite to him you can always make
amends by a good gesture.
5.To play a second fiddle : To take a subordinate role .
I have my own place in this organization ;I can’t play a second fiddle to
anybody.
6.To rise to the occasion : Develop resources for the demands of an
occasion.
India is strong enogh to rise to the occasion , and will not let her people
suffer on account of sanctions.
7.To set one’s house in order: To manage one’s own affairs : We can do
good to others only if we set our own house in order.
8.Ups and Downs : Prosperity and adversity.
There are ups and downs in everybody’s life.
9.Up to the mark : Coming up to a set standard.
Even the mark.
1. To take the bull by the horns: To grapple with a problem
courageously.
I am strong enough to take the bull by the horns .I am not an escapist.
2. To take a leap in the dark: Take a risky step without caring for
theresult. We have to be careful in starting this business and not to
take a leap in the dark.
11.To turn the tables : To reverse someone’s position.
They were trying to bargain in their favor, but my friend’s timely
intervention turned the tables.
12.To err on the safe side : To choose that may be inaccurate but that
keeps us safe.
In going in for mixed economy our government has chosen to err on the
safe side.
1. To burn one’s fingers: To get oneself into unexpected trouble.
2. They were doing well in their family business but by venturing into
show business they burnt their fingers.
3. To rest one one’s laurels: to be satisfied with laurels already won.
If we want further progress we should not rest on our laurels.
4. To speak volumes: To bear abundant witness for or against.
His success speaks volumes for his capabilities.
16.To steal march: To gain an advantage over another.
Many smaller countries in Asia have stolen a march over India by
silently consolidating their economies.
17. To steer clear of : To avoid.
I would like to steer clear of problems by remaining neutral.
18. To fish in troubled waters: To make personal profit out of a
disturbance.
The go-getters in politics mostly fish in troubled waters.
19. To pour oil on troubled waters: To do something that soothes
passions.
20. Whenever there is a dispute we look up to him to pour oil on
troubled waters.
Phrases:
________________________________________________
Unit-2
Writing for Print Media (This topic will be covered by the Mass Communication
Department.)
Objective :The idea is to teach the students how to write a letter to the editor, to
summarize a long piece of writing and to take notes while listening to a lecture or
while preparing to give a presentation.
2.1:
Letter to the editor :
WHAT IS A LETTER TO THE EDITOR?
You feel strongly about an issue, and you want to let people know what you think.
You believe you can even influence people to take some action if you speak your
mind. But, you want to reach an audience larger than just your friends or your
group membership. Letters to the editor can be an effective way to get the word out.
A letter to the editor is a written way of talking to a newspaper, magazine, or other
regularly printed publication. Letters to the editor are generally found in the first
section of the newspaper, or towards the beginning of a magazine, or in the editorial
page. They can take a position for or against an issue, or simply inform, or both.
They can convince readers by using emotions, or facts, or emotions and facts
combined. Letters to the editor are usually short and tight, rarely longer than 300
words.
Using a few carefully placed letters, you can generate plenty of community
discussion. You can also keep an issue going by preventing it from disappearing
from the public eye. You can stimulate the interest of the news media and create
more coverage for the matters you're working on. You can also send a "good news"
letter to bring recognition to people who deserve it or acknowledge the success of an
effort.
WHY SHOULD YOU WRITE A LETTER TO THE EDITOR?
Letters to the editor are among the most widely read features in any newspaper or
magazine. They allow you to reach a large audience. You can probably think of
many more specific reasons why you might want to write to the editor, but here are
a few general ones:

You are angry about something, and want others to know it

You think that an issue is so important that you have to speak out

Part of your group's strategy is to persuade others to take a specific action
Or you want to:

Suggest an idea to others

Influence public opinion

Educate the general public on a specific matter

Influence policy-makers or elected officials directly or indirectly

Publicize the work of your group and attract volunteers or program
participants
WHEN SHOULD YOU WRITE A LETTER TO THE EDITOR?
Letters to the editor can be written any time you want to shape public opinion, tell
others how you feel about people, programs, or ideas, or just inform the public on a
certain issue. They are a great way to increase awareness of the issues that you or
your organization are working for, as well as to advocate for your cause.
Letters to the editor can also be used to start a community conversation about an
issue important to you. A planned series of letters to the editor can stimulate public
interest and media coverage. It's up to you to determine when is the best time to
start writing the letters, allowing time for them to be published.
The larger the newspaper or magazine, the more competition there is for letters-tothe-editor space. This means your letter will need to stand out in order to get
printed. The tips in this section will help you write a letter that will be effective and
stand out on the editor's desk.
Keep in mind that if you want to inform the public of a certain action your
organization is about to take, you may want to think of issuing a press release
instead. If newspapers consistently ignore your news releases, your best choice may
be a letter to the editor.
HOW DO YOU WRITE A LETTER TO THE EDITOR?
Open the letter with a simple salutation.
Don't worry if you don't know the editor's name. A simple "To the Editor of
the Daily Sun," or just “To the Editor:” is sufficient. If you have the editor's name,
however, you should use it to increase the possibilities of your letter being read.
Grab the reader's attention. Your opening sentence is very important. It should tell
readers what you‟re writing about, and make them want to read more.
Explain what the letter is about at the start.
Throughout your letter, remember the rule:
Be quick,
Be concise, and then
Be quiet.
Don't make the editor or the general public wait to find out what you want to say.
Tell them your key point at the beginning.
Explain why the issue is important.
If you are motivated enough to write a letter to a newspaper or magazine, the
importance of your topic may seem clear to you. Remember, though, that the
general public probably doesn't share your background or the interest. Explain the
issue and its importance simply. Use plain language that most people will
understand
Give evidence for any praise or criticism.
If you are writing a letter discussing a past or pending action, be clear in showing
why this will have good or bad results.
State your opinion about what should be done.
You can write a letter just to ''vent," or to support or criticize a certain action or
policy, but you may also have suggestions about what could be done to improve the
situation. If so, be sure to add these as well. Be specific. And the more good reasons
you can give to back up your suggestions, the better.
Keep it brief.
Generally, shorter letters have a better chance of being published. So go back over
your letter and see if anything can be cut or condensed. If you have a lot to say and
it can't be easily made short, you may want to check with the editor to see if you
could write a longer opinion feature or guest column.
Sign the letter.
Be sure to write your full name (and title, if relevant) and to include your address,
phone number, and e-mail address. Newspapers won't print anonymous letters,
though in some cases they may withhold your name on request. They may also call
you to confirm that you wrote the letter before they publish it.
Check your letter to make sure it's clear and to the point.
A newspaper may not print every letter it receives, but clear, well-written letters are
likely to be given more serious consideration.
HOW DO YOU GET YOUR LETTERS ACCEPTED?
How likely your letter is to be published depends to a certain extent on the
publication you‟re sending it to. The New York Times probably receives hundreds, if
not thousands of letters a day, only ten or so of which make it into print. A smalltown newspaper, on the other hand, may print every letter it gets, since it may get
only two or three a day.
In general, newspapers and magazines will publish letters that are well-written and
articulate, and that either represent specific points of view on an issue, or that
thoughtfully analyze complex issues and events. Most publications stay away from
publishing rants, although they may publish short-and-to-the-point letters that
make the same points as a rant might, but in a much calmer and more rational way.
Publications also tend to stay away from attacks on particular people (although not
from criticism of the actions of politicians and other public figures), and anything
that might possibly be seen as libel.
Legally, libel is the publication of a false statement about someone that damages
that person‟s reputation. Thus to falsely accuse someone of a crime would be libel;
to inaccurately print that someone had won an award for citizenship would not be.
Here are a few helpful tips for getting your letters accepted by the editor:

Keep your letter under 300 words. Editors have limited space for printing
letters, and some papers have stated policies regarding length (check the
editorial page for this).

Make sure your most important points are stated in the first paragraph.
Editors may need to cut parts of your letter and they usually do so from the
bottom up.

Refer to a recent event in your community or to a recent article – make a
connection and make it relevant.

Use local statistics and personal stories to better illustrate your point.

Make sure you include your title as well as your name – it adds credibility,
especially if it's relevant to the topic being discussed. If you are a program
director, your title may lend credibility to the letter.
Including your title is also important to showing that you‟re not trying to hide your
interest in the topic. If you‟re a program director and you don‟t mention that in
your letter, there may be a letter the next day accusing you of dishonesty for not
revealing it.

Editors may want to contact you, so include your phone number and e-mail
address.

If your letter is not accepted the first time around, try again. You might
submit a revised version with a different angle on the issue at a later date.
You do not have to be the only one to write the letter: letters are often published
with multiple signers. You also don‟t have to be the only one to write a letter.
Several people may write letters on the same topic with the same or slightly different
points, and submit them a few days apart, so that the issue stays on the Letters page
for a period of time.
Sample letter to the Editor :
Rakesh Gupta is a resident of the Najafgarh town in outré Delhi.After reading an
article on the poor medical and health services in the suburbs and rural areas of
Delhi , he writes a letter to the editor of a local newspaper drawing the attention of
the authorities towards these official lapses .Using ideas from the article , together
with your own ideas , complete this letter .
The Indian Expree News Service
Najafgarh :Delhi 15 September ,2000
While one may find ten private clinics and government health centres on almost
every important road of Delhi city , the residents of vrural Delhi and the suburbs
suffer from famine of doctors and medical facilities.In case of an emergency , they
have to rush to clinics or hospitals in the main city sometimes at a distance of 10 to
15 kms. This is a great lapse on the part of Delhi Adminsitration .This callouness
and indifference in not providing adequate health services goes against the spirit of
a welfare state .Opening of a 100 bedded hospital and half a dozen health centres
should be on the priority list of the Administration . It should be able to provide
health services near home even in the remote corners of the state.
26/4 Main Bazaar
Najafgarh
Delhi
16 September 2000
The Editor
The Torch Bearer
New Delhi
Subject: Poor medical and health services in Najafgarh block.
Sir,
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper , I want to draw the attention of
the Delhi Administration towards the step-motherly treatment that the rural and
remote areas are getting from its health department.I am a resident of Najaf Garh
town in North West Delhi.It is unimaginable that the residents of these remote areas
of the state have to rush to the hospitals and clinics in the main city at a distance of
30 to 40 kms.
The number of government health centres and hospitals in the whole region is less than
their numbers on any of the leading road in Delhi city. This uneven distribution of
benefits does not fit into the scheme of a welfare state in a democracy .Even in these
health centres and hospitals , doctors and nurses do not stay long .They get themselves
transferred to the hospitals in the main city.Timely medical help near home can save
many precious lives. The North-West countryside and suburbs need at least a hundred
bedded hospital and half a dozen health services to the people.
I hope the Administration will give due attention to the needs of these remote areas of
the state and provide adequate medical and health services to the people.
Yours faithfully,
Rakesh Gupta
2.2:
Note writing:
Note taking is the foundation or road map of good presentation either oral or
written. Well-prepared notes are a result of organization and mental preparation
prior to presentation. Practice and methodical approaches to note taking help you to
maintain concentration and have more organized set of notes.Although you are the
only person who will read your notes , clarity and organization are of utmost
importance while taking or making notes.
The key to writing skills is effective note –taking.The practical uses of note taking
are :
1.
2.
3.
4.
A good note-making technique leads to accurate essays or final drafts.
To keep a record of reading /lectures.\
To revise for exams.
To help remember the main points of instructions.
As mentioned above , a correctly written down note can be developed into a well
organized draft. It could also lead to a productive presentation.
Effective note taking is a part of the sequence : The note –taking forms the link in
the sequence of communication. Prior to note taking , there is the aspect of listening
or reading.Then you have to recognize and select the key items or concepts. These
are taken down as notes in your own style.You can have your own method for
taking down notes notes, develop your own abbreviations and short-cut methods.
However, remember that you will be building up the draft oe presentation with the
help of these notes.Therefore, you have to be careful while selecting the
abbreviations and any symbols beause later on , you should know what they mean.
From this stage , note taking is further linked to “writing or speaking” .The written
down notes are expanded to explain the concept either in writing draft or presenting
it orally.
Listening_____________>
Reading______________> Note Taking ____> Writing/speaking
Selecting_____________>
Strategies of note –taking :
There are strategies that help one organize a note card and view it in the process
of presentation:
1.An effective strategy includes an efficient , systematic approach that assists in
identifying major points of emphasis and separates them from minor
considerations.A format should be developed to write the notes and understand
it without difficulty .According to this strategy , one has to recognize the major
and minor points .Then they should be separated with the help of indicator that
help one develop . Eg.: The main points can be written in bold ( if you are using
computer) or underlined or written in all capitals .The minor points can be
written as bullets under this main point. They can also be written in different
colored inks.
2.An effective strategy should include abbreviations , emphais and important
indicators such as circling , underlining , numbering and asteriks.These are used
to give clear indication to the writer , who develops the notes or the speaker who
uses the notes for presentation.
3. The next strategy is that you should follow a proper writing order to assist
you during the writing / presentation period .Your note taking should have
continuity of thoughts, so that the development of notes into a draft or
presentation is well organized.
4.It is often helpful to write out opening statements , support statements that
may be confusing.
5. A review often can reduce errors and quality note preparation provides an
opportunity to have outstanding results in writing or presentation. You should
not forget to review the note to check for the continuity or if the matter taken
down is correct or not. This will avoid the dilemma at the stage of developing the
notes into a draft or at the time of presenting that matter , to the audience.
Types of Note –Taking:
There are many ways of taking down notes.You can select any one type of taking
notes or learn to develop your own method of taking notes whicever is effective
in your latter activity of writing a draft or giving an oral presentation .Whether
you take notes of a lecture , tutorial , classroom or parctical , it will depend on
what you put into it. This means that you have to be an active learner .To be an
active learner , you will need to develop effective listening skills so that you will
be able to know what to note.
You can lay out the notes in numerous ways:
1.Linear Notes
2.Key word trees
3.Mind maps
4.Networks
1.Linear Notes : Taking notes in a linear or sequential fashion is probably the
most common way of laying out your notes at a later date.
2.Key word trees: This type of note taking comes in the shape of a tree .The
assumptions or the previous points connected with the present topic are
mentioned are mentioned first (in the shape of roots) .Then, when the topic is
introduced , it forms the base stem.All important points arising thereafter will be
placed on either side of the main topic.These form the branches .Each branch
will be marked with sub –points.
3.Mind maps: In this style of note-taking , the information is presented in a
diagrmmatical form. Generally , thhe main idea or topic is written in the centre
of the page (or in a prominent position) with key points added around it in a
cluster fashion branching out from the centarl idea .Mind maps are extremely
useful ways of organizing ideas .However, you are restricted to using key
words.This requires you to be concise. This method of note taking can be
difficult when there is more information ,which cannor be easily condensed.
4.Networks: This kind of note-taking basically makes use of slash pattern while
organizing ideas.It is especially useful , if you are trying to take down the ideas
in a debate or controversy .It enables opposing ideas to be written , eg., Merits
/Demerits /costs /benefits ,Before/After , and so on.
Note Taking Practice :
After selecting and understanding the most relevant texts , or specch
/instructions , the next step is usually to make notes on the important sections of
the texts of the texts or instructions that you require.Now , we shall learn the
method of taking notes:
1.Selecting Key points
2.Using abbreviations
1.Selecting key points: The first stage of note taking is to identify the key points
in the text for your purpose. Study the following example:
Example -1 Leadership
The leadership style of a manager determines how good his relationships are
with his subordinates , and how easily he can communicate with them.
Leadership is the quality in a manager , irrespective of his craft skills , education
or position, which directly influences people‟s behaviour towards him and their
work .In other words , it is the quality by which people can be motivated to move
enthusiastically and with confidence towards established goals .Leadership
qualities are in-born to a certain extent , but can also be acquired by training
and experience .Leadership styles adopted in the management of group work are
closely related to the personality of individual managers and their social skills. It
is debatable , how far
How far social skills can be taught , because extrovert personalities develop easy
relations with other people while introverts find it more difficult.
The different leadership styles that are used in the catering field can be easily
classified .Some distinctly make people work by order or force , others join the
group and initiate activity , still others use persuasion while some , by their
pleasant and endearing manner generate the enthusiasm for work and achieve
goals in the best possible manner .Thus, through a manager‟s personality ,
referred to by Doswell and gamble as the “manager Factor” , a manager can
build an image for himself in his work environment .For the establishment he is
responsible for how customers view the food service.
Important points in the essay underlined :
The leadership style of a manager determines how good his relationships are
with his subordinates , and how easily he can communicate with them.
Leadership is the quality in a manager , irrespective of his craft skills , education
or position, which directly influences people‟s behaviour towards him and their
work .In other words , it is the quality by which people can be motivated to move
enthusiastically and with confidence towards established goals .Leadership
qualities are in-born to a certain extent , but can also be acquired by training
and experience .Leadership styles adopted in the management of group work are
closely related to the personality of individual managers and their social skills. It
is debatable , how far
How far social skills can be taught , because extrovert personalities develop easy
relations with other people while introverts find it more difficult.
The different leadership styles that are used in the catering field can be easily
classified .Some distinctly make people work by order or force , others join the
group and initiate activity , still others use persuasion while some , by their
pleasant and endearing manner generate the enthusiasm for work and achieve
goals in the best possible manner .Thus, through a manager‟s personality ,
referred to by Doswell and gamble as the “manager Factor” , a manager can
build an image for himself in his work environment .For the establishment he is
responsible for how customers view the food service.
The key points of the essay “Leadership Style” is identified for you.Notice that
examples , illustrations and explanations are noot underlined .You have to pay
attention to the key words in a sentence or key phrases in a paragraph .Later
these key points may be developed into notes.
Using abbreviations: As already suggested , you should‟nt attempt to take down
every single word of the lecture or text.Hence a lot of time and effort can be
saved by using abbreviations and symbols .They are used for convenience .They
are used for convenioience ; and familiarity with abbreviations makes both
academic reading and writing easier.Abbreviations may be formed in the
following types:
A.) Shortened words: We often use many words which are shortened without
being aware of their original form:
Eg., bus: omnibus
Fridge :Refrigerator
Pub: Public House
Pant: Pantaloon
Telly :television
B.) Acronyms: These are the abbreviations which are made up by writing the
first letters of the words in a name or phrase.
Eg., AIDS: Acquired Immune deficiency Syndrome
„
UNICEF: United Nations International Children‟s Fund
GM : General Manager
Ph.D :Doctor of Philosophy
C.) Others: They include abbreviations that are read as sets of individual letters
.They include names of countries , organizations and companies and also
abrreviations that are found only in written english:
PTO : Please turn over
Rd : Road
BBC : British Broad Corporation
USA :United states of America
The abbreviations can be of three types :
A.) Field abbreviations: The student specilizing in a certain field will learn
certain abbreviations as a part of the study in that particular field .For example ,
a student of Chemiostry will know that “c” stands for carbon and “ca” for
calcium .
PRO- Public Relations officer
CEO: Chief executive officer
NCR :National cash register
VIP Very important person
B.) Commonly used abbreviations: These abbreviations are generally used by
everybody .It is in common use or easily understood .Some of the examples are
“that is” (i.e.) , “equal to” (=) , etc.
The abbreviations given below are used while taking down notes:
Ca.(Circa)= Approximately
E.g.(exempli gratia) =for example
Et al. (et. Aliii) = and the others
Etc. (et cetra)= and so on
C.) Personal abbreviations: These ar ethe abbreviations that the learner has
himself made .According to your convenience and appropriateness of the topic ,
you can develop your own abbreviations , which you can recall and review while
developing the notes into a fair copy , either of an essay or during a presentation.
Summary
Summary writing is also called Precis writing:
Precis –Writing :
A Précis is a summary , and précis writing means summarizing .Précis is an exercise
in compression. A precis is the gist or main theme of a passage expressed in as few
words as possible .It should be lucid , succinct , and full (i.e., including all essential
points ), so that anyone on reading it may be able to grasp the main points and
general effect of the passage summarized.
Précis –writing must not be confused with paraphrasing .A paraphrase should
reproduce not only the substance of a passage , but also all its details .It will
therefore be at least as long as , and probably longer than , the original .But a précis
must always be much shorter than the original ; for it is meant to express the main
theme, shorn of all important details , and that as tersely as possible .As the styles of
writers differ, some being concise and some diffuse , no rigid rules can be laid down
for the length of a précis; but so much may be said , that a précis should not contain
more than a third of the number of words in the original passage.
2.3:
Uses of Précis writing :
1.Uses of Précis writing :
A.) Précis writing is a very fine exercise in reading. Most people read carelessly ,
and retain only a vague idea of what they have read. You can easily test the
value of your reading. Read in your usual way a chapter , or even a page , of a
book ; and then having closed the book try to put down briefly the substance of
what you have just read. You will probably find that your memory of it is hazy
and muddled. Is this because your memory is weak? No; it is because your
attention was not fully centered on the passage while you were reading it. The
memory cannot retain what was never given it to hold. ; you did not remember
the passage properly because you did not properly grasp it as you read it. Now
Précis –writing forces you to pay attention to what you read; for no one can
write a summary of any passage unless he has clearly grasped its meaning .So
summarizing is an excellent training in concentration of attention.
It teaches one to read with the mind, as well as with the eye, on the page.
2. Précis –writing is also a very good exercise in writing a composition. It teaches
one how to express one‟s thoughts clearly , concisely and effectively .It is a
splendid corrective of the common tendency to vague and disorderly thinking
and loose and diffuse writing. While telling a story , an uneducated person
repeats himself , brings in a lot of irrelevant matter , omits from its proper place
what is essential and drags it in later as an after-thought , and takes twenty
minutes to say what a trained thinker would express in five . The whole effect is
muddled and tedious .In a précis you have to work within strict limits .You must
express a certain meaning in a fixed number of words .So you learn to choose
your words carefully
To construct your sentences with an eye to fullness combined with brevity, and
to put your matter in a strictly logical order.
3.So practice in précis –writing is of great values for practical life .In any
position of life the ability to grasp quickly and accurately what is read or heard
and to reproduce it clearly and concisely , is of the utmost value .For lawyers ,
businessmen , and government officials it is essential.
Unit-3
Introduction to broadcast: Will be covered by Mass Comm Department
Writing-a.)Writing for Radio ,Radio language
b.)writing for television , visual language
c.)Prepartion of Bio-Data ,CV
3.3:
Preparation of Bio-Data ,CV :
In a competitive market, graduates need a good CV or Resume to succeed
in securing a job. Your CV or Resume is an advert for you, an opportunity
to sell yourself to potential employers. Your CV or Resume is the first step
in the recruitment process so it has to be right – our CV guide tells you
everything you need to know about creating a successful graduate CV.
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Personal Details
Career Aim/Personal Statement
Education and Qualifications
Work Experience
Specialist Experience
Activities/Interests/Positions of Responsibility
Additional Information
References/Referees
Personal Details
You don't need to write 'Curriculum Vitae' at the top of your CV or Resume – it's
pretty obvious what it is! Make sure your name appears at the top and is in a larger
font than the rest of your CV so it stands out. Beneath, all you need to include is
your home address (and term address if you are still at university) and contact
information. Don't include a novelty email address - [email protected]
doesn't sound very professional.
Career Aim/Personal Statement
This is optional but if you do include it, make sure it isn't vague or generic. Keep it
brief (three or four lines max). Demonstrate your career focus and perhaps evidence
of two or three main strengths and where they were developed. This part of your
CV or Resume should be tailored to the role and company you're applying to.
However, to save space, this could be included in your covering letter.
Education and Qualifications
Start with your most recent education – your degree or postgraduate qualification.
University qualifications will be of more interest to an employer than what you did
at school so devote more space to this. Include the dates, name of university/s,
degree title e.g. BA (Hons) Philosophy, and the grade you are expecting or have
achieved.
It is advisable that you include any modules you studied that are relevant to the job
application in addition to your thesis/dissertation research or project work. Time
spent abroad or work placements attended as part of your degree course should be
mentioned.
For school education, include dates, name of school/college and A-Levels or
equivalent qualifications studied with grades. Unless specified, it is not normally
necessary to list every subject studied at GCSE or equivalent level. The number of
passes achieved is enough but state the grade you got for Mathematics and English.
Work Experience
The Work Experience section of your CV or Resume is where recruiters will focus
most of their attention. You must include the dates of your employment, the job title
you held and the name of the employer. For international applications, cite the
country in which you were employed.
Employers are realistic about the fact that students and recent graduates have
mostly done part-time and summer jobs that may not relate to the career you want
to pursue. However, employers will still expect you to be able to show the
responsibilities and skills you got out of your work experience.
The most common way of presenting work experience is to do it in
reverse chronological order (most recent first). However, if you have very
relevant experience in the career field you are applying to e.g. an internship with a
company, you may wish to include this first under a separate heading such as
“Relevant Work Experience” and list less relevant jobs under “Other Work
Experience”. This will immediately show an employer that you have taken the
initiative to gain knowledge of the sector and have experience of that work
environment.
Don't despair if this isn't the case for you. Thousands of graduates don't have that
head start but still get the position they want because they capitalised on the
experience they did have. Remember, employers are looking for the skills you have
used and developed, and more specifically they are identifying links between your
experience and skills and the requirements of the job. Here are some tips to help
you:
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Target your CV to the specific job advert - Read over the terminology used
and the skills mentioned in the advert and where appropriate, use these
words in your CV.
Back up your claims - Avoid writing bland content; if you have "good
communication skills" demonstrate how you have used them effectively to
get something done.
Identify the contribution you made - Rather than just stating a list of duties
you had, think about ways of demonstrating success in a particular role.
Mention your achievements at work and any concrete results you achieved
(in measurable terms if possible). For example, rather than writing,
"designed company's web site," you could say, "designed company's web
site, which increased company's overall product sale by 50 percent."
When describing your job responsibilities, avoid sounding monotonous in your CV
or Resume and use a variety of action verbs and skills.
Specialist Experience
List any specialist experience and or qualifications that are relevant to the job role
under specially designed sections. For example, researchers may provide the
sections 'Research' or 'Research Interests,' and those having worked abroad may
choose to include a section titled 'Research Experience Abroad'. Professors may
include 'Teaching Experience,' 'Foreign Lecturing,' or 'Lectures and Presentations';
likewise, physicians may include sections such as 'Community Service,' 'Licensure,'
or 'Qualification Examinations'.
Activities/Interests/Postitions of Responsibility
These are all relevant sections to include because they demonstrate that you are
motivated to pursue other activities and are a well-rounded individual. Positions of
responsibility and achievements can be extra-curricular, for example, significant
involvement in the Student Union, organising events in a social or sporting club,
spearheading charity fundraising at school or university etc. Stating your interests
doesn't mean just writing a list. Try to indicate your level of involvement and what
you gain from the activity.
Additional Information
Languages
If you are applying overseas then you should indicate your native language and any
additional languages you know accompanied by your level of proficiency.
Skills
Skills in this section include anything vocational that has not appeared elsewhere on
your CV, for example, IT skills and driver‟s license. For IT skills, list the software
packages and applications you use and your level of competency for each. Any
certificates you have such as First Aid or Health and Safety for example, should be
listed in this section.
Conferences
If it is relevant to the job you are applying for, then you may want to mention any
conferences, workshops or seminars you have attended. Give the name of the
conference, date, place and organizers.
The Resume Don‟ts
Don‟t title your resume as “Resume” start with your full name.
Don‟t mail or fax if email is an option.
Don‟t go over one page.
Don‟t use fancy fonts.
Don‟t use personal pronouns “I”, “my” or “me”
Don‟t use passive words.
Don‟t use colorful paper – white, buff or beige is standard.
Don‟t include a picture or other artwork.
Don‟t lie. Brag but never lie.
Don‟t include your whole life‟s history.
Don‟t include personal information.
Don‟t include salary information.
Don‟t include more that 10 years of employment history.
Don‟t say you were laid off or fired from your last position. Save it for the interview.
Don‟t include personal references.
Don‟t include “references available upon requests.” If they want them they will ask.
Don't include your age, height, weight, date of birth, marital status, sex, ethnicity,
health, religion, or political affiliations.
The Resume DO‟s
Do send your resume with a cover letter.
Do strive to make a good impression.
Do make your resume clear, concise and easy to read.
Do use BOLD or Underline for section headings.
Do emphasize your strongest qualifications.
Do focus on accomplishments, skills, and results.
Do print your resume on high quality 8 ½ by 11 paper.
Do make contacting you easy. i.e. consider including home & office telephone
numbers.
Do include descriptive terms that include supportive facts and figures.
Do use short phrases, not long and complex sentences.
Do utilize action words.
Do list your most recent job/educational experience first.
Do list job titles, dates, cities and states.
Do use word processing and spell checkers.
Do ask 2 friends or colleague to proof read your resume.
Do create a resume tailored to the job you after.
Do keep your resume up-to-date. You never know when opportunity may come
knock
Practical:
A.) Preparing of a script for Radio and T.V. broadcast ,In-voicing it .
B.) Write summary of news on Article from Newspaper ,magazine
This part will be covered by the Mass Comm Department