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Chapter 19
Blood
Blood
Heart
Blood Vessels
Chapter 19
Blood
The fluid
component of
the
cardiovascular
system
Ch 19 Learning Outcomes:
Chapter 19 Learning Outcomes
After completing Chapter 19, you will be able to:
1. Describe the components and major functions of blood, and list
the physical characteristics of blood.
2. Describe the composition and functions of plasma.
3. List the characteristics and functions of red blood cells, describe
the structure and functions of hemoglobin, describe
erythropoiesis and how are red blood cells components recycled.
4. List and describe the types of white blood cells based on their
structures and functions.
5. Describe the structure, function, and production of platelets.
6. Discuss the mechanisms of hemostasis after an injury.
7. Explain the importance of blood typing and the basis for ABO
and Rh incompatibilities.
Ch 19 Learning Outcomes:
Chapter 19 Learning Outcomes
After completing Chapter 19, you will be able to:
1. Describe the components and major functions of blood, and list
the physical characteristics of blood.
2. Describe the composition and functions of plasma.
3. List the characteristics and functions of red blood cells, describe
the structure and functions of hemoglobin, describe
erythropoiesis and how are red blood cells components recycled.
4. List and describe the types of white blood cells based on their
structures and functions.
5. Describe the structure, function, and production of platelets.
6. Discuss the mechanisms of hemostasis after an injury.
7. Explain the importance of blood typing and the basis for ABO
and Rh incompatibilities.
Chapter 19
Blood
The study of
blood, bloodforming
tissues, and
the disorders
associated
with them is
called….
Hematology
4 Major Tissue Types In The Body
Connective
Nervous
1a. The extracellular matrix in blood
is called plasma
Plasma
WBC
RBC
Epithelial
Muscle
Martini: 19-1 Blood Functions and
Characteristics, pg. 653
Openstax: 18.1 Functions and
Characteristics of Blood, pg. 738
2. List general functions of Blood:
2a. Describe each function of blood:
Transportation
-Transports materials to and from cells:
dissolved gases (O2, CO2) , nutrients,
hormones, heat, and metabolic wastes.
-Transportation
-Defense
-Maintenance of Homeostasis
Martini: 19-1 Blood Functions and
Characteristics, pg. 653
Openstax: 18.1 Functions and
Characteristics of Blood, pg. 738
2. General functions of Blood:
-Transportation
-Defense
-Maintenance of Homeostasis
2a. Describe each function of blood:
Defense (protection)
-against disease-causing agents
(pathogens)
-against blood loss at injured sites:
platelets and plasma proteins block
ruptured areas of blood vessels to
decrease blood loss
Martini: 19-1 Blood Functions and
Characteristics, pg. 653
Openstax: 18.1 Functions and
Characteristics of Blood, pg. 738
2. General functions of Blood:
-Transportation
-Defense
-Maintenance of Homeostasis
3. Physical Characteristics of Blood
2a. Describe each function of blood:
Maintenace of Homeostasis
-helps to adjust body temperature
- helps to regulate the pH and ion
composition of body fluids
-helps to regulate water content of body
cells
Water
Blood
3a. Blood’s temperature:
About 38ºC (100.4ºF)
(slightly above normal body temperature)
3b. Blood viscosity vs. water
Who is more viscous (thicker)? Blood
3. Physical Characteristics of
Blood– pg. 729
3. Physical Characteristics of
Blood– pg. 729
3c. Blood pH is between 7.35 and 7.45
3d. Who has more blood, adult
males or adult females?
? Blood’s pH is…
a) slightly acidic
b) Slightly basic
c) neutral
Males!
Males = 5-6 Liters
Females = 4-5 Liters
Adipose Tissue
Differences in average body size
Amount of adipose tissue will also
influence how much blood a person has:
-more adipose tissue, less blood
-less adipose tissue, more blood
4. Components of Blood
4. Components of Blood
4a. Blood has 2 components:
The term whole blood refers to…
Plasma
Plasma
whole
blood
Formed
Elements
Formed
Elements
4b. What is plasma?
Plasma:
liquid
extracellular
matrix
Plasma
whole
blood
the
combination
of plasma
and formed
elements
4c. What are formed elements of
blood?
4c. Formed elements of blood:
Cells & Cell Fragments
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
whole
blood
Platelets =
cell
fragments
Formed
Elements
Separating Plasma From Formed
Elements of Blood
Martini: See Fig. 19-1
Openstax: Fig. 18.2
Plasma
(55% of blood volume)
Plasma
Buffy Coat
(WBC & platelets)
centrifuge
Formed Elements
Erythrocytes (RBC)
Formed
elements
((45% of blood
volume)
4d. What is hematocrit?
The percentage of red blood cells in
a blood sample
Buffy Coat:
-Layer between packed
RBCs and plasma in a
centrifuged blood sample
-composed only of WBC
& platelets
Another name for hematocrit?
packed cell volume (PCV)
II. The sex difference in hematocrit is
mainly caused by the fact that....
Testosterone stimulate red blood
cell production whereas estrogens
(female hormones) do not.
Averages:
Females: 42%
Males:
47%
4e. What is anemia?
4f. What is polycythemia?
Averages:
Females: 42%
Males:
47%
4e. What is anemia?
Average Hematocrit:
Females: 42%
Males:
47%
Disorder of blood characterized by
below-normal hematocrit (hemoglobin
content is below normal)
4f. What is Polycythemia?
Disorder of blood characterized by
above-normal hematocrit (can cause
hypertension, thrombosis, and
hemorrhage)
Ch 19 Learning Outcomes:
Chapter 19 Learning Outcomes
After completing Chapter 19, you will be able to:
1. Describe the components and major functions of blood, and list
the physical characteristics of blood.
2. Describe the composition and functions of plasma.
3. List the characteristics and functions of red blood cells, describe
the structure and functions of hemoglobin, describe
erythropoiesis and how are red blood cells components recycled.
4. List and describe the types of white blood cells based on their
structures and functions.
5. Describe the structure, function, and production of platelets.
6. Discuss the mechanisms of hemostasis after an injury.
7. Explain the importance of blood typing and the basis for ABO
and Rh incompatibilities.
Martini: 19-2 Plasma, pg. 656
Openstax: Blood Plasma, pg. 739
Blood Plasma
1. About 55% of the volume of whole
blood.
Range: 46-63%
2. Normal color of plasma:
55%
Straw-Colored
45%
3. List the main components of plasma:
4a. Water
Water
Plasma proteins
Other Solutes
4ai. MAIN component of plasma
4aii. Plasma is about 92% water
55%
55%
45%
45%
3. List the main components of plasma:
4b. Plasma Proteins
Water
Plasma proteins
Other Solutes
4bi. Make about 7% of plasma
volume
55%
55%
45%
45%
4bii. The 3 most abundant plasma
proteins:
Make
Albumin
about
Globulins
99% of
Fibrinogen plasma
proteins
4b. Plasma Proteins
Liver
Albumin
A. Makes about 60% of plasma
proteins
Clinical levels: 3.5-5.0 g/dL blood
55%
Gallbladder
B. The organ that synthesizes
(makes) albumin is:
45%
4b. Plasma Proteins
C. Albumin Functions:
-Major contributor to osmotic pressure
of plasma
-Transports fatty acids, thyroid
hormones and steroid hormones
(estrogen, progesterone, etc.),
and other substances
4b. Plasma Proteins
Globulins
A. Makes about 35% of plasma
proteins
Clinical levels: 1.0-1.5 g/dL blood
55%
B. List important globulins:
-antibodies (made by plasma cells,
a white blood cell)
45%
-Transport globulins: transport iron,
lipids, fat-soluble vitamins
55%
4bii. The 3 most abundant plasma
proteins:
Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen
45%
C. Most globulins are made at
the liver
Liver
4b. Plasma Proteins
4b. Plasma Proteins
Fibrinogen
A. Makes about 4% of plasma
proteins
55%
4bii. The 3 most abundant plasma
proteins:
Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen
45%
55%
B. Function of fibrinogen:
forms blood clotts
45%
NOTE: the liver makes and releases
more than 90% of plasma proteins:
Liver
Clinical levels: 0.2-0.45 g/dL blood
C. Fibrinoge is made at: Liver
3. List the main components of plasma:
Water
Plasma proteins
Other Solutes
-all albumins
-all fibrinogen
-most globulins
55%
45%
4c. Other solutes (1%) found in plasma
REVIEW
A. Electrolytes
Na+, Ca+2, Mg+2, Cl-, HCO3-, etc
B. Nutrients:
Water 92%
cholesterol, glucose, amino acids
55%
55%
C. Wastes:
urea, bilirubin, ammonium ions
45%
Other solutes 1%
45%
D. Dissolved Gases:
oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2)
Plasma proteins 7%
REVIEW Fig. 19-1, Martini, pg. 654-655
Whole Blood
Martini,
Fig 19-1
REVIEW
a. The three formed elements of
blood:
Red Blood Cells
55%
White Blood Cells
45%
Platelets = cell
fragments
Formed Elements
Formed Elements of Blood:
WBC
RBC
WBC
Ch 19 Learning Outcomes:
Chapter 19 Learning Outcomes
After completing Chapter 19, you will be able to:
1. Describe the components and major functions of blood, and list
the physical characteristics of blood.
2. Describe the composition and functions of plasma.
3. List the characteristics and functions of red blood cells, describe
the structure and functions of hemoglobin, describe
erythropoiesis and how are red blood cells components recycled.
4. List and describe the types of white blood cells based on their
structures and functions.
5. Describe the structure, function, and production of platelets.
6. Discuss the mechanisms of hemostasis after an injury.
7. Explain the importance of blood typing and the basis for ABO
and Rh incompatibilities.
Martini: 19-3 Red Blood Cells, pg. 657
Openstax: 18.3 Erythrocytes, pg. 745
1. Red blood cells or erythrocytes
2. RBCs are:
-The most abundant blood cells
55%
45%
uL = microliter
3. Abundance of RBCs:
3a. Adult males:
about 4.5-6.3 million RBC’s /µL
55%
45%
Formed Elements
Martini: 19-3 Red Blood Cells, pg. 657
Openstax: 18.3 Erythrocytes, pg. 745
4. Functions of RBCs?
Transport oxygen (O2) to tissues and
remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from tissues
3b. Adult females:
about 4.2-5.5 million RBC’s /µL
Formed Elements
5. Shape & Structure of RBCs
5a. Shape: biconcave disc
-Thin central region
-Thicker outer margin
Martini, Fig. 19-2
-Account for 99.9% of the
formed elements
Openstax: Fig. 18.6
5. Shape & Structure of RBCs
5a. Shape: biconcave disc
Average diameter of a RBC: 7.8 µm
µm = micrometer
Martini: 19-3 Red Blood Cells, pg. 657
Openstax: 18.3 Erythrocytes, pg. 745
5b. RBC’s shape effects on its function:
5b. RBC’s shape effects on its function:
5bi. Large surface area to volume ratio
5b. RBC’s shape effects on its function:
5biii. Enables RBCs to bend & flex
when entering small capillaries
blood
capillary
5bii. Enables RBCs to form stacks
(rouleaux) that smooth blood flow through
narrow
blood
vessels
5c. Does a mature human RBC have
a nucleus and most organelles? No
-RBCs have no nuclei and most organelles
RBC
RBC
RBC
RBC
5d. Can RBCs divide?
No
5e. RBCs live less than 120 days in circulation
5f. The oxygen-carrying protein inside RBCs,
causing their red color: hemoglobin (Hb)
1 RBC has
about 280
million
Hemoglobins
Hb makes more than
95% of a RBC protein
content
Hemoglobin (Hb)
Martini, pg. 659
Openstax, pg. 747
Hemoglobin (Hb)
Martini, pg. 659
Openstax, pg. 747
280 million Hb
1a. a large molecule composed of proteins
and iron
Hemoglobin (Hb)
Martini, pg. 659
Openstax, pg. 747
1b. It is responsible for the RBC's ability to
transport oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide
(CO2)
3. Hemoglobin Structure:
Openstax
Fig. 18.7
2. Hemoglobin Normal Ranges:
2a. In Males: 14-18 g/dL
2b. In Females: 12-16 g/dL
3a. Each Hb has 4 polypeptide chains:
2 alpha (α) chains and 2 beta (β) chains
3. Hemoglobin Structure:
3. Hemoglobin Structure:
Openstax
Fig. 18.7
3b. Each Hb chain contains 1 heme molecule
How many hemes does 1 Hb contain? 4
O2
Openstax
Fig. 18.7
3c. Each heme has an iron (Fe+2) ion
Each iron ion binds one oxygen molecule
3. Hemoglobin Structure:
3. Hemoglobin Structure:
O2
O2
Openstax
Fig. 18.7
?. 1 hemoglobin has 4 iron ions
Each iron ion binds one oxygen molecule (O2)
4. Oxyhemoglobin vs. Deoxyhemoglobin
O2
Openstax
Fig. 18.7
4 oxygen molecules
1 hemoglobin transports ___
4b. Blood that transports RBCs filled with
bright red.
oxyhemoglobin is ______
O2
O2
O2
O2
O2
O2
Oxygenated
blood = RBCs
filled with
oxyhemoglobin
4a. In the lungs, hemoglobin picks O2, which
binds to: Iron ions
forming: Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
? Bright red blood is transported in….
a. Arteries
4. Oxyhemoglobin vs. Deoxyhemoglobin
b. Veins
4c. A hemoglobin
molecule whose
irons have
no oxygen bound
is called…
Deoxyhemoglobin
Bright red
blood
4d. Blood that transports RBCs filled with
Dark red.
deoxyhemoglobin is ______
? Dark red blood is transported in….
a. Arteries
Deoxygenated
blood = RBCs
filled with
deoxyhemoglobin
b. Veins
Dark red blood
4e.
4d.
Hemoglobin also
transports
carbon dioxide (CO2):
CO2
O2
O2
CO2
CO2
O2
O2
CO2
-CO2 binds to the amino acids in
hemoglobin forming a molecule known as
carbaminohemoglobin
Sickle Cell Anemia
Hemoglobin also
transports
carbon dioxide (CO2):
CO2
O2
O2
CO2
CO2
O2
O2
CO2
-carbaminohemoglobin transports CO2 to
the lungs
Normal RBCs
Sickle Cell Anemia
Health
RBC
-Results from a mutation affecting the amino acid sequence of the
beta chains of the hemoglobin molecule
-RBCs become stiff and curved when hemoglobin gives up enough
of its bound oxygen
Normal RBCs
Sickle Cell Anemia
REVIEW:
1. The oxygen-carrying protein inside RBCs,
causing their red color: hemoglobin (Hb)
2. How many hemoglobin molecules does 1
RBC contain?
about 280 million Hemoglobins
3. Name the protein that transports CO2:
Hemoglobin
-RBCs can become stuck in narrow vessels and nearby tissues
become starved for oxygen
REVIEW:
Hemoglobin also
transports
carbon dioxide (CO2):
Tue, Jan 27th
CO2
O2
O2
CO2
CO2
O2
O2
-Ch 19 quiz
-Ch 20 lecture
CO2
course calendar
RBC Production
Martini, pg. 661
Openstax, pg. 748
1. During the first eight weeks of
development, blood cells form…
in the embryonic yolk sac
RBC Production
Martini, pg. 661
Openstax, pg. 748
2. From the second to fifth months of
development, blood cells form…
liver and spleen
3. In adults, the only site of blood cells
formation is… red bone marrow
Compact vs. Spongy Bone
RBC Production
Martini, pg. 661
Openstax, pg. 748
4. RBC formation is called erythropoiesis
5. Stages in RBC Maturation
Stem cells in red bone marrow
divide
Red bone marrow is found in
spongy bone
Myeloid stem cells
in red bone marrow
Red Bone Marrow
divides
Day 1:
Proerythroblast
Myeloid stem cells
Lymphoid stem cells
Divide to produce
RBCs and several
types of WBCs
Divide to produce
lymphocytes
6. Regulation
of
Erythropoiesis
Erythroblast
Day 2:
Day 3:
Day 4:
Normoblast
sheds its nucleus
Ejection of
and becomes
nucleus
Reticulocyte
Days 5-7 enters Circulation
After 24 hrs in circulation,
reticulocytes mature
6b. Hormone that
controls directly
production rate of
RBCs:
6a. For erythropoiesis to proceed normally, the
red bone marrow needs:
-amino acids
-iron
-Vitamin B12, B6, and folic acid
Mature RBC
Some from: liver
MAINLY:
kidneys
Erythropoietin
(EPO)
6c. Erythropoietin is made and
released from:
6d. Other hormones
stimulating indirectly
erythropoiesis?
6e. What causes release of
erythropoietin?
6ei. Low cellular oxygen concentration
(hypoxia)
Testosterone,
Growth Hormone
(GH)
6eii. Physiological conditions causing hypoxia:
-anemia
-decrease of blood flow to kidneys
-low oxygen content in lungs (with
disease or high altitude)
6f. What is Blood Doping?
So…What is Blood Doping?
The dangers of blood doping
Increasing the oxygen-carrying
capacity to muscles by increasing the
RBC count ARTIFICIALLY:
-injecting artificial erythropoietin (EPO)
-injecting concentrated RBCs
-etc.
6fi. Dangers of Blood Doping:
-heart attacks
-strokes
-pulmonary embolisms
-infections
Hematocrite may
rise to 65% or
more: blood is
more viscous
(thicker)
READ: RBC formation and Turnover,
Martini: pg. 660-661 (also posted in EO2)
Fill in the blanks to each question about your reading
assignment:
Ch 19 Learning Outcomes:
Chapter 19 Learning Outcomes
After completing Chapter 19, you will be able to:
1. Describe the components and major functions of blood, and list
the physical characteristics of blood.
2. Describe the composition and functions of plasma.
3. List the characteristics and functions of red blood cells, describe
the structure and functions of hemoglobin, describe
erythropoiesis and how are red blood cells components recycled.
4. List and describe the types of white blood cells based on their
structures and functions.
5. Describe the structure, function, and production of platelets.
6. Discuss the mechanisms of hemostasis after an injury.
Formed Elements of Blood
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells or
Leukocytes
Platelets
7. Explain the importance of blood typing and the basis for ABO
and Rh incompatibilities.
Martini: 19-5 White Blood Cells, pg. 667
Openstax: 18.4 Leukocytes & Platelets, pg. 752
Martini: 19-5 White Blood Cells, pg. 667
Openstax: 18.4 Leukocytes & Platelets, pg. 752
REVIEW: After birth, WBCs are made and
released from red bone marrow MAINLY
(found at spongy bone)
REVIEW: WBCs are also produced in
thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes
Martini: 19-5 White Blood Cells, pg. 667
Openstax: 18.4 Leukocytes & Platelets, pg. 752
2. FUNCTIONS: protection against
infectious agents;
remove toxins, wastes, and
abnormal or damaged cells
3. Retain their organelles & nucleus
throughout life
3a. WBCs divide (by mitosis)
Martini: 19-5 White Blood Cells, pg. 667
Openstax: 18.4 Leukocytes & Platelets, pg. 752
4. WBC Count:
5,000 – 10,000 WBC/µL
(least abundant of the formed elements)
Martini: 19-5 White Blood Cells, pg. 667
Openstax: 18.4 Leukocytes & Platelets, pg. 752
4. WBC Count:
5,000 – 10,000 WBC/µL
(least abundant of the formed elements)
Normal
Leukemia
(cancer of WBCs)
4a. What is leukocytosis?
-An increase in the number of WBCs
-Modest leukocytosis is normal during
an infection
-Extreme leukocytosis, above
10,000/ul may indicate leukemia
Martini: 19-5 White Blood Cells, pg. 667
Openstax: 18.4 Leukocytes & Platelets, pg. 752
4b. What is leukopenia?
-A decrease in the number of WBC
below 5,000/ul
-It is not beneficial, occurring after
radiation, shock, or chemotherapy
6. Five (5) Types of Leukocytes:
-Neutrophil
-Eosinophil
-Basophil
-Lymphocyte
-Monocyte
5. How long do WBCs live in circulation?
-Some live for several months or years
(lymphocytes)
-But most live for only a few days
Five (5) Types of Leukocytes:
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
Agranulocytes
Granulocytes
Granulocytes, Martini, Fig. 19-9
Openstax, Fig. 18.11
Granulocytes, Martini, Fig. 19-9
Openstax, Fig. 18.11
Agranulocytes
Granulocytes have visible granules
(vesicles) in their cytoplasm
White Blood Cell
Granulocytes
1. Neutrophil
Another name
for neutrophils:
Quantity
Appearance
of nucleus &
granules or cytoplasm
Functions
WBC Circulation and Movement,
Martini, pg. 667
Openstax, 752-753
Site of
production
Range:
______________
Differential
count:
______________
1. While RBCs spend their days circulating in
blood vessels, WBCs….
2. Eosinophil
Range:
______________
Differential
count:
______________
3. Basophil
routinely
leave blood
vessels to
perform their
defensive
functions in
body tissues
Range:
______________
Differential
count:
______________
Agranulocytes
1.Monocyte
Range:
______________
Differential
count:
______________
2.Lymphocyte
Agranulocytes have no visible granules in
their cytoplasm; cytoplasm seems clear
Site of
injury
Range:
______________
Differential
count:
______________
blood capillary
2. Emigration of WBCs from blood capillaries:
Openstax:
Fig. 18.10
2. Emigration of WBCs from blood capillaries:
C.
A.
that attract
leukocytes
B.
blood capillary
Openstax:
Fig. 18.10
Emigration:
Leukocytes
squeeze between
cells of the
capillary wall &
arrive to the site of
injury & infection
attracted by the
chemical signals
(positive
chemotaxis)
Within the
damage tissue
monocytes
differentiate into
macrophages
that phagocytize
pathogens;
Eosinophils and
neutrophils are
also capable of
phagocytosis.
Neutrophil releases chemicals that
break apart pathogens
Openstax:
Fig. 18.10
Ch 19 Learning Outcomes:
REVIEW
Five (5) Types of Leukocytes:
Chapter 19 Learning Outcomes
After completing Chapter 19, you will be able to:
1. Describe the components and major functions of blood, and list
the physical characteristics of blood.
2. Describe the composition and functions of plasma.
3. List the characteristics and functions of red blood cells, describe
the structure and functions of hemoglobin, describe
erythropoiesis and how are red blood cells components recycled.
4. List and describe the types of white blood cells based on their
structures and functions.
5. Describe the structure, function, and production of platelets.
6. Discuss the mechanisms of hemostasis after an injury.
Agranulocytes
Granulocytes
NO visible granules
in their cytoplasm
Have visible granules
in their cytoplasm
Formed Elements of Blood
7. Explain the importance of blood typing and the basis for ABO
and Rh incompatibilities.
Martini: 19-6 Platelets – pg. 674
Openstax: Platelets, pg. 755
Red Blood Cells
2. Is NOT a cell but a fragment of the
cytoplasm of a cell called megakaryocyte
White Blood Cells
Platelets or
Thrombocytes
Red Bone marrow and Megakaryocytes
A megakaryocyte splinters into
2,000 to 3,000 fragments
Martini: 19-6 Platelets – pg. 674
Openstax: Platelets, pg. 755
3. Platelets are made and
released from:
Red bone marrow
A megakaryocyte splinters
into 2,000 to 3,000
fragments (platelets)
Thrombopoietin (a hormone
From kidneys and liver)
stimulates formation of platelets
Martini: 19-6 Platelets – pg. 674
Openstax: Platelets, pg. 755
4. Platelets Count
150,000 – 500,000/µL
(second most abundant of formed
elements)
3.
ALSO: interleukin-6 (IL-6) and
multi-CSF
stimulate platelet production by
promoting the formation and
growth of megakaryocytes
5. Platelet life-spam: 9-12 days in circulation
5a. Platelets are mainly removed in
the spleen by phagocytes
6. Platelet Functions:
A. Cause vasoconstriction (contraction) to
reduce the size of a broken blood vessel
B. Form platelet plugs to temporally seal
small breaks in injured blood vessels
C. Release chemicals to promote clotting
process
Normal Platelet count:
150,000 – 500,000/ul)
7. Disorders of Platelets
7a. Thrombocytopenia:
An abnormally low platelet count
(80,000/ul or less)
-bleeding occurs
7b. Thrombocytosis:
-Too many platelets
-In response to inflammation, cancer
-unwanted blood clots (thrombosis)
may form; can be fatal
Formed Elements of Blood
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
Platelets or
Thrombocytes
Ch 19 Learning Outcomes:
Chapter 19 Learning Outcomes
After completing Chapter 19, you will be able to:
1. Describe the components and major functions of blood, and list
the physical characteristics of blood.
2. Describe the composition and functions of plasma.
3. List the characteristics and functions of red blood cells, describe
the structure and functions of hemoglobin, describe
erythropoiesis and how are red blood cells components recycled.
4. List and describe the types of white blood cells based on their
structures and functions.
5. Describe the structure, function, and production of platelets.
6. Discuss the mechanisms of hemostasis after an injury.
7. Explain the importance of blood typing and the basis for ABO
and Rh incompatibilities.
Martini: 19-7 Hemostasis – pg. 675
Openstax: 18.5 Hemostasis, pg. 757
2a. Vascular
Phase
knife blade
1. Hemostasis means…
Stopping of bleeding
2. Has three phases:
A. Vascular phase
B. Platelet phase
C. Coagulation phase
Platelets are
involved
in all
three!
blood vessel injured:
triggers contraction
of the vessel wall
Hemostasis is effective in dealing with
small, simple wounds
2a. Vascular Phase
2ai. immediate constriction of broken blood
vessels near injury
reducing blood lost
2aii. most
immediate protection
2aii.Endothelial cells
lining the inside of
vessel wall release
endothelin (promotes vascular spasm)
2a. Platelet
Phase
Vascular spasm
Martini: 19-7 Hemostasis – pg. 675
Openstax: 18.5 Hemostasis, pg. 757
1. Hemostasis means…
Stopping of bleeding
2. Has three phases:
A. Vascular phase
B. Platelet phase
C. Coagulation phase
Platelets are
involved
in all
three!
2b. Platelet Phase
2bi. platelets adhere to injured blood vessel
& to other platelets forming a platelet plug
platelet
aggregation
Injured vessel
wall
-Positive feedback
mechanism
2bii. Platelet plug
releases chemicals
promoting vascular
spasm, clotting &
vessel repair
Martini: 19-7 Hemostasis – pg. 675
Openstax: 18.5 Hemostasis, pg. 757
2b. Platelet Phase
2biii. Platelet plug helps control blood lost
1. Hemostasis means…
Stopping of bleeding
2. Has three phases:
A. Vascular phase
B. Platelet phase
C. Coagulation phase
Platelets are
involved
in all
three!
Fibrin
Fibrin
2c. Coagulation (blood clotting) Phase
2ci. last but MOST effective hemostasis phase
2cii. Main goal of
coagulation phase: to
activate fibrinogen
into fibrin
Fibrin, a sticky protein
2ciii. Blood clot
forms as a
result of: a
series of
chemical
reactions at the
injured area that
activate clotting
factors leading
to formation of
fibrin
2civ. Clotting factors are secreted MAINLY by the
liver and activated platelets
2cv.
-The clotting
cascade
requires
calcium (Ca+2)
___________
ions
-The liver needs
Vitamin K to
synthesize
several clotting
factors
3. Clot retraction and Fibrinolysis
3a. Clot retraction (clot becomes more
compact)
-occurs within 30 minutes
-platelets binding to fibrin contract & pull
edges of injured vessel wall closer
3a. Fibrinolysis is…
-The gradual degradation of the blood clot
-Inactive plasma protein Plasminogen
becomes activate Plasmin:
digest fibrin and dissolves the clot
Ch 19 Learning Outcomes:
Chapter 19 Learning Outcomes
After completing Chapter 19, you will be able to:
1. Describe the components and major functions of blood, and list
the physical characteristics of blood.
2. Describe the composition and functions of plasma.
3. List the characteristics and functions of red blood cells, describe
the structure and functions of hemoglobin, describe
erythropoiesis and how are red blood cells components recycled.
4. List and describe the types of white blood cells based on their
structures and functions.
5. Describe the structure, function, and production of platelets.
6. Discuss the mechanisms of hemostasis after an injury.
7. Explain the importance of blood typing and the basis for ABO
and Rh incompatibilities.
Martini: 19-7 Hemostasis – pg. 675
Openstax: 18.5 Hemostasis, pg. 757
REVIEW
Hemostasis three phases:
1. Vascular phase
Platelets are
involved
2. Platelet phase
in all
3. Coagulation phase
three!
Failure of any of these phases will result in
hemorrhage – excessive bleeding
Martini: 19-4 Blood Typing, pg. 664
Openstax: 18.6 Blood Typing, pg. 762
1. Antigen: molecules on surface of cell
membranes; unique to the individual
-used to distinguish self from foreign
antigens; generate an immune
response
2. RBCs have at least 50 kinds of antigens
on their cell membrane
Martini: 19-4 Blood Typing, pg. 664
Openstax: 18.6 Blood Typing, pg. 762
Martini: 19-4 Blood Typing, pg. 664
Openstax: 18.6 Blood Typing, pg. 762
5. Based on RBC surface antigens, there are
four blood types:
3. Three most important surface antigens
on the plasma membrane of RBCs are:
A, B, and Rh (also called D)
4. Your blood type is determined by:
The presence or absence of the
A, B, and Rh antigens on RBCs
ABO
Blood Group
Can receive Type A & Type O blood
Can receive Type B & Type O blood
Universal Recipient
Universal
Donor
Can receive Type A, B, AB, O blood
Agglutination:
Clumping of RBCs when
the wrong blood type is
transfused to a person:
It is dangerous; can be
fatal
Normal Blood
Agglutination of
RBCs
Can receive
Type O
blood only
Martini: 19-4 Blood Typing, pg. 664
Openstax: 18.6 Blood Typing, pg. 762
Martini: 19-4 Blood Typing, pg. 664
Openstax: 18.6 Blood Typing, pg. 762
Blood type is determined by:
The presence or absence of the
A, B, and Rh antigens on RBCs
6. Rh positive (Rh+) indicates
the presence of the Rh surface antigen
(Rh factor) on RBCs
6. Rh positive (Rh+) indicates
The presence of the
Rh surface antigen
(Rh factor) on RBCs
6a. Absence of this antigen is indicated as
Rh negative (Rh-)
6b. When the complete blood type is recorded:
The term Rh is omitted and a
positive or negative sign is used.
For example: O- blood type
A+ blood type
READ:
-Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn,
Martini pg. 668-669
Openstax pg. 764-765