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Warm Up Describe (or sketch) in as much detail as possible, what a penny looks like. (Without looking at one!) Maintaining Long-Term Memory • Rote rehearsal – Repetition can result in long-term memory – Only effective if there is intent to learn material – Example: What does a penny look like? Outline AP Psychology Unit 3: Memory (Cognition) Essential Task 3-2: Outline principles that help improve memory functioning at each stage: encoding - attention, chunking, serial positioning effect, deep versus shallow processing, and rote rehearsal storage - decay theory, elaborative rehearsal, spacing effect, method of loci, and link method retrieval - retroactive interference, proactive interference Information Processing Model 1. Encoding gone Long Term Memory 2. Storage 3. Retrieval All the rest We are here External Stimuli Sensory Registers Retrieval Short Term Memory Essential Task 3-2: Outline • Improving Encoding – – – – – • Improving storage – – – – • attention chunking serial positioning effect Schemata and Hierarchy deep versus shallow processing decay theory spacing effect Rote rehearsal vs. elaborative rehearsal Mnemonics like method of loci and link method Retrieval – – – – – – Retrieval Cues and Priming Situational factors State dependent Allow for Parallel Processing Overcoming retroactive interference Overcoming proactive interference Improving Encoding Outline Attention? Pay Attention • You can consciously decide to pay attention to something. • If you don’t pay attention it won’t enter your STM and never get to your IPM. Outline Mnemonic Any learning technique that aids information retention Chunking • The grouping of information into meaningful units for easier handling by short term memory. • M-S-N-N-A-S-A-C-I-A-C-O-M Or • MSN NASA CIA COM Outline SPE Recall Activity: Dream Rest Turn Pineapple Tired Toss Night Snoring Clock Fatigue Silence Dark Quilt Bed Serial Position Effect • People tend to recall the first items (primacy effect) and last items (recency effect) in a list • short- and long-term memory working together – Primacy effect reflects LTM – Recency effect reflects STM Outline Serial Position Effect Outline Schemata • A schema is a set of beliefs or expectations about something based on past experience • Incoming information is fit with existing schemata • Schemata can also influence the amount of attention paid to a given event • Reconstruction – Memories can be altered with each retrieval – We do this to keep the schemata of our self and our environment Outline Hierarchy Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories. Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy Processing Activity Group A vs. Group B Group A: You are to count the number of syllables in each of the words from a list I am about to read out loud. Keep a running total in mind as the list is read. I will tell you when I am finished, and at that point you are to write down the total number of syllables in the words from the list. Outline Group B: You are about to hear a list of words. As each word is spoken, rate (in your mind, not on the paper) its value to a person stranded on a desert island on a scale of 1-5, with five being the most useful. Deep vs. Shallow Processing Deep Processing analyzes meaning Shallow processing does not. Outline Improving Storage Outline Decay Theory • Argues that the passage of time causes forgetting. • The longer information is not accessed, increases the chances of forgetting it. Outline Spacing Effect •Distributing rehearsal is better than practicing all at once. – You can memorize a poem a lot easier if you break it down into 5 parts over 5 days instead of all at once. Maintaining Long-Term Memory • Rote Rehearsal • Elaborative rehearsal Outline Link Method: Create and link visual images to help you remember • First imagine a silly, memorable image that represents the type of list you want to remember. Also include in this image the first item on the list (see below for example). This image is your header for the list. • Think of another silly, memorable image that links the first item on the list to the second item and so on. Outline Method of Loci • memorize the layout of some building, or any geographical entity which is composed of a number of distinct loci. • When desiring to remember a set of items the subject literally 'walks' through these loci and commits an item to each one by forming an image between the item and any distinguishing feature of that locus. • http://youtu.be/6JnDBYf9odc Outline Improving Retrieval Outline Retrieval Cues Memories are held in storage by a web of associations. These associations are like anchors that help retrieve memory. water smell fire smoke Fire Truck heat truck red hose Priming To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations, you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it. This process is called priming. Where and when matters • Context-dependent memory – Recall of information is better if environment is the same as when information was learned • State-dependent memory – Recall of information is better if person is in the same physiological (internal) state as when information was learned External vs Internal Factors Parallel Processing • Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon: is when you can almost recall something, but can’t quite get it. – If you leave it your brain will continue to work on this problem eventually surfacing with the answer. – Thus you later yell out the name of the actor and everyone looks at you like you are odd. Interference • Retroactive interference – Occurs when new information interferes with old information (already in memory) – Retro=old – new information is interfering with old Outline Try remembering the following number • 8132163 • Ok that was easy because nothing interfered with you. Outline Now let’s try some interference • 4982631 • First, consistent with cognitive dissonance theories, we are able to induce optimism or pessimism with the initial (random) wage assignment. With respect to the first-stage task, this implies that we can successfully manipulate one’s ability-beliefs in the lab. Secondly, subjects who received this low piece-rate in stage one were willing to accept significantly lower offers in a second-stage ultimatum game. This finding is striking, demonstrating the presence of both belief manipulation and spillovers of those beliefs into behavioral outcomes in an unrelated and distinct experimental environment. Outline Retroactive Interference Sleep helps prevent retroactive interference. Therefore, it leads to better recall. Outline Interference • Proactive interference – Information in memory makes it difficult to recall new info. – The old information already in your LTM interferes. – Tough teaching an old dog new tricks Outline I need a volunteer that knows their colors. • Don’t read the words, just say the colors they’re printed in and as fast as you can • This is called the stroop effect – interference in the reaction time of a task. Outline Red Yellow Green Blue Red Blue Yellow Green Blue Red Interference • When you look at the words you see both its color and meaning. • When they are in conflict you must make a choice • Experience has taught you that word meaning is more important than color so you retrieve that information. • You are not always in complete control of what you pay attention to. Outline Concept Map • Using your notes, create a concept map or hierarchy to organize your information on memory. • Suggested (but not required) subcategories: -Encoding -Forgetting -Storage -Name Hall of Fame (People) -Retrieval