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Day 7 8/31/09 Review Weber, emphasize emotion Durkheim Integration vs differentiation Social differentiation Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) _____________________________________________________________ Sociology is the study of “social facts” Social facts – things outside of the individual that have the power to shape the individual’s behavior regardless of his or her will Being external to the individual, social facts can have an existence regardless of whether any particular person lives or dies Social facts are not properties of the human mind, therefore not part of the subject matter of psychology - Therefore we needed a new science Durkheim II _____________________________________________________________ Examples of social facts: - Traffic laws - Dating rules (e.g., one date at a time, boys initiate, boys pay, etc.) - Obligations that come with being a parent, child, citizen, etc. Durkheim’s book Suicide provided an example of sociological research on a presumably psychological topic - If suicide were purely personal, different parts of France wouldn’t have the same rates year after year, but they do - D. argued that the social cause of the differences in rates was differences in levels of social integration ● ● ● Durkheim III: Digression- Integration vs Differentiation _____________________________________________________________ Integration : Bringing things together Differentiation : Making things different or separate Society : a collection of separate people who hang together E Pluribus Unum ● Hobbesian problem of order: HOW IS SOCIETY POSSIBLE? Why is human life NOT a war of all against all? Why is not "… the life of man solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short"? (Thomas Hobbes, 1588 - 1679) Durkheim IV: Social Integration _____________________________________________________________ Social integration – bringing individuals and groups together; also, keeping them together - Durkheim actually called it social solidarity; social integration is the modern term For some sociologists, understanding the creation and maintenance of social integration is the most important issue in sociology - Hobbesian problem of order Durkheim V: Sources of Social Integration _____________________________________________________________ Two Sources / Types of Social Integration ► Sentiment – feelings of belonging together ► Interdependence – needing each other Durkheim VI: Integration and Suicide _____________________________________________________________ Durkheim: suicide rates reflect problems with social integration - Not appropriate levels of social interaction - Not appropriate levels of social regulation of individual behavior Anomie – situation when there are no rules, the rules are unclear, or the rules aren’t enforced Social Differentiation _____________________________________________________________ TWO UBIQUITOUS FORMS OF SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION ► Division of labor – the distribution of tasks among members of a society ► Gender – differences in the treatment, behavior, and lives of men and women Sex and Gender _____________________________________________________________ Q: Compare sex and gender. Answer: 1. Sex refers to biological differences between males and females 2. Gender refers to social or cultural differences between males and females 3. They are alike because both are concerned with male/female differences 4. They differ in the source of the differences: sex comes from biology, gender from society Why Are There Two Sexes? _____________________________________________________________ A: because our society insists on it. That is, it is a social creation. Biology: the most common arrangement of human chromosomes is to have either an XX pair of “sex chromosomes” (usually with female secondary sexual characteristics) or an XY pair (usually male). It is possible to have three sex chromosomes. It is also possible for those with XX chromosomes to display male secondary sexual characteristics Sociology: many societies recognize a third “sex” Day 8 9/2/09 Exam 1: movie through scene 11 Review Durkheim, integration, differentiation, gender Origin Myth II Quantitative vs qualitative Symbolic interactionism Thomas theorem Verstehen (not 12) Culture def Origin Myth II: Moral Statistics Movement As "Founder" of Modern Sociology _____________________________________________________________ Our textbook (Stark) credits the Moral Statistics Movement of the 19th century with starting modern scientific sociology (beginning 1833) Statistics were originally called "statistics" because it was information about the "state" (government) Movement is called the "Moral" Statistics Movement because crime statistics started things off - Later, health, population, and economic statistics also prominent More Origin Myth II _____________________________________________________________ Stark identifies in particular André-Michel Guerry and Adolphe Quetelet as the first scientific sociologists for their efforts to interpret the data government offices were beginning to publish - Guerry was French, Quetelet Belgian, but the movement spread to much of Europe and the United States Durkheim also part of the story - Used moral statistics data and earlier work in Suicide - About 50 years after Guerry Quantitative Analysis vs Qualitative Analysis _____________________________________________________________ Stark identifies Moral Statistics as the start of modern scientific sociology in part because modern sociology is much more quantitative than were Marx and Weber Quantitative analysis – uses numbers in the analysis. Allows use of mathematical statistical methods Qualitative analysis – uses empirical observations that are not numeric or have not been turned into numbers - What the text calls “field research” is often qualitative Symbolic Interactionism ________________________ Symbolic interactionism – approach to sociology that asserts that the most important aspect of social life is the active individual trying to make sense out of a situation and give it meaning - Also called interactionism Symbolic interactionism – because the sense the individual makes sense largely through interactions with other people - Interactions at the time and in the past Symbolic interactionism – because interactions depend on symbols The focus on interaction makes SI microsociological. That many symbols are widely shared brings in the macro Thomas Theorem _____________________________________________________________ If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences -- W.I. Thomas & D.S. Thomas (1928) More narrowly, People decide what to do next on the basis of what they think is going on now The Two Questions Constantly Facing Each Actor _____________________________________________________________ 1. 2. What’s going on? What do I do now? _____________________________________________________________ The answer to “What’s going on?” is called the definition of the situation. It is an example of subjective reality The answer to “What do I do now?” is the actor’s actual behavior. It is an example of objective reality The Thomas Theorem states that the answer to “What do I do now?” depends on the answer to “What is going on?" Verstehen and the Thomas Theorem _____________________________________________________________ Verstehen: to understand a situation from the actor’s point of view Practical Uses of the Thomas Theorem: to understand or predict the behavior of others To use the Thomas Theorem, we need to know how the actor sees the situation. One way to find that out is to use Verstehen. This is probably the most practically useful thing you will learn in this course Day 9 9/4/09 Exam 1: movie through scene 11; computer assignments dropped for this exam Review origin myth II Review quant/qual Computer exercises were meant to be quantitative; Fiddler to simulate qualitative research Review symbolic interactionism Review Thomas theorem Interaction ritual – reciprocal behaviors / rituals Culture Normative dimension Cultural values Value conflicts Culture _____________________________________________________________ • How do people know what is going on? – To a large extent, culture tells people what’s going on – When it does not directly define the situation, it tells how to figure out what’s going on • How do people know what to do? – To a large extent, culture tells people what to do – When it does not specify what to do, it tells how to figure out what to do What is culture? – The established ways of thinking, believing, feeling, and acting that are widely understood and followed by members of a society Key characteristics of culture 1) 2) 3) 4) It is shared It is learned and taught It changes over time Usually it is not monolithic Normative Dimension of Culture _____________________________________________________________ Concerned with the rules society uses to evaluate behavior and other things Two components: – Cultural values Beliefs or feelings that are widely shared by members of a society about what is important to the society’s identity or well-being – Norms Expectations shared by members of a group that specify behavior that is considered appropriate for a given situation Selected U.S. Cultural Values _____________________________________________________________ Activism – it is desirable to shape your world through intense effort Egalitarianism – everyone should have an equal chance to succeed Achievement – it is desirable to have and accomplish personal goals Materialism – it is good to have “stuff” Humanitarianism – it is desirable to help people who are having troubles Others: progress, morality, freedom, individualism Source: Turner and Starnes in Stokes, p. 72 Quiz/Homework due Wed, 9/9 Choose two American values. Imagine a situation in which one value would have you do one thing and the other would have you do something else. Specify the content of the values, describe the situation, and specify the conflict between what each value would have you do. Your answer may be handwritten. This will be “worth” two quizzes Morality As a Cultural Value _____________________________________________________________ morality: it is desirable to evaluate each behavior for whether it is moral or not and to choose only moral behaviors Often leads to ends vs means conflicts Ends – desired outcomes, often culturally valued Means – behavior directed toward achieving ends Often apparently effective means to valued ends violate the cultural value of morality