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STUDY GUIDE SECTION 8-1 Chromosomes Name _____________________ Period __________ Date ____________ Multiple Choice-Write the correct letter in the blank. 1. ______ During cell division, the DNA in a eukaryotic cell is tightly packed and coiled into structures called a. centromeres b. histones c. haploids d. chromosomes 2. ______Between cell divisions, the DNA in a eukaryote cell is uncoiled and spread out; in this form it is called a. chromatid b. chromatin c. histone d. nonhistone 3. ______The chromosomes of most prokaryotes consist of proteins and a. a singular circular DNA molecule. b. a single linear DNA molecule. c. a pair of linear DNA molecules joined in the center. d. a pair of homologous, circular DNA molecules. 4. ______ Humans have 46 chromosomes in all cells except sperm and egg cells. How many of these chromosomes are autosomes? a. 2 b. 23 c. 44 d. 46 5. ______ If an organisms has a diploid, or 2n, number of 16, how many chromosomes do its sperm cells or egg cells contain? a. 8 b. 16 c. 32 d. 64 Short Answer-Answer the following questions in complete sentences. 1. Does the chromosome number indicate whether an organisms is a plant or an animal? Explain. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Is there a correlation between the number of chromosomes and the complexity of an organism? Provide data to support your answer. _________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Page 1 of 6 3. What role do proteins play in enabling the enormous amount of DNA in a eukaryotic cell to fit into the nucleus, and what are these proteins called? _________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4. In what ways are homologous chromosomes similar? _____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 5. A. What is the picture bellow called? _____________________________________ B. What is the sex of the person? Defend your answer. ___________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS The diagram below shows structures isolated from the nucleus of a dividing eukaryotic cell. Label each structure or pair of structures in the space provided. Page 2 of 6 STUDY GUIDE SECTION 8-2 Cell Division Multiple Choice-Write the correct letter in the blank. 1. ______ Prokaryotic cells reproduce by a process called a. mitosis b. meiosis c. binary fission d. binary fusion 2. ______ In eukaryotic cells, DNA is copied during a phase of the cell cycle called a. M phase b. S phase c. G1 phase d. G2 phase 3. ______ The cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell divides by a process called a. mitosis b. meiosis c. replication d. cytokinesis 4. ______The fibers that extend from centrosome to centrosome during mitosis are a. polar fibers b. spindle fibers c. kinetochore fibers d. binary fibers 5. ______ In the G0 phase, cells a. synthesize DNA. b. prepare for cell division. c. exit from the cell cycle d. move their chromosomes to the cell equator. Short Answer-Answer the following questions in complete sentences. 1. Differentiate between mitosis and cell division.__________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. What would happen if cytokinesis took place before mitosis? ______________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3. Explain the main difference between cytokinesis an animal cells and cytokinesis and plant cells. ______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Page 3 of 6 4. List the five main phases of the cell cycle, and briefly explain what occurs during each phase. A. _____________________________________________________________________ B. _____________________________________________________________________ C. _____________________________________________________________________ D. _____________________________________________________________________ E. _____________________________________________________________________ 5. List the four phases of mitosis, and briefly explain what occurs during each phase. A. _____________________________________________________________________ B. _____________________________________________________________________ C. _____________________________________________________________________ D. _____________________________________________________________________ 6. What would happen to a cell and its offspring if the cells did not go through a G1 phase during their cell cycle? Explain your answer. ___________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS In the spaces provided below, label each figure with the phase of mitosis that it represents. Page 4 of 6 STUDY GUIDE SECTION 8-3 Meiosis Multiple Choice-Write the correct letter in the blank. 1. ______During synapsis, the a. DNA in each chromosome is copied. b. spindle fibers disappear. c. cytoplasm divides. d. chromosomes line up next to their homologues. 2. ______ During crossing-over, portions of chromatids a. double the amount of DNA in each chromosome. b. move from autosomes to sex chromosomes. c. break off and attach to adjacent chromatids on the homologous chromosome. d. separate from each other and move to opposite poles of the cell. 3. ______ In which phase of meiosis do tetrads form? a. prophase I b. telophase I c. metaphase II d. anaphase II 4. ______ Meiosis II a. is preceded by the copying of DNA. b. separates chromatids into opposite poles of the cell. c. separates homologous chromosomes into opposite poles of the cell. d. produces diploid offspring cells. 5. ______ In oogenesis, a diploid reproductive cell divides meiotically to produce a. one diploid gamete. c. one haploid gamete. b. four diploid gametes. d. four haploid gametes. Short Answer-Answer the following questions in complete sentences. 1. Explain the role of crossing over in ensuring genetic variation. _____________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Explain three differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis. A. _____________________________________________________________________ B. _____________________________________________________________________ C. _____________________________________________________________________ Page 5 of 6 3. Describe two ways in which genetic recombination occurs during meiosis. A. _____________________________________________________________________ B. _____________________________________________________________________ 4. List the four phases of meiosis I, and briefly explain what occurs during each phase. A. _____________________________________________________________________ B. _____________________________________________________________________ C. _____________________________________________________________________ D. _____________________________________________________________________ 5. How do the products of meiosis I differ from those of meiosis II? ___________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 6. In humans, the egg cell is larger than the sperm cell. Explain how it is possible that a child inherits DNA equally from its mother and father. ___________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS In the spaces provided, label each figure with the phase of meiosis that it represents. Page 6 of 6