Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
1700 -1920 Life in the Industrial Age • 1. Advances in Technology • 2. Scientific and Medical Achievements • 3. Daily Life in the Late 1800’s •During the 1700’s and the 1800’s, the Industrial Revolution brought about much change in the way people worked. •Many advances were made in technology. •This in turn led to a transformation of daily lives throughout the world. 1700 -1920 1. Advances in Technology • The technological breakthrough of the Industrial Age included advances in electric power, transportation, and communication. 1700 -1920 Electric Power • Before the late 1800’s, water, coal, and steam had powered industries. • One drastic change in industry - electricity 1700 -1920 Early Attempts at Electric Power • Benjamin Franklin – 1700’s – performed experiments with electricity, but could not harness it • English chemist – Michael Faraday – discovered the connection between magnetism and electricity. DYNAMO 1700 -1920 Edison’s Light bulb • Thomas Edison – first usable and practical light bulb in 1879. • Menlo Park, New Jersey – group of people inspired by Edison who went to work for him. • He also built the world’s first central electric power plant in NYC 1700 -1920 Effects on Industry and Daily Life • Transformed industry in the United States and Europe. • Three improvements – using electric power replaced steam powered engines - did not have to depend on waterways – factory production increased because did not have to depend on sunlight. • In daily life – oil lamps and candles were replaced by electricity – cheaper and more efficient 1700 -1920 Advances in Transportation • Improvements were made to transportation. • Steam-Powered Trains – began to replace steam powered ships as means for long distance travel – much faster • Bessemer Process – involved forcing air through molten metal to burn out carbon that make metal brittle. – Production of steel contributed to improvements in railroad 1700 -1920 The Impact of the Railroad •World’s first railway – linked Manchester and Liverpool 1830 Steamships • Steamships changed ocean travel just like steam railroads changed country or continent travel. • 1849 – regular U.S. steamship service 1700 -1920 1700 -1920 The Automobile • 1770’s – Europeans seek ways to try to build personal transportation • German engineers Carl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler developed practical automobiles. • Internal combustion engine on a horse carriage. • Only the rich could afford them until . . . • Henry Ford – 1920 – Model T – assembly car – affordable to the masses 1700 -1920 The Airplane • Advances in transportation were not limited by sea or land – the air – people wanted to fly. • Wilbur and Orville Wright – succeeded in flying a powered airplane in sustained flight. • Went only about 120 feet – eventually the world 1700 -1920 Advances in Communication • 1800’s news travelled slowly throughout the world • Inventors started to look for better ways to communicate things faster. The Telegraph 1700 -1920 • Samuel Morse – telegraph – “What hath God Wrought” – first message communicated from • Morse code – a series of short . dit and long dah – that represent letters and numbers. Washington D.C. to Baltimore MD • Communication between the United States and Europe improved with the laying of the telegraph cable on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean in 1866. 1700 -1920 The Telephone • Alexander Graham Bell – 1876 – Thomas Watson – created the telephone – heard a voice through a device’s receiver • 1900 – 1.5 million telephones in America. 1700 -1920 The Radio and Phonograph • Guglielmo Marconi – electromagnetic waves – Italian physicist wireless telegraph or radio • Thomas Edison – phonograph – record player 1700 -1920 2. Scientific and Medical Achievements • Advances in Science, medicine, and the social sciences led to new theories about the natural world and the human mind, an improved quality of life, and longer life spans. 1700 -1920 New Ideas in Science • Charles Darwin – variations among plants and animals – The Origin of Species •My World History Class ancestors 1700 -1920 Darwin’s Theories • NATURAL SELECTION – creatures adapting to their environments have a better chance of surviving to produce offspring 1700 -1920 Advances in Chemistry and Physics • 1800’s – chemists and physicists discovered that tiny particles, or atoms made up chemical elements. • John Dalton – atomic theory • Dmitri Mendelyev –periodic table of elements • Marie and Pierre Curie – radioactivity – elements that release energy when they break down • Ernest Rutherford – center of the atom lay the nucleus 1700 -1920 Einstein’s Genius • 1905 –Jewish German scientist –Albert Einstein – E=MC2 – small amount of mass can be converted into a great deal of energy. 1700 -1920 Medical Breakthroughs • Fundamental concepts of disease, medical care, and sanitation were revealed. 1700 -1920 Preventing Disease • 1870 – French chemist – Louis Pasteur – link between microbes and disease. • Pasteurization – destroys bacteria that cause disease by heating 1700 -1920 Improving Medical Care • Anesthetic - drug that reduces pain an in large does make the patient unconscious – American surgeon Crawford W. Long • Antiseptic – a germ-killing agent containing carbonic acid – English surgeon Joseph Lister • The building of modern hospitals also improved public health. 1700 -1920 New Ideas in Social Sciences • Scientists began to study the mind and human societies. • PHYSCOLOGISTS • SOCIOLOGISTS 1700 -1920 Psychology • Ivan Pavlov – conditioned reflex – dog experiment • Sigmund Freud – unconscious part of the mind contains thoughts of which one is unaware –Id, Super Id, Ego Psychoanalysis 1700 -1920 Other Social Sciences • Archaeology – the study of the past based on artifacts • Anthropologists – the study of the past based on human behavior • Sociology – the study of human behavior 1700 -1920 3. Daily Life in the 1800s • During the late 1800’s, cities grew and changed, while education, leisure time activities, and the arts reflected those changing times. 1700 -1920 Cities Grow and Change • Urbanization – the growth in the portion of people living in towns and cities. (transformation) 1700 -1920 The Industrial City • Before the Industrial Age, cities were based on trade, political, military, or religious functions. • Factories changed city life. • One of the first industrial cities – Lowell Massachusetts 1700 -1920 Migration to Cities • Between 1870 and 1900, almost 12 million people immigrated to the United States. • Second wave of immigration – Ireland, England, Germany, Italy, Russia, and China. 1700 -1920 The Livable City • Improvements made in the inner city – sanitation, plumbing, drinking water, bathtubs, electricity • City planning – the beautification movement – parks, museums, recreational facilities 1700 -1920 The Suburbs • As cities grew in population, an outer area began to emerge as the suburbs. • People moved outside the city because it was less crowded, quieter, and cleaner than the central city. 1700 -1920 Education, Leisure, and Arts • With growth of cities in the 1800’s, new educational opportunities developed along with new sports, other leisure activities, and changes in the arts world . 1700 -1920 Education and Information • Increased industrialization created a need for a more educated workforce. • 1870’s – governments in western Europe and the United States passed laws requiring education for many boys, not necessarily girls. • Newspapers and new technology including the linotype machine and the electric press expanded education and led to journalism – up to date coverage and current news reporting 1700 -1920 Leisure Time • Causes of Leisure activities 1. Higher income, more time 2. Public transportation to recreational areas 3. Public funding of cultural activities • 1. 2. 3. Effects of Leisure activities Time for sports – soccer, rugby, football, baseball More people enjoying vacation spots and resorts More opportunities to hear music, enjoy art 1700 -1920 Changes in the Arts • The world of art underwent change as well. • Artists, writers, and musicians developed new styles in response to what was going on around them • Romanticism – literary and artistic development • William Wordsworth poet of the romanticist era • Ludwig van Beethoven – composer and musician • Realism – in reaction to romanticism, revealing the world in terms of everyday life, no matter how unpleasant. • Charles Dickens – The Christmas Carol • Leo Tolstoy – War and Peace • Impressionism – French painters introduced a new way of looking at the world – capture a scene using light, vivid color, and motion, rather than just showing its realistic details.