Download Reforms, Revolutions, and War

1700 -1920
Reforms, Revolutions, and War
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Reforms in the British Empire
Revolution and Change in France
Independence in Latin America
Expansion and War in the United States
•Major reforms took place in Europe and
the Americas during the 1800s.
•Both Great Britain and France made
democratic reforms.
•Latin American colonies also declared
their independence from Europe.
•Lastly, the United States abolished
slavery in the Civil War.
1700 -1920
1. Reforms in the British
Empire
• During the 1800’s, Great Britain passed many democratic
reforms that changed the way people lived and worked.
1700 -1920
Social and Political Reform
• Before the 1800’s, Britain was dominated by the
interests of wealthy landowners and aristocrats.
• Industrialization led to rapid changes in society.
• British citizens who worked in the industrial world
(middle class) but were not represented in Parliament
began to call for social and political reform.
1700 -1920
Reform Act of 1832
• 1830’s – demands for
reforms became too
strong to ignore.
• Reform Act – gave
industrial citizens
representation in
Parliament.
• Gave voting rights to
the middle class –
increased about 50%
(Only men with
property)
1700 -1920
Sadler and the Factory Act
• Michael Sadler – British Parliament – investigated
treatment of children in the factories
• Known as Sadler report – showed the harmful conditions
of children
• Passed the Factory Act of 1833 – limited the working
hours of children in textile industries and made it illegal
to work longer than a 12 hour day. Children 9 – 13 – two
hours of schooling
1700 -1920
Other Reforms
• Social Reforms – abolished slavery in Great Britain
• Passed new public health and crime laws to improve living
conditions in industrial cities
Chartism
1700 -1920
• Chartists – universal manhood suffrage; voting rights for
all men
• They demanded voting rights and the secret ballot.
• Parliament rejected the People’s Charter, which led to
Chartist uprisings and eventually some Chartist reforms.
1700 -1920
Victorian Era Voting Reforms
• In 1837, Queen Victoria became the ruler of Great
Britain.
• Her reign was the longest in British history, known as
the Victorian Era – time of great change in Britain,
including voting reforms, making Britain increasingly
democratic.
1700 -1920
Disraeli and Gladstone
• 1868 – 1885 – prime ministers – Benjamin Disraeli –
conservative and William Gladstone – liberal –both
elected several times
1700 -1920
Voting Rights for Men
• Voting rights in 1867 – bill meant one out of every three
men could now vote, also created the secret ballot.
1700 -1920
Women’s Suffrage
• Some members of
Parliament pushed for
voting rights for
women as well.
• Many women thought
that getting the right
to vote could increase
their power in society.
• Did not receive
suffrage until 1918 –
Emmeline Pankhurst
• Could not vote until
age 30 (1928 same as
men)
1700 -1920
Changes in the British Empire
• People with in the British Empire – Ireland, Canada,
Australia, and New Zealand took steps to rule
themselves.
1700 -1920
Ireland
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Since 1801, Ireland was a part of the United Kingdom after the Act of
Union joined England, Scotland, and Wales.
Mid 1800’s – potato famine wept Ireland – 1.5 million migrated to the
United States
Left Ireland resentful of British rule and finally 1920, Ireland
received limited self-government
1700 -1920
Canada
• British colonies in Canada lacked unity due to French
colonization.
• 1838 – Lord Durham – British government – form a “great
and powerful people.
• 1867 – Canada became a dominion, or a self governing
colony, first step toward independence.
1700 -1920
Australia and New Zealand
• 1700’s British sent
criminals to Australia,
1800’s – British citizens
saw economic prospects
their and started
settling
• 1901 – Australia – self
rule – the
Commonwealth
• New Zealand became a
dominion as also was the
first country to give
women the right to
vote.
1700 -1920
2. Revolution and Change in
France
• During the 1800’s, opposing groups in France struggled
to determine what kind of government France would have
– a republic, a constitutional monarchy, or an absolute
monarchy.
1700 -1920
The Revolution of 1830
• The Congress of Vienna at the end of the Napoleonic era
restored king Louis XVIII, Louis XVI’s brother, to the
French throne.
1700 -1920
A King Abdicates
• After the death of King Louis XVIII, his brother,
Charles became king.
• He tried to rule as an absolute monarch, but he failed
after protestors stormed and controlled Paris in the
Revolution of 1830.
• Metternich’s reaction - “My life’s work is destroyed.”
The reactionary ideas at the Congress of Vienna were
lost.
• Metternich feared that the revolution would spread
throughout Europe; his fears would soon come true.
1700 -1920
The Reign of Louis Philippe
• Constitutional monarchy
restored under Louis
Phillipe.
• He was quite popular with
the middle class.
• Referred to as the “citizen
king.” However, as king he
increasingly abused his
powers and an economic
depression led France into
another revolution.
1700 -1920
The Birth of Another Republic
• Economic troubles and general unhappiness simmered in
France until 1848.
• Revolution sprang once again and another republic was
born.
1700 -1920
The Revolution of 1848
• Began when the French government banned a banquet
planned by reformers.
• Angry protestors took the streets and King Louis Phillipe
abdicated his throne and the monarchy came to an end.
• The French citizens formed a new government, a
republic headed by a president.
• Louis Napoleon, the nephew of Napoleon, was elected
president. (known as the Second Republic)
• The First Republic existed during the years between the
French Revolution and the reign of Napoleon.
1700 -1920
Napoleon III and the Second
Empire
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Under the new constitution, the president could only serve
for four years.
Napoleon, who loved the power, sent troops to power and
arrested members of the National Assembly who opposed
him.
He called for a national vote to decide if he should remain in
office and draft a new constitution; the people agreed and
the Second Empire of France had begun.
Reforms - increasing voting rights, built many miles of
railroads, increased trade, and improved communications in
France - but ruled with ABSOLUTE power.
1700 -1920
The Third Republic
• In 1870, Napoleon III drew France into war with Prussia.
• Napoleon was defeated and force to surrender. As a
result the French Assembly deposed Napoleon and
formed the Third Republic.
• Reforms - made primary education available for children
between the ages of 6 and 13. Trade Unions were
legalized, and working hours reduced.
• Workers were granted to one day off a week.
1700 -1920
The Dreyfus Affair
• Reforms did not affect everyone in French society.
• Dreyfus affair - revealed the extent of anti-Semitism,
or prejudice of Jews in France.
• A Jewish captain in the French army was falsely accused
of given secrets to Germany.
• This affair divided the country.
• Theodor Herzl - Hungarian born Jew - The Jewish State
- plans for an independent Jewish country - led to
Zionism , a Jewish nationalist movement to re-create a
Jewish state in its original homeland.
1700 -1920
3. Independence in Latin
America
• Revolutionary ideas took hold in Latin America as
colonies fought for independence from Europe.
Early Struggles in Latin
America
• Early 1800’s - growing
tensions among the different
ethnic groups of Latin
America were leading to
demands for change.
• The American and French
Revolution had inspired some
Latin America countries to
seek freedom.
1700 -1920
1700 -1920
Haiti Becomes Independent
• First Latin American territory to break its ties with
Europe (France) was Saint Domingue, located on the
western half of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola.
• Toussaint L’Ouverture, a former enslaved African, led a
group of mulattoes and slaves in a bloody revolt against
the French settlers.
• Napoleon reacted a sent French troops to the island, but
he failed to conquer it. In 1804 - the revolutionaries
declared their independence and formed their own
nation Haiti.
1700 -1920
Colonies of Spain and Portugal
• 1800’s Spain controlled most of Latin America, including
today Mexico and a large portion of Central and South
America.
• Portugal governed Brazil.
• Tensions develops between two groups - (Creoles)
European descent who were born in the colonies,
(Peninsulares) and colonists who were born in Spain
and/or Portugal.
• Because of the wars and revolutions in Europe, Creoles
benefited and decided that the time was right to fight
for independence.
1700 -1920
Independence in Mexico
• Napoleon’s conquest of Spain was the spark for
independence in the colony of New Spain, as Mexico was
known for the first time.
• Father Hidalgo - 1810 - a Creole priest - made the first
call for Mexican independence. “Death to bad
government and death to Spaniards.” He was captured
and executed, but the revolution had begun. - Father of
Mexican independence
Morelos Continues the
Revolution
1700 -1920
• After the death of Hidalgo, another Creole named Jose
Maria Morelos, became the leader of the revolutionary
movement.
• He organized a Mexican government with
representatives. He also wanted Mexico to be an
independent republic with guaranteed freedoms.
• He, like Hidalgo, was captured by Spanish authorities
and executed.
A Creole King for Mexico
1700 -1920
• Not all creoles wanted independence from Spain.
• Royalists - loyal to the Spanish king
• Agustin de Iturbide - eventually joins the revolutionaries
and proposed a three-part proposal.
• First, Mexico would gain its independence but would be
ruled by a monarch. Second, creoles and and peninsulares
would have equal rights.
• Third, the Roman Catholic church would be the official
church.
• 1821 - Mexico declared its independence; Iturbide
became Emperor Agustin I of Mexico
1700 -1920
Revolutionary Leaders in South
America
• The revolutions in Latin America as well as the America
and France also influenced independence movements in
South America.
1700 -1920
Simon Bolivar
• Simon Bolivar - “Liberator”
- played key role in
liberating Spain’s colonies in
South America.
• 1811 - Venezuela declared
its independence from
Spain. Next ten years
South America experienced
revolutions everywhere.
• He set up the the state of
Gran Columbia, Panama, and
Ecuador.
• Other leaders set up
separate countries in Peru,
Bolivia, and others.
1700 -1920
Jose de San Martin
• While Bolivar fought in the north, Jose de San Martin
fought in the south.
• San Martin fought against Napoleon in Spain.
• Won independence for Argentina, Chile.
• Found his way to Gran Columbia where he met Bolivar.
• Historians disagree on what was discussed, but Pedro
resigned his position and retired back to Spain. This
left Bolivar in power.
1700 -1920
Pedro
• The story of independence was a bit different in the
Portuguese colony of Brazil.
• When Napoleon invaded Portugal in 1807, the Portuguese
royal family fled to Brazil. Lived their for ten years.
• King John VI named the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro
as the capital of the entire Portuguese empire. There he
and his family stayed for ten years.
• He left his son and returned to Portugal in 1820. His
son, Pedro, in 1822, declared Brazil independent from
Portugal. Soon afterward, he was crowned Emperor
Pedro I of Brazil.
1700 -1920
4. Expansion and War in the
United States
• As the United States began to expand west, conflicts
erupted over territory and slavery.
1700 -1920
Growth of the United States
• In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson purchased the
Louisiana territory from Napoleon and France for $15
million.
• This purchased nearly doubled the size of the United
States reaching as far west as the Rocky Mountains.
• During the rest of the 1800’s, the United States will
expand west and slavery would eventually erupt the
nation into civil war.
1700 -1920
A Young Nation
• War in Europe between France and Great Britain led to
the United States eventually being caught in the middle
and declaring war on Great Britain in the War of 1812.
• When the fighting had ended, no territory had changed,
but some Americans had felt that they had proved that
the United States was indeed an independent democratic
nation.
• 1823 - President James Monroe in the Monroe Doctrine
declared that the Western Hemisphere was no longer
open to colonization by Europe in the Western
Hemisphere.
1700 -1920
Texas and Mexico
• In 1820, American Moses Austin got permission from
Spain to settle in modern day Texas. However, Texas
was a part of Mexico.
• Eventually Texas settlers fought for their independence
from Mexico with the help of the United States military.
• In 1845, Texas became a state.
1700 -1920
The Move West
• Idea the Americans were destined to spread west from
the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean was coined by John O’
Sullivan in a newspaper - Manifest Destiny.
• Why - GOLD was discovered in California, Also national
law to grant 160 acres of free land to anyone who made
the trip.
1700 -1920
Effects on Native Americans
• As Americans moved west, Native Americans were
forced off their lands and pushed farther and farther
west to the Pacific Ocean.
• When Americans had conquered from the Atlantic to
the Pacific, Indians were eventually forced to live on
reservations, designated areas set aside by the federal
government.
1700 -1920
The Civil War
• As the United States expanded west, the issue of
slavery spreading into the new territories became a
national problem.
• Since colonial times, slavery played a crucial role in the
economics of America, especially in the south.
• Many began to fight for the abolition, or the end of
slavery in the United States. Yet many in the South
regarded it as their livelihood. Hence the United States
Civil War. The fight between the federal government
and the states governments had begun.
The Road to War
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1700 -1920
As new territories were added to the United States, Americans had
to decide if the territories would be free or slave states.
1854 - Kansas Nebraska Act - popular sovereignty - let the people
decide - ended up in “Bleeding Kansas”
In the election of 1860, Republican Abolitionist Abraham Lincoln
became president of the United States and South Carolina, along
with other southern states, seceded from the Union and form the
Confederacy States of America.
1700 -1920
War Begins
• President Lincoln did not believe that the Constitution
gave the states permission to leave the Union.
• 1861 - Fort Sumter - the first shots were fired and the
Civil War had begun.
• Continued for four years and more than 500,000 men
were killed in the process.
1700 -1920
The Emancipation Proclamation
• In January, 1863, President Lincoln changed his war aims
for not only preserving the Union, but also declaring that
slavery was illegal in the states of secession.
1700 -1920
The Union Prevails
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Later in 1863, after the Union victory at Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania, President Lincoln issued the Gettysburg
Address honoring all the fallen during the war.
• The war continued for one and a half more years when
Confederate leader Robert E. Lee and Confederate
President Jefferson Davis surrendered.
1700 -1920
Effects on the Civil War
• The Civil War left the south in ruins. The process of
Reconstruction, the rebuilding of the south, would be a
difficult undertaking for the United States, as the
nation would be divided as to how to reconstruct the
south.
• Radical Republican led the drive and eventually African
Americans were granted citizenship and the right to
vote. Racial inequality would divide the nation for the
next 100 years until the Civil Rights Era.