Download Life in the Industrial Age

1700 -1920
Life in the Industrial Age
• 1. Advances in Technology
• 2. Scientific and Medical Achievements
• 3. Daily Life in the Late 1800’s
•During the 1700’s and the 1800’s, the
Industrial Revolution brought about much
change in the way people worked.
•Many advances were made in technology.
•This in turn led to a transformation of
daily lives throughout the world.
1700 -1920
1. Advances in Technology
• The technological breakthrough of the Industrial Age
included advances in electric power, transportation, and
communication.
1700 -1920
Electric Power
• Before the late 1800’s, water, coal, and steam had
powered industries.
• One drastic change in industry - electricity
1700 -1920
Early Attempts at Electric
Power
• Benjamin Franklin – 1700’s – performed experiments with
electricity, but could not harness it
• English chemist – Michael Faraday – discovered the
connection between magnetism and electricity. DYNAMO
1700 -1920
Edison’s Light bulb
• Thomas Edison – first usable and practical light bulb in
1879.
• Menlo Park, New Jersey – group of people inspired by
Edison who went to work for him.
• He also built the world’s first central electric power
plant in NYC
1700 -1920
Effects on Industry and Daily
Life
• Transformed industry in the United States and Europe.
• Three improvements – using electric power replaced
steam powered engines - did not have to depend on
waterways – factory production increased because did
not have to depend on sunlight.
• In daily life – oil lamps and candles were replaced by
electricity – cheaper and more efficient
1700 -1920
Advances in Transportation
• Improvements were made to transportation.
• Steam-Powered Trains – began to replace steam powered
ships as means for long distance travel – much faster
• Bessemer Process – involved forcing air through molten
metal to burn out carbon that make metal brittle. –
Production of steel contributed to improvements in
railroad
1700 -1920
The Impact of the Railroad
•World’s first railway – linked Manchester and Liverpool 1830
Steamships
• Steamships changed ocean travel just like steam
railroads changed country or continent travel.
• 1849 – regular U.S. steamship service
1700 -1920
1700 -1920
The Automobile
• 1770’s – Europeans seek ways to try to build personal
transportation
• German engineers Carl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler
developed practical automobiles.
• Internal combustion engine on a horse carriage.
• Only the rich could afford them until . . .
• Henry Ford – 1920 – Model T – assembly car – affordable
to the masses
1700 -1920
The Airplane
• Advances in transportation were not limited by sea or
land – the air – people wanted to fly.
• Wilbur and Orville Wright – succeeded in flying a
powered airplane in sustained flight.
• Went only about 120 feet – eventually the world
1700 -1920
Advances in Communication
• 1800’s news travelled slowly throughout the world
• Inventors started to look for better ways to
communicate things faster.
The Telegraph
1700 -1920
• Samuel Morse – telegraph – “What hath God Wrought” –
first message communicated from
• Morse code – a series of short . dit and long dah – that
represent letters and numbers. Washington D.C. to
Baltimore MD
• Communication between the United States and Europe
improved with the laying of the telegraph cable on the
floor of the Atlantic Ocean in 1866.
1700 -1920
The Telephone
• Alexander Graham Bell – 1876 – Thomas Watson –
created the telephone – heard a voice through a device’s
receiver
• 1900 – 1.5 million telephones in America.
1700 -1920
The Radio and Phonograph
• Guglielmo Marconi – electromagnetic waves – Italian
physicist wireless telegraph or radio
• Thomas Edison – phonograph – record player
1700 -1920
2. Scientific and Medical
Achievements
• Advances in Science, medicine, and the social sciences
led to new theories about the natural world and the
human mind, an improved quality of life, and longer life
spans.
1700 -1920
New Ideas in Science
• Charles Darwin – variations among plants and animals –
The Origin of Species
•My World History Class ancestors
1700 -1920
Darwin’s Theories
• NATURAL SELECTION – creatures adapting to their
environments have a better chance of surviving to
produce offspring
1700 -1920
Advances in Chemistry and
Physics
• 1800’s – chemists and physicists discovered that tiny
particles, or atoms made up chemical elements.
• John Dalton – atomic theory
• Dmitri Mendelyev –periodic table of elements
• Marie and Pierre Curie – radioactivity – elements that
release energy when they break down
• Ernest Rutherford – center of the atom lay the nucleus
1700 -1920
Einstein’s Genius
• 1905 –Jewish German scientist –Albert Einstein – E=MC2
– small amount of mass can be converted into a great
deal of energy.
1700 -1920
Medical Breakthroughs
• Fundamental concepts of disease, medical care, and
sanitation were revealed.
1700 -1920
Preventing Disease
• 1870 – French chemist – Louis Pasteur – link between
microbes and disease.
• Pasteurization – destroys bacteria that cause disease by
heating
1700 -1920
Improving Medical Care
• Anesthetic - drug that reduces pain an in large does
make the patient unconscious – American surgeon
Crawford W. Long
• Antiseptic – a germ-killing agent containing carbonic acid
– English surgeon Joseph Lister
• The building of modern hospitals also improved public
health.
1700 -1920
New Ideas in Social Sciences
• Scientists began to study the mind and human societies.
• PHYSCOLOGISTS
• SOCIOLOGISTS
1700 -1920
Psychology
• Ivan Pavlov – conditioned reflex – dog experiment
• Sigmund Freud – unconscious part of the mind contains
thoughts of which one is unaware –Id, Super Id, Ego Psychoanalysis
1700 -1920
Other Social Sciences
• Archaeology – the study of the past based on artifacts
• Anthropologists – the study of the past based on human
behavior
• Sociology – the study of human behavior
1700 -1920
3. Daily Life in the 1800s
• During the late 1800’s, cities grew and changed, while
education, leisure time activities, and the arts reflected
those changing times.
1700 -1920
Cities Grow and Change
• Urbanization – the growth in the portion of people living
in towns and cities. (transformation)
1700 -1920
The Industrial City
• Before the Industrial Age, cities were based on trade,
political, military, or religious functions.
• Factories changed city life.
• One of the first industrial cities – Lowell Massachusetts
1700 -1920
Migration to Cities
• Between 1870 and 1900, almost 12 million people
immigrated to the United States.
• Second wave of immigration – Ireland, England,
Germany, Italy, Russia, and China.
1700 -1920
The Livable City
• Improvements made in the inner city – sanitation,
plumbing, drinking water, bathtubs, electricity
• City planning – the beautification movement – parks,
museums, recreational facilities
1700 -1920
The Suburbs
• As cities grew in population, an outer area began to
emerge as the suburbs.
• People moved outside the city because it was less
crowded, quieter, and cleaner than the central city.
1700 -1920
Education, Leisure, and Arts
• With growth of cities in the 1800’s, new educational
opportunities developed along with new sports, other
leisure activities, and changes in the arts world .
1700 -1920
Education and Information
• Increased industrialization created a need for a more
educated workforce.
• 1870’s – governments in western Europe and the United
States passed laws requiring education for many boys,
not necessarily girls.
• Newspapers and new technology including the linotype
machine and the electric press expanded education and
led to journalism – up to date coverage and current news
reporting
1700 -1920
Leisure Time
•
Causes of Leisure activities
1. Higher income, more time
2. Public transportation to recreational areas
3. Public funding of cultural activities
•
1.
2.
3.
Effects of Leisure activities
Time for sports – soccer, rugby, football, baseball
More people enjoying vacation spots and resorts
More opportunities to hear music, enjoy art
1700 -1920
Changes in the Arts
• The world of art underwent change as well.
• Artists, writers, and musicians developed new styles in
response to what was going on around them
• Romanticism – literary and artistic development
• William Wordsworth poet of the romanticist era
• Ludwig van Beethoven – composer and musician
• Realism – in reaction to romanticism, revealing the world
in terms of everyday life, no matter how unpleasant.
• Charles Dickens – The Christmas Carol
• Leo Tolstoy – War and Peace
• Impressionism – French painters introduced a new way of
looking at the world – capture a scene using light, vivid
color, and motion, rather than just showing its realistic
details.