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CHAPTER 20
A WORLD IN FLAMES
(1931 - 1941)
20.1 – AMERICA AND THE WAR
• See 20.1 packet
DICTATORS OF WORLD WOR II
Benito Mussolini
Adolf Hitler
Joseph Stalin
20.2 – WORLD WAR II BEGINS
• In 1935 Hitler began to violate
the Treaty of Versailles:
a. Germany began building a new
air force
b. Began a draft to increase the
size of the army
• Why didn’t the European nations
stop him at this time?
ANSCHLUSS
• In 1937 Hitler called
for the unification of
all German speaking
peoples, including
those in Austria and
Czechoslovakia
• 1938 – Hitler sent
troops into Austria
and announces the
Anschluss
(unification) of
Austria and Germany
MUNICH CONFERENCE SUDETENLAND
• 1938 – Hitler
announced German
claims to the
Sudetenland
– German-speaking
area in
Czechoslovakia
• At the Munich
Conference G.B. and
France agreed to
Hitler’s demands
– Appeasement?
Why did G.B. and
France do this?
DANZIG
• 1938 – Hitler demanded
that Danzig, Poland be
returned to Germany
• Great Britain and France
decided enough was
enough, would go to war
with Poland if Poland fought
back
• Hitler ordered his army to
prepare for a German
invasion and began
negotiations with the USSR
(why?)
NAZI-SOVIET PACT
• 1939 – Germany and the USSR
sign the pact, world was
shocked
– Germany was now free or
its Eastern Front concerns
– Secret deal to divide Poland
between Germany and the
USSR
– Why would the USSR agree
to this?
STALIN
WORLD WAR II BEGINS
• Sept. 1, 1939 –
Germany invades
Poland
– Blitzkrieg tactics
overwhelm Poland in 1
month
• Sept. 3, 1939 – GB and
France declare war on
Germany
WORLD WAR II BEGINS
• W. Europe was quiet as
British and French troops
waited behind the
Maginot Line
– Defensive along Fr./Ger.
border
- Big mistake, why?
• Germans went around
the ML into Luxembourg
and Belgium; F and B
troops were trapped in
Belgium
MIRACLE AT DUNKIRK
• 338,000 British and
French troops were
evacuated from the
port at Dunkirk and
sent across the English
Channel in early June,
1940
GERMANY CONQUERS FRANCE
• June 22, 1940 –
Germany conquers
northern and
western France
• Vichy France –
established as
puppet gov’t under
Petain to govern
France
– De Gaulle challenged
the legitimacy of the
Vichy gov’t
BRITISH RESISTANCE TO GERMANY
• GB was led by Prime Minister
Winston Churchill
• Germany bombs London, hoping
to break the will of the people
and force a surrender
• Battle of Britain (summer – fall of
1940) – massive air battle
between GB and Germany
– Both sides bombed civilians in
cities
– British used radar
– Hitler called off the invasion of GB
BEGINNING OF WORLD WAR 2
TIMELINE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Anschluss
Munich Conference/Sudetenland
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Invasion of Poland/War Begins
Miracle at Dunkirk
Fall of France
Battle of Britain
20.3 – THE HOLOCAUST
• We will do this after the test
20.4 – AMERICA ENTERS THE WAR
• As the war began the
U.S. was “officially”
neutral but helped
Great Britain
• Japan’s expansion in the
Pacific increased
tension with the U.S.
Or Not?
DEBATE ABOUT JOINING THE WAR IN
America First
Committee to
Defend America
Fight for Freedom
Strongly opposed to Called for increased Repeal all neutrality
any American
American aid to the
laws and take
intervention or aid Allies but no armed
stronger action
to the Allies
intervention
against Germany
WAYS FDR AIDED G.B. WHILE KEEPING
U.S. “NEUTRAL”
NEUTRALITY ACT OF 1939
• Allowed countries in
war to buy weapons
from the U.S. if they
paid for them in cash
and transported the
weapons on their own
ships
DESTROYERS FOR BASES
• America gave the British old American
destroyers in exchange fro the right to build
U.S. defense bases in British controlled areas
such as Bermuda and the Caribbean islands
– Got around the “loophole” of the neutrality act
because there was no actual “sale” of anything
LEND LEASE ACT
• Allowed the U.S. to lend or lease
arms/weapons to any country “vital to the
defense of the United States
HEMISPHERIC DEFENSE ZONE
• FDR developed the idea that the entire
western Atlantic half of the Atlantic Ocean
was neutral
• He ordered the U.S. Navy to patrol it and tell
the British the location of any German
submarines
ATLANTIC CHARTER
• August 1941 – FDR and
Winston Churchill meet
on warships near
Newfoundland to agree
on the content of the
Atlantic Charter
– Commits U.S. and G.B. to a
postwar world of
democracy, nonaggression,
free trade, and freedom of
the seas
PEARL HARBOR – DEC.7, 1941
AMERICA & JAPAN
• As Britain moved
more of its warships
from Asia to Europe
to fight Germany
they needed help
against a possible
Japanese attack
against their colonial
possessions
• To slow
down/prevent
Japanese aggression
FDR began applying
economic pressure
AMERICA’S ACTIONS TOWARDS
JAPAN
•
July 1940 – Congress gives FDR power
to restrict the sale of strategic
materials to Japan
– Airplane fuel, scrap iron
JAPAN
•
1941 – Lend-Lease is extended to
China, which Japan had invaded in
1937
•
1941 – After Japan invaded
Indochina, FDR….
– froze all Japanese assets in the U.S.
– Reduced amount of oil being shipped to
Japan (oil embargo would only end if
Japan withdrew from Indochina and
made peace with China)
– Sent MacArthur to the Philippines to
build up American defenses
JAPAN ATTACKS PEARL HARBOR
• Negotiations between Japan and
the U.S. were ongoing
• U.S. was wary of an attack but
didn’t think Hawaii was a target
• Attack on December 7, 1941 sank
8 battleships, 3 cruisers, 4
destroyers, and 6 other vessels,
and 188 airplanes
• 2,403 were killed and 1,178
wounded
• FDR asked Congress to declare
war against Japan on December 8