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Ch. 3 Mesopotamia Review assignment Mr. Downey 1.Five Features of Civilization u Stable food supply- domesticate animals, farm u System of government- law and order, etc u Specialization of labor- people do one job well u Culture- art, architecture, religion, law, music, writing? u Social classes/ levels- leaders, laborers, slaves 2. What does Mesopotamia Mean? u “Land between the rivers” u Refers to Tigris and Euphrates Rivers u In modern-day countries of Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and Kuwait 3. What is the Fertile Crescent? u A large area of land that was good for farming u Shaped like an arch (or crescent) u From Mediterranean Sea to Persian Gulf u Picture on pg. 57 in textbook 4. Why was silt important? u Silt was a mixture of rich soil and tiny rocks u It was ideal for farming 5. Two major rivers in Mesopotamia? u Tigris River u Euphrates River 6. Controlling water levels u Irrigation to supply water by canals to areas if there was a lack of water u Dams and levies to hold back high waters- prevent floods 7. Specialization of Labor u Doctors- very good at health related issues u Teachers- high tolerance to deal with middle school students u Carpenters- very good at building 8. Why were surpluses important? u Surpluses allowed for specialization of labor u Farmers were more efficient (grew more food) so other people could focus on being good at other jobs- doctors, gov’t officials, etc. u Surpluses allow trade between people in different professions 9. Rural vs. Urban u Rural is the countryside u Urban is city 10. What is a city-state? u A city and the surrounding villages and farmland that it controlled u City-states had borders, but not the way we think of a country’s borders today 11. Sargon’s Achievements u First emperor u Had a permanent army that united all Mesopotamia u Built a new capital Akkad 12. Akkadians after Sargon u Akkadian empire fell apart within a century after Sargon died u Other tribes invaded, resulting in chaos u Eventually Ur (Sumerians) took control 13. What is polytheism? u Polytheism is the belief in many gods (or at least 2+ gods) u Sumerians believed in polytheism 14. How did gods impact Sumerians? u Each city-state had a god for special protection u Gods could bring sickness or health, wealth or poverty, depending if they were happy u People made offerings to the gods 15. Social hierarchy/ pyramid u King u Priests u Craftspeople, merchants, traders u Farmers and laborers u Slaves 16. Men vs. Women in Sumer u Men: held political power, rich/ upper levels were educated u Women: took care of home and children u Overall- men held jobs, women were wives and worked in the home 17. Why was cuneiform developed? u Main purpose was to keep track of trade and business records u Replaced pictographs- cuneiform was more efficient and could express more complicated ideas 18. Ugaritic alphabet u Ugaritic alphabet was a form of cuneiform (wedge shaped symbols) u Had very few vowels 19. What are epics? u Long poems that tell the stories of heroes 20. Sumerian Achievements and inventions u Writing- cuneiform u Used the wheel u Plow for farming u Weapons made of bronze u Sewers for sanitation u Clock u Math advances 21. What is architecture? u The science of building u Makes sure things are built strong enough to last and be safe 22. What is a ziggurat? u A pyramid shaped tower u Served as a temple 23. Four ways Sumerians used art/ cared about art 1. 2. 3. 4. Pottery Jewelry Sculpted statues of gods, small objects Cylinder seals 24. What city-state did Hammurabi lead? u Babylon 25. Code of Hammurabi summary uA set of 282 written laws with harsh consequences that governed Babylon. It was meant to protect the weak and the strong, and unify the empire. 26. Three Facts about the Hittites u Mastered iron working- important for weapons u Used chariot well in battle u Conquered by Kassites after their leader was assassinated 27. Who conquered Hittites? What happened to them? u Kassites u Ruled for Babylon for 400 years 28. Four Facts about the Assyrians u Strong army u Used iron weapons and chariots u Spread fear and used fierce fighting tactics u Ruled from Ninevah with local leaders in charge of smaller areas u Collected taxes 29. 3 Facts about the Chaldeans u Took advantage of fighting among Assyrians to take control u Nebuchadnezzar was most famous king, who build Hanging Gardens u Admired Sumerian culture and religion u Center for astronomy, advanced geometry understanding, kept track of important events, and created a calendar 30. Why is Nebuchadnezzar famous? u Most famous for ordering the Hanging Gardens to be built u (Also famous for destroying the Temple in Jerusalem after a Jewish uprising- in Bible about 90 times) 31. What natural resource brought Phoencia wealth? u Timber- specifically cedar 32. How did Phoenicians trade? Where? u Traded by sea due to mountains, became good sailors u Traded all over the Mediterranean 33. What other goods did the Phoenicians trade? u Silverwork, ivory carvings, slaves, glass objects, purple cloth 34. Most important Phoenician achievement? u Phoenician alphabet, which is what the English language alphabet is based on 35. What did you learn from the trade game? u Everyone benefits from trading u Different areas have different natural resources u Some resources are in high demand than others u Some resources were in higher demand than others 36. Why were Hanging Gardens of Babylon built? u Built for Nebuchadnezzar’s favorite wife who was homesick u Built in Babylon (maybe in Ninevah?) u Not sure of the exact location or what the Hanging Gardens looked like