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Ch. 3 Mesopotamia
Review assignment
Mr. Downey
1.Five Features of Civilization
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Stable food supply- domesticate animals, farm
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System of government- law and order, etc
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Specialization of labor- people do one job well
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Culture- art, architecture, religion, law, music,
writing?
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Social classes/ levels- leaders, laborers, slaves
2. What does Mesopotamia Mean?
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“Land between the rivers”
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Refers to Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
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In modern-day countries of Iraq, Syria, Turkey,
and Kuwait
3. What is the Fertile Crescent?
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A large area of land that was good for farming
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Shaped like an arch (or crescent)
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From Mediterranean Sea to Persian Gulf
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Picture on pg. 57 in textbook
4. Why was silt important?
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Silt was a mixture of rich soil and tiny rocks
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It was ideal for farming
5. Two major rivers in Mesopotamia?
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Tigris River
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Euphrates River
6. Controlling water levels
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Irrigation to supply water by canals to areas if
there was a lack of water
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Dams and levies to hold back high waters- prevent
floods
7. Specialization of Labor
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Doctors- very good at health related issues
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Teachers- high tolerance to deal with middle
school students
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Carpenters- very good at building
8. Why were surpluses important?
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Surpluses allowed for specialization of labor
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Farmers were more efficient (grew more food) so
other people could focus on being good at other
jobs- doctors, gov’t officials, etc.
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Surpluses allow trade between people in different
professions
9. Rural vs. Urban
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Rural is the countryside
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Urban is city
10. What is a city-state?
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A city and the surrounding villages and farmland
that it controlled
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City-states had borders, but not the way we think
of a country’s borders today
11. Sargon’s Achievements
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First emperor
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Had a permanent army that united all
Mesopotamia
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Built a new capital Akkad
12. Akkadians after Sargon
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Akkadian empire fell apart within a century after
Sargon died
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Other tribes invaded, resulting in chaos
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Eventually Ur (Sumerians) took control
13. What is polytheism?
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Polytheism is the belief in many gods (or at least
2+ gods)
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Sumerians believed in polytheism
14. How did gods impact Sumerians?
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Each city-state had a god for special protection
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Gods could bring sickness or health, wealth or
poverty, depending if they were happy
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People made offerings to the gods
15. Social hierarchy/ pyramid
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King
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Priests
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Craftspeople, merchants, traders
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Farmers and laborers
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Slaves
16. Men vs. Women in Sumer
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Men: held political power, rich/ upper levels were
educated
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Women: took care of home and children
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Overall- men held jobs, women were wives and
worked in the home
17. Why was cuneiform developed?
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Main purpose was to keep track of trade and
business records
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Replaced pictographs- cuneiform was more
efficient and could express more complicated
ideas
18. Ugaritic alphabet
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Ugaritic alphabet was a form of cuneiform (wedge
shaped symbols)
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Had very few vowels
19. What are epics?
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Long poems that tell the stories of heroes
20. Sumerian Achievements and
inventions
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Writing- cuneiform
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Used the wheel
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Plow for farming
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Weapons made of bronze
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Sewers for sanitation
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Clock
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Math advances
21. What is architecture?
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The science of building
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Makes sure things are built strong enough to last
and be safe
22. What is a ziggurat?
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A pyramid shaped tower
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Served as a temple
23. Four ways Sumerians used art/ cared
about art
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2.
3.
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Pottery
Jewelry
Sculpted statues of gods, small objects
Cylinder seals
24. What city-state did Hammurabi lead?
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Babylon
25. Code of Hammurabi summary
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set of 282 written laws with harsh
consequences that governed Babylon. It
was meant to protect the weak and the
strong, and unify the empire.
26. Three Facts about the Hittites
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Mastered iron working- important for weapons
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Used chariot well in battle
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Conquered by Kassites after their leader was
assassinated
27. Who conquered Hittites? What
happened to them?
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Kassites
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Ruled for Babylon for 400 years
28. Four Facts about the Assyrians
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Strong army
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Used iron weapons and chariots
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Spread fear and used fierce fighting tactics
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Ruled from Ninevah with local leaders in charge
of smaller areas
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Collected taxes
29. 3 Facts about the Chaldeans
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Took advantage of fighting among Assyrians to
take control
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Nebuchadnezzar was most famous king, who build
Hanging Gardens
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Admired Sumerian culture and religion
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Center for astronomy, advanced geometry
understanding, kept track of important events,
and created a calendar
30. Why is Nebuchadnezzar famous?
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Most famous for ordering the Hanging Gardens to
be built
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(Also famous for destroying the Temple in
Jerusalem after a Jewish uprising- in Bible about
90 times)
31. What natural resource brought
Phoencia wealth?
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Timber- specifically cedar
32. How did Phoenicians trade? Where?
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Traded by sea due to mountains, became good
sailors
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Traded all over the Mediterranean
33. What other goods did the
Phoenicians trade?
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ivory carvings, slaves, glass
objects, purple cloth
34. Most important Phoenician
achievement?
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Phoenician alphabet, which is what the English
language alphabet is based on
35. What did you learn from the trade
game?
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Everyone benefits from trading
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Different areas have different natural resources
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Some resources are in high demand than others
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Some resources were in higher demand than
others
36. Why were Hanging Gardens of
Babylon built?
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Built for Nebuchadnezzar’s favorite wife who was
homesick
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Built in Babylon (maybe in Ninevah?)
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Not sure of the exact location or what the
Hanging Gardens looked like