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HIST 103: CHAPTER 14 THE CIVIL WAR THE CIVIL WAR SECESSION Fire-Eaters seized federal property Fort Pickens (FL) Fort Sumter (SC) Formation of the C.S.A. Montgomery, AL Buchanan’s Beliefs THE CIVIL WAR LAST CHANCE TO AVOID WAR December 18, 1860 Crittenden Amendments permanent existence of slavery in slave states permanent fugitive slave act slavery in Washington DC reestablish Missouri Compromise to the Pacific Remaining Southern States Supported Republicans NOT INTERESTED THE CIVIL WAR LINCOLN’S FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS Dealt directly with secession crisis no state could leave Union acts of force to support secession were insurrectionary government would hold federal property THE CIVIL WAR FORT SUMTER Process of the Fort Lincoln could not surrender What are the options for the South? - permit ship to go to Sumter? - fire on the ship and start a war? General P.G.T. Beauregard Major Robert Anderson THE CIVIL WAR THE OPPOSING SIDES THE CIVIL WAR THE OPPOSING SIDES THE CIVIL WAR THE OPPOSING SIDES THE CIVIL WAR THE OPPOSING SIDES North — Material Strength What advantages did the South have? Easier to fight a defensive war Greater local support Territory familiarity Military Leadership Foreign intervention? THE CIVIL WAR MOBILIZATION OF THE NORTH Economic Mobilization Homestead Act of 1862 Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862 Union Pacific RR | Central Pacific RR National Bank Acts of 1863-1864 Raising an Army Regular Army Volunteer Army Conscription THE CIVIL WAR PRO-WAR PROPOGANDA speeches pamphlets/posters PHOTOGRAPHY Matthew Brady took thousands of pictures THE CIVIL WAR WARTIME POLITICS Lincoln Perception vs. Reality The Cabinet Use of War Powers increase size of army troops into battle suspension of habeas corpus did not recognize C.S.A. NAMING THE WAR War of the Rebellion War for Southern Independence “domestic insurrection” War of Northern Aggression THE CIVIL WAR POLITICS OF EMANCIPATION not a Republican Party war aim at the beginning - Stevens (PA), Wade (OH), Sumner (MA) Radical Republicans - immediate abolition of slavery Confiscation Act ’61 & ‘62 - all slaves used for “insurrectionary purposes” are freed - employ blacks as soldiers (62) - also in the west with owner Slavery DC Abolished compensation THE CIVIL WAR WOMEN AND THE WAR U.S. Sanitary Commission - led by Dorthea Dix - female nurses that served in field hospitals American Red Cross - led by Clara Barton - collected and distributed medical supplies “At the war’s end, a woman was at least fifty years in advance of the normal position which continued peace would have assigned her.” THE CIVIL WAR MOBILIZATION OF THE SOUTH Confederate Government President: Jefferson Davis (MS) government looked like the United States Government Money very little gold ($1 million) 1% came from taxes most from paper currency 80% inflation 9000% inflation THE CIVIL WAR MOBILIZATION OF THE SOUTH Soldiers Volunteers Conscription April 1862 900,000 over the course of the war 100,000 deserters in 1864-1865 THE CIVIL WAR LEADERSHIP IN THE CIVIL WAR Union Confederacy Commander-in-Chief: Lincoln Commander-in-Chief: Davis Generals: Winfield Scott (1861) George McClellan (1862) Henry Hallack (1862-1864) Ulysses S. Grant (1864) Military Adviser: Robert E. Lee (1862) Braxton Bragg (1864) THE CIVIL WAR Union Confederacy North Union Federal “______ Yank” Goals 1. Take Richmond 2. Control Entire MS River 3. Control Tennessee River Armies: after Rivers Battlefields: Natural Objects South Confederate Rebels “_________ Reb” Goals 1. Freedom from the North 2. Capture D.C. Armies: after Areas Battlefields: Manmade Objects THE CIVIL WAR SEA POWER: UNION ADVANTAGE Union Navy 1. Enforcing blockade of Southern ports Virginia (Merrimack) vs Monitor 2. Assisting the Union in field operations THE CIVIL WAR DIPLOMACY: FIGHT FOR FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN King Cotton Diplomacy - sympathy towards the South - weaken the United States - importance of cotton - Aristocratic South Tense Relationships - Trent Affair - South purchased six British ships THE CIVIL WAR CIVIL WAR BY THE NUMBERS THE CIVIL WAR TECHNOLOGY OF BATTLE Repeating Weaponry Colt - revolver | Winchester - rifle Improved Canon and Artillery Fortifications Railroad/Telegraph Civil War was the first modern war where troops did not line up in front of each other and shoot THE CIVIL WAR FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN - MANASSAS VIRGINIA - JULY 21, 1861 C THE CIVIL WAR FORT HENRY & FORT DONELSON TENNESSEE & CUMBERLAND RIVER - 1862 U THE CIVIL WAR CAPTURE OF NEW ORLEANS APRIL 25, 1862 David Farragut - Gulf of Mexico past forts on the mouth of the Mississippi River Captured New Orleans U THE CIVIL WAR BATTLE OF SHILOH - PITTSBURG LANDING TENNESSEE - APRIL 6-7, 1862 U THE CIVIL WAR STONE’S RIVER - MURFREESBORO TENNESSEE - DECEMBER 31, 1862-JANUARY 2, 1863 U THE CIVIL WAR UNION FORCES IN THE WEST THE CIVIL WAR PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN VIRGINIA - MARCH 1862-JULY 1862 C THE CIVIL WAR SECOND BATTLE OF BULL RUN - MANASSAS STATION VIRGINIA - AUGUST 28-30, 1862 C THE CIVIL WAR EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION Promoted After Battle of Antietam war powers (executive order) Signed January 1, 1863 1. Forever free all slaves except in areas under Union control 2. Did not apply to border slaves states did not secede and were not subject to war powers DID IT ACTUALLY FREE SLAVES? - established that the war was about slavery - slaves freed themselves THE CIVIL WAR BLACK TROOPS IN THE UNION ARMY 186,000 blacks served with Union forces 54th Massachusetts Infantry white commander Robert Gould Shaw — assault on Fort Wagner (SC) — 40% casualty rate Blacks were very proud of their service in the Union army Even though: paid less, mortality rate high, killed if captured or returned to slavery THE CIVIL WAR ANTIETAM - SHARPSBURG MARYLAND - SEPTEMBER 17, 1862 U? THE CIVIL WAR SPOTSYLVANIA COUNTY - CHANCELLORSVILLE VIRGINIA - APRIL 30-MAY 6, 1863 C THE CIVIL WAR SIEGE OF VICKSBURG MISSISSIPPI - MAY 18-JULY 4, 1863 U THE CIVIL WAR CHICKAMAUGA GEORGIA - SEPTEMBER 19-20, 1863 C THE CIVIL WAR BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG PENNSYLVANIA - JULY 1-3, 1863 U THE CIVIL WAR GRANT’S VIRGINIA CAMPAIGN VIRGINIA - 1864 U Wilderness Sportsylvania Cold Harbor Petersburg THE CIVIL WAR SHERMAN’S MARCH TO THE SEA GEORGIA - 1864 U Kennesaw Mountain Capture Atlanta March to Savannah into Carolinas THE CIVIL WAR APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE VIRGINIA - APRIL 9, 1865