Download HIST 103 - Chapter 14 Civil War

HIST 103: CHAPTER 14
THE CIVIL WAR
THE CIVIL WAR
SECESSION
Fire-Eaters
seized federal property
Fort Pickens (FL)
Fort Sumter (SC)
Formation of the C.S.A.
Montgomery, AL
Buchanan’s Beliefs
THE CIVIL WAR
LAST CHANCE TO AVOID WAR
December 18, 1860
Crittenden Amendments
permanent existence of slavery in slave states
permanent fugitive slave act
slavery in Washington DC
reestablish Missouri Compromise to the Pacific
Remaining Southern States Supported
Republicans NOT INTERESTED
THE CIVIL WAR
LINCOLN’S FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS
Dealt directly with secession crisis
no state could leave Union
acts of force to support secession were insurrectionary
government would hold federal property
THE CIVIL WAR
FORT SUMTER
Process of the Fort
Lincoln could not surrender
What are the options for the South?
- permit ship to go to Sumter?
- fire on the ship and start a war?
General P.G.T. Beauregard
Major Robert Anderson
THE CIVIL WAR
THE OPPOSING SIDES
THE CIVIL WAR
THE OPPOSING SIDES
THE CIVIL WAR
THE OPPOSING SIDES
THE CIVIL WAR
THE OPPOSING SIDES
North — Material Strength
What advantages did the South have?
Easier to fight a defensive war
Greater local support
Territory familiarity
Military Leadership
Foreign intervention?
THE CIVIL WAR
MOBILIZATION OF THE NORTH
Economic Mobilization
Homestead Act of 1862
Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862
Union Pacific RR | Central Pacific RR
National Bank Acts of 1863-1864
Raising an Army
Regular Army
Volunteer Army
Conscription
THE CIVIL WAR
PRO-WAR PROPOGANDA
speeches
pamphlets/posters
PHOTOGRAPHY
Matthew Brady
took thousands of pictures
THE CIVIL WAR
WARTIME POLITICS
Lincoln
Perception vs. Reality
The Cabinet
Use of War Powers
increase size of army
troops into battle
suspension of habeas corpus
did not recognize C.S.A.
NAMING THE WAR
War of the Rebellion War for Southern Independence
“domestic insurrection” War of Northern Aggression
THE CIVIL WAR
POLITICS OF EMANCIPATION
not a Republican Party war aim at the beginning
- Stevens (PA), Wade (OH), Sumner (MA)
Radical Republicans
- immediate abolition of slavery
Confiscation Act
’61 & ‘62
- all slaves used for “insurrectionary
purposes” are freed
- employ blacks as soldiers (62)
- also in the west with owner
Slavery DC Abolished compensation
THE CIVIL WAR
WOMEN AND THE WAR
U.S. Sanitary Commission
- led by Dorthea Dix
- female nurses that served in field hospitals
American Red Cross
- led by Clara Barton
- collected and distributed medical supplies
“At the war’s end, a woman was at least fifty years in
advance of the normal position which continued peace
would have assigned her.”
THE CIVIL WAR
MOBILIZATION OF THE SOUTH
Confederate Government
President: Jefferson Davis (MS)
government looked like the United States Government
Money
very little gold ($1 million)
1% came from taxes
most from paper currency
80% inflation
9000% inflation
THE CIVIL WAR
MOBILIZATION OF THE SOUTH
Soldiers
Volunteers
Conscription
April 1862
900,000 over the course of the war
100,000 deserters in 1864-1865
THE CIVIL WAR
LEADERSHIP IN THE CIVIL WAR
Union
Confederacy
Commander-in-Chief: Lincoln
Commander-in-Chief: Davis
Generals:
Winfield Scott (1861)
George McClellan (1862)
Henry Hallack (1862-1864)
Ulysses S. Grant (1864)
Military Adviser:
Robert E. Lee (1862)
Braxton Bragg (1864)
THE CIVIL WAR
Union
Confederacy
North
Union
Federal
“______ Yank”
Goals
1.
Take Richmond
2. Control Entire MS River
3. Control Tennessee River
Armies: after Rivers
Battlefields: Natural Objects
South
Confederate
Rebels
“_________ Reb”
Goals
1.
Freedom from the North
2.
Capture D.C.
Armies: after Areas
Battlefields: Manmade Objects
THE CIVIL WAR
SEA POWER: UNION ADVANTAGE
Union Navy
1. Enforcing blockade of Southern ports
Virginia (Merrimack) vs Monitor
2. Assisting the Union in field operations
THE CIVIL WAR
DIPLOMACY: FIGHT FOR FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN
King Cotton Diplomacy
- sympathy towards the South
- weaken the United States
- importance of cotton
- Aristocratic South
Tense Relationships
- Trent Affair
- South purchased six British ships
THE CIVIL WAR
CIVIL WAR BY THE NUMBERS
THE CIVIL WAR
TECHNOLOGY OF BATTLE
Repeating Weaponry
Colt - revolver | Winchester - rifle
Improved Canon and Artillery
Fortifications
Railroad/Telegraph
Civil War was the first modern war where troops
did not line up in front of each other and shoot
THE CIVIL WAR
FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN - MANASSAS
VIRGINIA - JULY 21, 1861
C
THE CIVIL WAR
FORT HENRY & FORT DONELSON
TENNESSEE & CUMBERLAND RIVER - 1862
U
THE CIVIL WAR
CAPTURE OF NEW ORLEANS
APRIL 25, 1862
David Farragut - Gulf of Mexico
past forts on the mouth of the Mississippi River
Captured New Orleans
U
THE CIVIL WAR
BATTLE OF SHILOH - PITTSBURG LANDING
TENNESSEE - APRIL 6-7, 1862
U
THE CIVIL WAR
STONE’S RIVER - MURFREESBORO
TENNESSEE - DECEMBER 31, 1862-JANUARY 2, 1863
U
THE CIVIL WAR
UNION FORCES IN THE WEST
THE CIVIL WAR
PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN
VIRGINIA - MARCH 1862-JULY 1862
C
THE CIVIL WAR
SECOND BATTLE OF BULL RUN - MANASSAS STATION
VIRGINIA - AUGUST 28-30, 1862
C
THE CIVIL WAR
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
Promoted After Battle of Antietam
war powers (executive order)
Signed January 1, 1863
1. Forever free all slaves except in areas under Union control
2. Did not apply to border slaves states
did not secede and were not subject to war powers
DID IT ACTUALLY FREE SLAVES?
- established that the war was about slavery
- slaves freed themselves
THE CIVIL WAR
BLACK TROOPS IN THE UNION ARMY
186,000
blacks served with Union forces
54th Massachusetts Infantry
white commander Robert Gould Shaw
— assault on Fort Wagner (SC) —
40% casualty rate
Blacks were very proud of their service in the Union army
Even though: paid less, mortality rate high,
killed if captured or returned to slavery
THE CIVIL WAR
ANTIETAM - SHARPSBURG
MARYLAND - SEPTEMBER 17, 1862
U?
THE CIVIL WAR
SPOTSYLVANIA COUNTY - CHANCELLORSVILLE
VIRGINIA - APRIL 30-MAY 6, 1863
C
THE CIVIL WAR
SIEGE OF VICKSBURG
MISSISSIPPI - MAY 18-JULY 4, 1863
U
THE CIVIL WAR
CHICKAMAUGA
GEORGIA - SEPTEMBER 19-20, 1863
C
THE CIVIL WAR
BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG
PENNSYLVANIA - JULY 1-3, 1863
U
THE CIVIL WAR
GRANT’S VIRGINIA CAMPAIGN
VIRGINIA - 1864
U
Wilderness
Sportsylvania
Cold Harbor
Petersburg
THE CIVIL WAR
SHERMAN’S MARCH TO THE SEA
GEORGIA - 1864
U
Kennesaw Mountain
Capture Atlanta
March to Savannah
into Carolinas
THE CIVIL WAR
APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE
VIRGINIA - APRIL 9, 1865