Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
.AME #LASS #(!04%2 $ATE 0OPULATION #HANGES (OW $O 0OPULATION #HANGES (APPEN 3%#4)/. "%&/2% 9/5 2%!$ 4ENNESSEE 3CIENCE 3TANDARDS !FTER YOU READ THIS SECTION YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS ',% )NQ ',% ',% s 7HO WAS #HARLES $ARWIN s 7HAT IDEAS AFFECTED $ARWINS THINKING s 7HAT IS NATURAL SELECTION 7HO 7AS #HARLES $ARWIN )N #HARLES $ARWIN GRADUATED FROM COLLEGE !LTHOUGH HE EVENTUALLY EARNED A DEGREE IN RELIGION $ARWIN WAS MOST INTERESTED IN THE STUDY OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS $ARWINS INTEREST IN NATURE LED HIM TO SIGN ON FOR A FIVEYEAR VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD (E WAS A NATURALIST ON THE (-3 "EAGLE A "RITISH SHIP ! NATURALIST IS SOME ONE WHO STUDIES NATURE $URING THE TRIP $ARWIN MADE OBSERVATIONS THAT HELPED HIM FORM A THEORY ABOUT HOW CHANGES IN THE TRAITS OF POPULATIONS HAPPEN 4HESE IDEAS CAUSED SCIENTISTS TO CHANGE THE WAY THEY THOUGHT ABOUT THE LIVING WORLD 345$9 4)0 3UMMARIZE !FTER YOU READ THIS SECTION MAKE A CHART SHOWING THE FOUR STEPS OF NATURAL SELECTION )N THE CHART EXPLAIN WHAT HAPPENS AT EACH STEP $!27).3 */52.%9 /N THE TRIP $ARWIN OBSERVED PLANTS AND ANIMALS FROM MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD /NE PLACE $ARWIN FOUND INTERESTING WAS THE 'ALÈPAGOS )SLANDS 4HESE ISLANDS ARE LOCATED ABOUT KM WEST OF %CUADOR A COUNTRY IN 3OUTH !MERICA -ANY UNUSUAL ORGANISMS LIVE ON THE 'ALÈPAGOS )SLANDS BVi];dXjh #ONVERT !BOUT HOW FAR ARE THE 'ALÉPAGOS )SLANDS FROM %CUADOR IN MILES KM MI 4HIS LINE SHOWS THE COURSE OF THE (-3 "EAGLE M:D>:EHHD $ESCRIBE 7HICH CONTINENT ARE THE 'ALÉPAGOS )SLANDS CLOSEST TO $ARWIN STUDIED PLANTS AND ANIMALS ON THE 'ALÉPAGOS )SLANDS #OPYRIGHT © BY (OLT 2INEHART AND 7INSTON A $IVISION OF (OUGHTON -IFFLIN (ARCOURT 0UBLISHING #OMPANY !LL RIGHTS RESERVED )NTERACTIVE 2EADER AND 3TUDY 'UIDE 71B,17*B&B(97B6LQGG 0OPULATION #HANGES $0 .AME 3%#4)/. #LASS $ATE (OW $O 0OPULATION #HANGES (APPEN CONTINUED $!27).3 &).#(%3 2%!$).' #(%#+ $ESCRIBE 7HAT DID $ARWIN OBSERVE ABOUT THE lNCHES ON THE 'ALÉPAGOS )SLANDS $ARWIN OBSERVED THAT THE ANIMALS AND PLANTS ON THE 'ALÈPAGOS )SLANDS WERE SIMILAR TO THOSE IN %CUADOR (OWEVER THEY WERE NOT IDENTICAL &OR EXAMPLE $ARWIN CLOSELY OBSERVED BIRDS CALLED FINCHES 4HE FINCHES ON THE 'ALÈPAGOS )SLANDS WERE SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT FROM THE FINCHES IN %CUADOR )N ADDITION THE FINCHES ON EACH ISLAND IN THE 'ALÈPAGOS DIFFERED FROM THE FINCHES ON THE OTHER ISLANDS $ARWIN HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE ISLAND FINCHES WERE DESCENDENTS OF 3OUTH !MERICAN FINCHES (E THOUGHT THE FIRST FINCHES ON THE ISLANDS WERE BLOWN THERE FROM 3OUTH !MERICA BY A STORM (E SUGGESTED THAT OVER MANY GEN ERATIONS ADAPTATIONS AROSE IN THE FINCH POPULATION THAT HELPED THEM SURVIVE IN THE DIFFERENT ISLAND ENVIRONMENTS &OR EXAMPLE THE BEAKS OF DIFFERENT FINCH SPECIES ARE ADAPTED TO THE KIND OF FOOD THE SPECIES EAT 4HE LARGE GROUND lNCH HAS A WIDE STRONG BEAK )T CAN EASILY CRACK OPEN LARGE HARD SEEDS )TS BEAK WORKS LIKE A NUTCRACKER 4HE CACTUS lNCH HAS A TOUGH BEAK )T USES ITS BEAK TO EAT CACTUS PARTS AND INSECTS )TS BEAK WORKS LIKE A PAIR OF NEEDLENOSE PLIERS $SJUJDBM5IJOLJOH )NFER 7HAT CAN YOU GUESS ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH THE CACTUS lNCH LIVES BASED ON THE INFORMATION IN THE lGURE %XPLAIN YOUR ANSWER 4HE WARBLER lNCH HAS A SMALL NARROW BEAK )T CAN CATCH SMALL INSECTS WITH ITS BEAK )TS BEAK WORKS LIKE A PAIR OF TWEEZERS #OPYRIGHT © BY (OLT 2INEHART AND 7INSTON A $IVISION OF (OUGHTON -IFFLIN (ARCOURT 0UBLISHING #OMPANY !LL RIGHTS RESERVED )NTERACTIVE 2EADER AND 3TUDY 'UIDE 71B,17*B&B(97B6LQGG 0OPULATION #HANGES $0 .AME 3%#4)/. #LASS $ATE (OW $O 0OPULATION #HANGES (APPEN CONTINUED (OW $ID $ARWIN $EVELOP (IS 4HEORY !BOUT #HANGE /VER 4IME !FTER $ARWIN RETURNED TO %NGLAND HE SPENT MANY YEARS THINKING ABOUT HIS EXPERIENCES ON THE TRIP )N $ARWIN PUBLISHED A FAMOUS BOOK CALLED /N THE /RIGIN OF 3PECIES BY -EANS OF .ATURAL 3ELECTION )N HIS BOOK $ARWIN PROPOSED THE THEORY THAT CHANGES IN THE TRAITS OF POPULATIONS OVER TIME HAPPEN BY NATURAL SELECTION .ATURAL SELECTION HAPPENS WHEN ORGANISMS THAT ARE WELL ADAPTED TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT SURVIVE BUT LESS WELLADAPTED ORGANISMS DO NOT 7HEN THE BETTERADAPTED ORGANISMS REPRODUCE THEY PASS THEIR USEFUL TRAITS ON TO THEIR OFFSPRING /VER TIME MORE MEMBERS OF THE POPU LATION HAVE THESE TRAITS $ARWIN COMBINED IDEAS ABOUT BREEDING POPULATION AND %ARTHS HISTORY TO COME UP WITH A THEORY TO EXPLAIN HIS OBSERVATIONS 2%!$).' #(%#+ $ElNE 7HAT IS NATURAL SELECTION )$%!3 !"/54 "2%%$).' )N $ARWINS TIME FARMERS AND BREEDERS HAD PRODUCED MANY KINDS OF FARM ANIMALS AND PLANTS 4HEY LEARNED THAT IF THEY BRED PLANTS OR ANIMALS THAT HAD A DESIRABLE TRAIT SOME OF THE OFFSPRING MAY HAVE THE TRAIT ! TRAIT IS A FORM OF AN INHERITED CHARACTERISTIC 4HE PRACTICE IN WHICH HUMANS SELECT PLANTS OR ANIMALS FOR BREEDING BASED ON DESIRED TRAITS IS CALLED SELECTIVE BREEDING 3ELECTIVE BREEDING SHOWED $ARWIN THAT THE TRAITS OF ORGANISMS CAN CHANGE AND THAT CERTAIN TRAITS CAN SPREAD THROUGH POPULATIONS &OR EXAMPLE MOST PETS SUCH AS THE DOGS BELOW HAVE BEEN BRED FOR A VARIETY OF DESIRED TRAITS /VER THE PAST YEARS PEOPLE HAVE SELECTIVELY BRED DOGS TO PRODUCE MORE THAN BREEDS 2%!$).' #(%#+ %XPLAIN (OW DID IDEAS ABOUT SELECTIVE BREEDING CHANGE $ARWINS THINKING ABOUT CHANGES IN THE TRAITS OF POPULATIONS OVER TIME 0EOPLE HAVE SELECTIVELY BRED DOGS FOR DIFFERENT TRAITS 4ODAY THERE ARE OVER DOG BREEDS #OPYRIGHT © BY (OLT 2INEHART AND 7INSTON A $IVISION OF (OUGHTON -IFFLIN (ARCOURT 0UBLISHING #OMPANY !LL RIGHTS RESERVED )NTERACTIVE 2EADER AND 3TUDY 'UIDE 71B,17*B&B(97B6LQGG 0OPULATION #HANGES $0 .AME 3%#4)/. #LASS $ATE (OW $O 0OPULATION #HANGES (APPEN CONTINUED )$%!3 !"/54 0/05,!4)/. 2%!$).' #(%#+ )DENTIFY !CCORDING TO 4HOMAS -ALTHUS WHAT ARE TWO THINGS THAT CAN LIMIT THE SIZE OF HUMAN POPULATIONS $URING $ARWINS TIME A SCIENTIST NAMED 4HOMAS -ALTHUS WAS STUDYING HUMAN POPULATIONS (E OBSERVED THAT THERE WERE MORE BABIES BEING BORN THAN THERE WERE PEOPLE DYING (E THOUGHT THAT THE HUMAN POPULATION COULD GROW MORE RAPIDLY THAN FOOD SUPPLIES COULD GROW 4HIS WOULD RESULT IN A WORLDWIDE FOOD SHORTAGE -ALTHUS ALSO POINTED OUT THAT THE SIZE OF HUMAN POPULATIONS IS LIMITED BY PROBLEMS SUCH AS STARVATION AND DISEASE $ARWIN REALIZED THAT -ALTHUSS IDEAS CAN APPLY TO ALL SPECIES NOT JUST HUMANS (E KNEW THAT ANY SPECIES CAN PRODUCE MANY OFFSPRING (E ALSO KNEW STARVATION DIS EASE COMPETITION AND PREDATION LIMITED THE POPULATIONS OF ALL SPECIES /NLY A LIMITED NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS LIVE LONG ENOUGH TO REPRODUCE $ARWIN REASONED THAT THE SURVIVORS HAD TRAITS THAT HELPED THEM SURVIVE IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT (E ALSO THOUGHT THAT THE SURVIVORS WOULD PASS ON SOME OF THEIR TRAITS TO THEIR OFFSPRING )$%!3 !"/54 %!24(3 ()34/29 2%!$).' #(%#+ %XPLAIN (OW DID #HARLES ,YELLS BOOK CHANGE HOW SCIENTISTS THOUGHT ABOUT %ARTHS HISTORY .EW INFORMATION ABOUT %ARTHS HISTORY ALSO AFFECTED $ARWINS IDEAS ABOUT CHANGES IN POPULATIONS $URING $ARWINS TIME MOST GEOLOGISTS THOUGHT THAT %ARTH WAS VERY YOUNG "UT IMPORTANT BOOKS SUCH AS 0RINCIPLES OF 'EOLOGY BY #HARLES ,YELL WERE CHANGING IDEAS ABOUT THE %ARTH ,YELLS BOOK GAVE EVIDENCE THAT %ARTH IS MUCH OLDER THAN ANYONE ONCE THOUGHT $ARWIN BELIEVED THAT POPULATIONS CHANGE SLOWLY $ARWIN REASONED THAT IF %ARTH WAS VERY OLD THERE WOULD BE ENOUGH TIME FOR ORGANISMS TO CHANGE SLOWLY M:D>:EHHD $ESCRIBE &ILL IN THE BLANK SPACES IN THE TABLE #OPYRIGHT © BY (OLT 2INEHART AND 7INSTON A $IVISION OF (OUGHTON -IFFLIN (ARCOURT 0UBLISHING #OMPANY !LL RIGHTS RESERVED )NTERACTIVE 2EADER AND 3TUDY 'UIDE 71B,17*B&B(97B6LQGG 0OPULATION #HANGES $0 .AME 3%#4)/. #LASS (OW $O 0OPULATION #HANGES (APPEN CONTINUED (/7 .!452!, 3%,%#4)/. 7/2+3 .ATURAL SELECTION HAS FOUR STEPS OVERPRODUCTION INHERITED VARIATION STRUGGLE TO SURVIVE AND SUCCESSFUL REPRODUCTION $ATE /VERPRODUCTION ! TARANTULAS EGG SAC CAN HOLD TO EGGS 3OME OF THE EGGS WILL SURVIVE AND DEVELOP INTO ADULT SPIDERS 3OME WILL NOT JXp@k 'IVE %XAMPLES 4HE lGURE SHOWS ONE EXAMPLE OF HOW THE FOUR STEPS OF NATURAL SELECTION CAN WORK )N A GROUP TALK ABOUT THREE OR MORE OTHER EXAMPLES OF HOW NATURAL SELECTION CAN AFFECT POPULATIONS )NHERITED 6ARIATION %VERY INDIVIDUAL HAS ITS OWN COMBINATION OF TRAITS %ACH TARANTULA IS SIMILAR BUT NOT IDENTICAL TO ITS PARENTS M:D>:EHHD 3TRUGGLE TO 3URVIVE 3OME TARAN TULAS MAY HAVE TRAITS THAT MAKE IT MORE LIKELY THAT THEY WILL SURVIVE &OR EXAMPLE A TARANTULA MAY BE BETTER ABLE TO lGHT OFF PREDATORS SUCH AS THIS WASP 3UCCESSFUL 2EPRODUCTION 4HE TARANTULAS THAT ARE BEST ADAPTED TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT ARE LIKELY TO SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE 4HEIR OFFSPRING MAY INHERIT THE TRAITS THAT HELP THEM TO SURVIVE )DENTIFY 7HY ARE SOME TARANTULAS MORE LIKELY TO SURVIVE THAN OTHERS '%.%4)#3 !.$ #(!.'% $ARWIN KNEW THAT ORGANISMS INHERIT TRAITS BUT NOT HOW THEY INHERIT TRAITS (E ALSO KNEW THAT THERE IS GREAT VARIATION AMONG ORGANISMS BUT NOT HOW THAT VARIATION HAPPENS 4ODAY SCIENTISTS KNOW THAT GENES DETERMINE THE TRAITS OF AN ORGANISM 4HESE GENES ARE EXCHANGED AND PASSED ON FROM PARENT TO OFFSPRING #OPYRIGHT © BY (OLT 2INEHART AND 7INSTON A $IVISION OF (OUGHTON -IFFLIN (ARCOURT 0UBLISHING #OMPANY !LL RIGHTS RESERVED )NTERACTIVE 2EADER AND 3TUDY 'UIDE 71B,17*B&B(97B6LQGG 0OPULATION #HANGES $0