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November 1918 = sailors mutiny Moderate German Social Democrats (SPD) January 1919 = Spartacist Uprising in Berlin Rosa Luxembourg, Karl Liebknecht, and the German Communist Party (KPD) Put down by the Freikorps 11 August 1919 = Weimar Republic established March 1920 = Kapp Putsch German army refuses to help re-establish order German workers put down the coup April 1921 = Allied reparations committee demands $33 billion in payment from Germany 1922 = Germans beg for a 3-year moratorium 1922 = Treaty of Rapallo (Germany & Russia) January 1923 = France occupies the Ruhr August 1923 = Gustav Stresemann’s attitude of compromise Treaties of Locarno (1925) Weimar’s economic/political instability = disillusion Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) Born Austrian (20 April 1889) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRHhPNzQXHI Failed artist in Vienna Served in WWI (as a “runner”) Beer Hall Putsch (November 1923) Hitler’s rising influence within the German Workers’ Party (DAP) – eventually the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) 8 Nov. = Hitler & stormtroopers try to occupy Munich 9 Nov. = Hitler & supporters march on the Bavarian Defense Ministry ▪ Stopped by soldiers Hitler is arrested and put on public trial ▪ Sentenced to 5 years; served 9 months (wrote Mein Kampf) January 1933 = Hitler appointed Chancellor February 1933 = Reichstag Fire 23 March 1933 = Enabling Act, Reichstag votes itself out of power Nazi dictatorial regime . . . By 1934 = 2,500,000 stormtroopers ▪ BUT, the SA are purged in June 1934 Nazis have three major goals: Lebensraum, rearmament, and economic recovery Early collaboration with Mussolini October 1936 = Rome-Berlin Axis Great Depression hurt democracy . . . Especially democracies that relied on free markets In France, no one could agree on a solution 1936 = Socialist government elected in a landslide Leon Blum and the “Popular Front” coalition HUGE failure = French Right becomes energized; French Left moves further to the political left Very, very slow economic recovery . . . John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) wanted more government intervention Fascist Britain? 1932 = Sir Oswald Mosley founded the British Union of Fascists (BUF) ▪ Hated free markets and communism BUF was incredibly violent and antisemitic 1936 = BUF banned Some context . . . Spain = rule by monarch/aristocrats until World War One 1923 = right-wing military coup installed dictator 1931 = King abdicates; dictatorship dissolves 1932 = Spanish Republic formed 1936 = Spain elects a “Popular Front” Property seized from aristocrats Catholic clergy attacked Nation-wide strikes by revolutionary workers July 1936 = right-wing military coup led by Francisco Franco Established “Nationalist Zone” in northern Spain Civil War between Spanish Republicans and the right-wing Nationalists July 1936 = right-wing military coup led by Francisco Franco Established “Nationalist Zone” in northern Spain Civil War between Spanish Republicans and the right-wing Nationalists April 1939 = Nationalists take Madrid; Republicans surrender Franco becomes dictator until 1975 LOTS of foreign involvement For Franco/Nationalists: Mussolini sends troops, Hitler sends tanks, technology, airstrikes July 1936 = right-wing military coup led by Francisco Franco Established “Nationalist Zone” in northern Spain Civil War breaks out between Spanish Republicans and the right-wing Nationalists April 1939 = Nationalists take Madrid; Republicans are forced to surrender Franco becomes dictator until 1975 LOTS of foreign involvement For Franco/Nationalists: Mussolini sends troops, Hitler sends tanks, technology, airstrikes For Republicans = International Brigades, Soviet supplies and advisors, Mexican armaments March 1938 = Hitler annexed Austria (Anschluss) September 1938 = Munich Conference Sudetenland ceded to Germany March 1938 = Hitler annexed Austria (Anschluss) September 1938 = Munich Conference Sudetenland ceded to Germany Chamberlain: “Peace in our time” October 1938 = Hitler demands the return of Danzig March 1939 = Hitler invades Czechoslovakia May 1939 = Pact of Steel (Hitler & Mussolini) Defensive alliance between Germany and Italy August 1939 = Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact Soviets and Germans promise not to fight each other 1 September 1939 = Hitler invades Poland