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Sociology: Unit 2 Terms Spring Semester 2014 Silverman Unit TWO: Culture & Social Structure 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. Culture – all the shared products of a particular human group; include both physical objects & the beliefs, values and behaviors shared by the group Material culture – physical objects created by human groups; sociologists and anthropologists use the term artifacts to refer to the physical objects of material culture Non-material culture – abstract human creations, such as language, ideas, beliefs, rules, skills, family patterns, work practices, and political & economic systems Technology: knowledge and tools people use for practical purposes Language – the organization of written or spoken symbols into a standardized system Sapir-Whorf hypothesis – the idea that differences in language shape the way its speakers view reality Values – shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable Norms – shared rules of conduct that dictate how people should act in certain situations; expectations for behavior Folkways – norms that describe socially acceptable behavior, without having great moral significance attached to them (i.e. cover your mouth when you yawn) Mores – norms that have great moral significance attached to them (i.e. do not rob a bank) Sanctions - rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms Positive Sanction - an action that rewards a particular kind of behavior Negative Sanction - a punishment or threat of punishment used to enforce conformity Formal Sanction - reward/punishment given by a formal organization such as a school, business, or government Informal Sanction - spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or a group Cultural universals – common features that are found in all human cultures (i.e. dancing, cooking, gift-giving…) Ethnocentrism – the tendency to view one’s own culture and group as superior to others Culture relativism – the belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards rather than by applying the standards of another culture Counterculture – a group that rejects the values, norms and practices of the larger society and replaces them with a new set of cultural patterns Subculture – a group with its own unique values, norms and behaviors that exists within a larger culture Culture shock – the disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own Society – a group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share common culture & feelings of unity Folk culture – traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation Pop culture – found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in personal characteristics. Globalization – a process by which regional economies, societies and cultures have become integrated through a global network of communication, transportation and trade Group – a set of two or more people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common identity Preindustrial society – a type of society in which food production – carried out through the use of human and animal labor – is the main economic activity Hunting & gathering society – a type of society characterized by the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals Pastoral society – a type of society characterized by a reliance on domesticated herd animals as the main form of subsistence Horticultural society – a type of society characterized by a reliance on vegetables grown in garden plots as the main form of subsistence Agricultural society – a type of society characterized by the use of draft animals and plows in the tilling of friends Industrial society – a type of society in which the mechanized production of goods is the main economic activity Urbanization – the concentration of population in cities Postindustrial society – a type of society in which economic activity centers on the production of information and the provision of services Mechanic solidarity – close-knit social relationships, common in preindustrial societies, that result when a small group of people share the same values and perform the same tasks Organic solidarity – impersonal social relationships, common in industrial societies, that arise with increased job specialization Gemeinschaft – societies in which most members know one another, relationships are close, and activities center on the family and the community 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. Gesellschaft – societies in which social relationships are based on need rather than emotion, relationships are impersonal and temporary, and individual goals are more important than group goals Social structure – the network of interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interaction Status – socially defined position within a group or society Role – the behavior expected of someone occupying a particular status Ascribed status – a status assigned according to the standards that are beyond a person’s control (i.e. age, sex, family heritage, race, etc.) Achieved status – a status acquired by an individual on the basis of some special skill, knowledge or ability Formal group – a group in which the structure, goals and activities of the group of clearly defined Informal group – a group in which there is no official structure or established rules of conflict Primary group – a small group of people who interact over a relatively long period of time on a direct and personal basis Secondary group – a group in which interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature In-group – a group that an individual belong to and identifies with Out-group – any group that an individual does not belong to, nor identify with Instrumental leaders – leaders who are task-oriented Expressive leaders – leaders who are emotion-oriented