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Transcript
Glossary Basic Sociological Terms for the Study of the CJS Agency: the ability to act upon. Bureaucracy: a formal organization that is rationally designed according to a set of rules and hierarchical authority in order to complete tasks efficiently Crime: intentional act or omission committed without justification or defense which is in violation of criminal law and punishable by the state Definition of situation (a.k.a. Thomas theorem) "If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences."--W.I. Thomas Due process: equal treatment before the law; the constitutional mandate that criminal proceedings, from police to corrections, follow established rules or principles, that similar cases be handled in a similar fashion, and that a no person shall be adjudicated guilty without sufficient safeguards against state power Empirical: knowledge derived from experiment or systematic observation of the physical or social world; capable of being tested or replicated/falsified Etiology: the study of causation Formal sanction: a response to a violation of a codified rule by an agent of an official organization designated to enforce that rule Formal social control: efforts by official agencies, acting in their designated capacity, to constrain and direct the conduct of people Ideology: collective belief about the ideal world; collective conceptual frame that people use to understand the world and construct moral judgments, and that prompts us toward particular actions; also called a dominant narrative. Informal sanction: a response to a violation of a norm by people with no particular legal authority to regulate that behavior Informal social control: efforts by people acting unofficially to enforce norms, mores, folkways, etc. Law: rules of conduct established by the government that the citizens must follow Level of analysis: “slice” of the world being examined, ranging from individual to globe. Myth: a falsity: 1) that has some discernible reality or a kernel of truth, 2) that distorts the facts, 3) that people hold as a true, non problematic, and naturalized understanding of the world, and 4) that influences behaviors, attitudes, policy, and etc. Often used to indicate fallacious knowledge about a particular social phenomenon, e.g. child abduction and drug use. Norms: collectively held informal and formal rules of proper behavior which guide and impede behavior; standards of acceptable behavior. Operational definition: (N.) when variables are written in terms that can be observed or measured; inferencebased analysis, as opposed to direct observation. Propaganda (Though a complex issue, I will provide a simplistic operational definition): advocacy of one side of an issue with the intent of influencing attitudes of a mass (i.e. impersonal) audience; overt or covert; may use words, pictures, gestures, separate from information, inquiry, instruction, private debates, education, etc. Public policy (or policy): a course of action or inaction chosen by government authorities that is intended to achieve societal goals Relativity: the phenomenon of aspects of culture (language, norms, values, social practices, etc.) emerging from social contexts and varying over time, across space, and across people Sanction: audience-based reaction to a perceived violation of a norm or rule that is meant to ensure that the individual or group complies with the norm or rule; a source of social control that delineates boundaries of acceptable conduct. Although sanctions can be positive (rewards) and negative (punishment), we will use this term to refer only to the latter; otherwise we will use the term "positive sanctions." Semiotics: the study of language systems, esp. regarding how they maintain existing social arrangements, inequalities, and power structures. Social control: concerted efforts to constrain and direct the conduct of people by inducing conformity and preventing non conformity. Although this encompasses a wide range of social phenomenon, stretching from educational socialization to propaganda to incarceration, we will use this term to refer to punishments Social engineering: purposive efforts by the government (or other organization) to change the beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral patterns of a section of the population, e.g. family planning, tax incentives, seat belt laws, propaganda, and public education Social institution: a system of material resources (buildings, technology, etc.), non-material resources (organizations, laws, norms, values, ideologies, etc.), and social relationships that meet some particular need of the people Social movement: collective and deliberate action to bring about specified and enduring social change. Social structure: the predictable and established patterns of behavior and social relationships. Socialization: learning of a social structure and culture, as well as identity. Society: a people who share a semi-stable network of social institutions, social structures, and culture, as well as a geographical region. Status quo: "existing state"; the existing distribution of power within a society Stratification: unequal distribution of a scarce resource, such as money, power, opportunities and life chances, health care, and prestige. Symbol: something that represents more than itself; basis of language, ideology, identity, and abstraction. System: 1. multiple parts, 2. that work toward specified goals or tasks, and 3. are interdependent Systemic agency: the influence social institutions exert on our behaviors, values, choices, prejudices, desires, etc., as well as the actions of other organizations and systems Theory: broad explanatory model; explanation of how parts of the world relate to other parts; may or may not include hypothesis testing