Download Periodic Trends

Periodic Trends
BACKGROUND:
In 1870, Dmitri Mendeleev first proposed a new way of studying and organizing the then known 63 elements. The modern
form of the table has been modified and improved many times since Mendeleev’s tables. Pioneers like Moseley (1913)
and Seaborg (1941) have made the properties of the elements much simpler to study and understand.
In this activity, you are going to discover some of the trends of the properties that exist on the modern periodic table. To
do this, you are going to graph these properties.
OBJECTIVES: The student will be able to…
define some of the properties of the element
graph the properties of the elements (use Z = 1 through Z = 36 only)
determine the general trends found on the periodic table
PROCEDURE:
1. In Excel, graph the trend of density. The graph should have the atomic number on the x-axis and density on the yaxis. Answer the questions about this graph and what conclusions you would draw. See the back of your textbook
for density values.
2. In Excel, graph the trend of Melting Point and Boiling Point. The graph should have the atomic number on the xaxis and temperature (MP & BP) on the y-axis. Place both on the same graph. See the back of your textbook for
melting point and boiling point values.
3. Answer the questions about this graph and what conclusions you would draw.
4. In Excel, graph the trend of first ionization energy (potential). The graph should have the atomic number on the xaxis and ionization energy on the y-axis.
5. Answer the questions about this graph and what conclusions you would draw.
6. In Excel, graph the trend of electronegativity. The graph should have the atomic number on the x-axis and
electronegativity on the y-axis.
7. Answer the questions about this graph and what conclusions you would draw.
8. In Excel, graph the trend of atomic radius. The graph should have the atomic number on the x-axis and atomic
radius on the y-axis.
9. Answer the questions about this graph and what conclusions you would draw.
CALCULATIONS:
Density Graph
1. Create the graph as described in the procedure.
2. Define density.
3. What is the trend as you move down a group (column)?
4. What is the trend as you move across a period (row)?
5. On the representation of the periodic table below, draw arrows to represent an
increasing density.
Melting and Boiling Point
6. Create the graph as described in the procedure.
7. Define melting and boiling point.
8. What is the trend as you move down a group (column)?
9. What is the trend as you move across a period (row)?
10. On the representation of the periodic table below, draw arrows to represent an
increasing temperature (melting and boiling point).
Ionization Energy (potential)
11. Create the graph as described in the procedure.
12. Define ionization energy.
13. What is the trend as you move down a group (column)?
14. What is the trend as you move across a period (row)?
15. On the representation of the periodic table below, draw arrows to represent
increasing first ionization energy (potential).
Electronegativity
16. Create the graph as described in the procedure.
17. Define electronegativity.
18. What is the trend as you move down a group (column)?
19. What is the trend as you move across a period (row)?
20. On the representation of the periodic table below, draw arrows to represent an
increasing electronegativity.
Atomic Radius
21. Create the graph as described in the procedure.
22. Define atomic radius.
23. What is the trend as you move down a group (column)?
24. What is the trend as you move across a period (row)?
25. On the representation of the periodic table below, draw arrows to represent an
increasing atomic radius.
26. When an atom loses an electron, what is its charge? What do you think happens to the size
of the atom?
27. When an atom gains an electron, what is its charge? What do you think happens to the size
of the atom?
28. Arrange the following atoms in order of increasing atomic radius: potassium, carbon, rubidium, iodine, fluorine, and
lithium. Explain your order.
29. What exceptions do you find in the increase of ionization energies across a period?
30. Arrange the following atoms in order of increasing ionization energy: lithium, oxygen, magnesium, strontium,
chlorine, and tellurium. Explain your order.
Properties of Elements
Element
Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium
Beryllium
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
Silicon
Phosphorous
Sulfur
Chlorine
Argon
Potassium
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
Krypton
Ionization Energy
(kJ/mole)
Atomic Radius
(pm)
Electronegativity
1312
2373
513
899
801
1086
1402
1314
1681
2081
496
738
577
789
1012
1000
1251
1520
419
590
633
659
651
653
717
762
760
737
746
906
579
762
947
941
1140
1351
37
32
134
125
90
77
75
73
71
69
154
145
130
118
110
102
99
97
196
174
144
132
122
118
139
125
126
118
117
120
120
122
122
117
114
110
2.2
---1
1.6
2
2.6
3
3.4
4
---0.9
1.3
1.6
1.9
2.2
2.6
3.2
---0.8
1
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.9
1.9
1.9
2
1.7
1.8
2
2.2
2.5
3
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