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Name ______________________________ Greek Mythology Study Guide An exploration of Justice in literature, part I English 10 Inside this packet, you will find several resources for your journey into Greek Mythology, including: • A guide to the gods of Greek myths • Modern vocabulary inspired by Greek myths • Vocabulary from the accompanying Greek Mythology reading packet • A reading guide for the Greek Mythology reading packet • A final project in which you will find examples of Greek mythology in modern day life. What is Mythology? Mythology is a collection of stories that we associate with a culture. Myths usually include larger-than-life heroes, gods, and monsters that can achieve things normal people cannot. Why study Greek Mythology? The myths of many cultures have influenced our own. The Roman gods’ names were given to the planets of our solar system. The Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh was the first major written work known to history. We study choose Greek Mythology to study because it has arguably had the greatest influence in English and American writing. References to Greek myths abound in classic literature. In fact, the term “classic” is a reference to the “Classical Era” of the Greek and Roman cultures. Greek Mythology Study Guide page 1, English 10: Mr. Krauss Name ______________________________ Greek Mythology: The Gods Directions: Examine the chart of Greek gods below, and read the paragraph on sacrifice below the chart. At the bottom of the page, you will complete the chart explaining which god an ancient Greek person would sacrifice to in order to receive good fortune in the endeavor listed on the left. Greek God Zeus Poseidon Area of Control; Notes Sky; ruler of Olympus Sea and earthquakes Hades Ares Dionysos Death; Ruler of the Underworld Marriage; Zeus’ wife Wisdom, war, crafts Arts, archery, divination, the sun War Wine, mystery, theater Hephaestos Artemis Demeter Aphrodite Hermes Smiths and metal-working Hunt; protector of children Agriculture, fertility Love and beauty Merchants; messenger of Zeus Hera Athena Apollo Symbol Thunderbolt, eagle, oak Trident (three-pronged spear), horse, bull Scepter, cornucopia Scepter, peacock Aegis (shield), owl, olive tree Bow, lyre, laurel Spear Grape vine, ivy, thyrsos (a weird staff with ivy on it) axe Bow, deer Scepter, torch, corn Scepter, dove Caduceus (staff with two intertwined serpents), winged boots. Information obtained from Mythography.com Sacrifice: The Greeks made sacrifices to their gods in the hopes that one of the gods might favorably intervene. These sacrifices usually involved killing livestock while performing a particular ritual, perhaps in the temple devoted to one of the gods. An Ancient Greek looking for… A calm Caribbean cruise A prom date …would pray to Poseidon (because he’s the god of the sea) A bright day for a picnic A lasting relationship with your husband or wife A good price when bidding for the Dawson’s Creek finale on ebay Triplets Greek Mythology Study Guide page 2, English 10: Mr. Krauss Name ______________________________ Vocabulary One: Terms connected to Greek Mythology Below are seven English words adopted from Greek Mythology. • Find the definition of all of the terms, and write them in the “definition” column. • Find the mythological origin of 4 of the terms (not including the one done for you), and write them in the “Origin” column. If you’re not sure, try www.mythweb.com. Term Midas touch Definition The ability to make, manage, and keep large amounts of money. Origin King Midas was able to turn anything into gold by touching it. Herculean Sisyphean Tantalize Titanic Stygian Achilles’ heel Greek Mythology Study Guide page 3, English 10: Mr. Krauss Name ______________________________ Vocabulary Two: Terms from the Myths Directions: Look up the definition for each of the words below and copy it into the “Definition” column (I recommend using www.dictionary.com). Finally, write a sentence using the word appropriately. You do not need to provide sentences for the shaded boxes. Word Definition Sentence Ambrosia Food and drink of the gods; The bakery’s scents were ambrosia to me: Something with an especially my mouth watered every time I walked by. delicious flavor or fragrance; A dessert of oranges and coconut Atone Hind Female red deer Idol Insatiable Mare Nemesis (the word, not the goddess) Nereid Sea goddess in service to Poseidon Oracle Sieve Greek Mythology Study Guide page 4, English 10: Mr. Krauss Name ______________________________ Reading Guide You will read several Greek Myths in this unit of study. For each myth, you must answer several questions to demonstrate your understanding of its plot and characters. Minor Gods 1. What decided how long a mortal would live? 2. Who was in charge of repaying all the good and evil on the Earth? 3. Who created Man? Prometheus 4. What gift did Prometheus steal for mankind? 5. Describe two ways people worshipped their gods? a. ______________________________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________________________ 6. How did Zeus punish Prometheus for stealing and teaching mankind to cheat the gods? Pandora 7. Hephaestus gave Pandora a body, Athena gave her life, Aphrodite gave her jewels and a smile. What two things did Zeus give her? a. ______________________________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________________________ 8. When Pandora opened her jar, what flew out? What remained? Perseus 9. Forty-nine Danaïdes (daughters of Danaüs) were punished in the afterlife. What was their crime? Greek Mythology Study Guide page 5, English 10: Mr. Krauss Name ______________________________ 10. How were the forty-nine Danaïdes punished? 11. Why did Acrisius lock Danaë away in a sealed chamber? 12. Who was Perseus’ father? 13. Perseus offered his service to the king who wanted to marry Danaë (Perseus’ mother). What service did the king request? 14. How did Perseus get the three Gray Sisters to talk to him? 15. The Gorgons turned people to stone simply by looking. How did Perseus manage to kill Medusa? 16. Why was Andromeda chained to a cliff for a monster to eat? 17. How did Perseus greet the king who had sent him on his quest? 18. What was Acrisius’ ultimate fate? 19. What is one statement you can make about justice based on this myth? Sisyphus 20. How did Sisyphus first trick Hades? 21. How did Sisyphus trick Hades a second time? 22. When Sisyphus finally did die, what was his punishment in the underworld? Greek Mythology Study Guide page 6, English 10: Mr. Krauss Name ______________________________ Bellerophon 23. Describe Pegasus 24. What monster did Pegasus and Bellerophon slay together? Describe it. 25. Bellerophon made a mistake after becoming king that cost him Pegasus, his kingdom, and his health. What was his mistake? Heracles 26. Why did Hera hate Heracles? 27. For what crime did Heracles feel he needed to atone? 28. Complete the following chart, briefly describing what Heracles had to do for each of his 12 labors. Labor Number What did Heracles have to do? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Greek Mythology Study Guide page 7, English 10: Mr. Krauss Name ______________________________ 12 29. Why did Heracles return to the Underworld after all his labors were done? 30. What finally “killed” Heracles (or caused him to ascend to Mt. Olympus)? Theseus 31. To what creature did Poseidon cause Queen Pasiphaë to give birth? 32. King Minos agreed not to sack Athens as long as the Atheneans gave him what? 33. What sign does Theseus tell his father to look for on the ships if he defeats the creature? 34. Who gave Theseus the string that led him to the creature? 35. In his rush to escape Crete, what did Theseus forget to do? 36. What did King Aegeas do when he saw Theseus’ boat returning home? Why? Oedipus 37. What prophecy does Oedipus receive when he visits the Oracle at Delphi? 38. What creature walks on four feet in the morning, two at noon, and three in the evening? 39. When a pestilence settles on Thebes, Oedipus calls a seer to help him solve the problem. What does the seer tell him to do? 40. A servant that was present at the king’s death comes forward. What is his news? Greek Mythology Study Guide page 8, English 10: Mr. Krauss Name ______________________________ 41. What does Oedipus do when he hears the news? Justice in Greek Mythology Since we are exploring the theme of justice through several works of literature, we need to develop a couple of culminating ideas about justice based on our Greek Myths. Try to create two general statements about justice based on one or more of the myths you have read. Explain how the myth supports the statement, then explain whether or not that statement is true for our lives in the United States. Statement The gods gave mortals punishments that fit their crimes. Supporting Myth(s) Sisyphus Specific Example from Myth Sisyphus was clever in life, and tricked Hades. When Sisyphus finally died, Hades made him roll a boulder forever to keep him from thinking up clever plans. True in U.S.A.? Why/why not? Not usually: punishments are already established as fines, community service, jail, etc. Greek Mythology Study Guide page 9, English 10: Mr. Krauss Name ______________________________ Project: Greek Myth Sells! Due: ________________________ Purpose: We studied a limited number of the many, many Greek myths available. Greek myths can be found everywhere—they’re the foundation of many of our stories, and references (allusions) to them can be found in literature, on television, and even in advertising. Project: You will compile three examples of references to Greek mythology used in advertising. For each example you will provide: • A basic overview of how the myth is used in the ad. • A graphic (the company logo, a piece of their advertising, a clip from the yellow pages) that demonstrates the use of this myth. • A brief (2-3 sentence) overview of the myth referenced • A brief (2-3 sentence) explanation of why the company chose that particular myth. Resources For advertisements, check the Internet, the yellow pages, and advertising papers like “The Pennysaver”. For myths, check www.mythweb.com, or look to your mythology packet. If you’re not sure what to look for, try the following key words. These are just a few of the many possibilities. Zeus Cerberus Apollo Odysseus (Ulysses) Minos Perseus Hera Persephone Perseus Pygmalion Midas Medusa Hades Bacchus / Dionysus Pegasus Orpheus Muse Labyrinth Mercury Aphrodite / Venus Bellerophon Theseus Mount Olympus Minotaur Grading This will count as a project for Marking Period 1 Each of your three advertisements will be graded using the following rubric—the final project grade will be an average of the three. 25% Overview of how the myth is used 25% Graphic 25% Brief summary of the myth 25% Explanation of how the myth ties in with the product. See the next page for an example of what one of these advertisements might look like. See the last page of the packet for a copy of the grading rubric. Greek Mythology Study Guide page 10, English 10: Mr. Krauss Name ______________________________ Example: The Mobil Pegasus Mobil gas stations use the Pegasus as a symbol for their products: What is it?: The Pegasus was a winged horse in Greek Mythology that came from the blood of the Medusa. Bellerophon captured the Pegasus and rode it to kill a monster called the Chimera. Later, Bellerophon tried to ride the Pegasus to the top of Mount Olympus, but his steed threw him off, realizing that no mortal should try to achieve what belongs only to the gods. How does it tie in?: The horse is a symbol for speed; a flying horse would probably be that much faster. Mobil wants the consumer to associate their products (automobile gas and oil) with speed, so the Pegasus is an obvious choice. Greek Mythology Study Guide page 11, English 10: Mr. Krauss Name ______________________________ Greek Myth Sells! Rubric Your project will be graded on the following criteria for each of your three advertisements. The final project grade will be the average of the three grades. Note: If a section of an advertisement is missing (ie, no graphic), you will receive a 0 for that section. 25 20 15 10 The paper The paper points The paper The overview is Overview of explicitly out that a myth is implies that a unreadable or how myth is describes how used in the myth is used in very difficult to used the advertisement, the understand. advertisement but does not advertisement. uses the myth explicitly state how. The paper The paper Graphic contains a contains a graphic graphic that demonstrating seems to have the company, the little to do with myth, or the the company, connection product, or myth. between the two. The myth is The myth is The myth is The myth is Summary of clearly told, clearly presented somewhat completely myth brief, and inaccurate or inaccurate. relevant to the difficult to company or understand. product. The explanation The explanation The explanation The explanation Explanation of explicitly implies that the is somewhat is nearly how the myth connects the myth is unclear or unreadable, or ties in with the myth with the connected to the difficult to wildly product product product. understand inaccurate. Greek Mythology Study Guide page 12, English 10: Mr. Krauss