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GEOL 101 Lecture 5 Dr. J. Steven Kite West Virginia University Volcanoes “Volcano” y m Jim ett Bu f f 1979 Songs You Know by Heart Spring Study Abroad Fair Office of International Programs invites students to WVU’s 2009 Spring Study Abroad Fair 10 a.m.-4 p.m. Jan. 28 Mountainlair ballrooms. The fair will feature study abroad programs, and faculty leaders and OIP staff will be on hand to answer questions. There will be door prizes Start Working on Test Questions are available on my web site http://www.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/teaching.htm Bring “Magma Chamber” (Lava Lamp) Volcanoes: • Composition of Magma: Important To Nature of Volcanic Eruptions and Resulting Landforms. 3 Eruption Types: • Gaseous: Few Landforms • Explosive: Viscous Magma - • Effusive: Fluid Magma Basaltic - Lava 3 Eruption Types: • Gaseous: Few Landforms Explosive Eruption: Pyroclastics Pinatubo, Philippines 1991 Fluid Basaltic Lava Flow Mauna Loa, March 1983 Magma Viscosity Analog 2 Types of Eruption Apertures: • Fissures • Vents Basaltic Fissure Eruption, Hawaii 1983 Popocatepetl, Mexico: 1994 Fissure Eruptions • Basaltic: Fluid Lava – Flood Basalts With Many Feeder Dikes; Basalt Plateaus Columnar Jointing Columnar Jointing, Yellowstone NP Lava Flow • J.S. Kite Photo, 2008 Dry Falls, Washington Vent Eruptions = True Volcanoes Basaltic Eruptions: Fluid Lava • Shield Volcano (Hawaiian) Flank Eruptions • Hawaii 33,000 ft Relief; Olympus Mons = 80,000 ft • Late Eruptions from Mafic Magma Chamber may be Viscous Basaltic Shield Volcano Mauna Kea, Hawaii Shield Volcano Basaltic Lava Flow Shield Volcano: Mauna Loa, Hawaii Mauna Loa Central Vent, Mauna Kea in Distance Kupaianaha Shield, 1986 Pu’u O’o Lava Tube, 1992 Lava Tube, Hawaiian Volcanoes National Park Pu’u O’o - Royal Gardens Aa Flow 1983 Kilauea Eruptions 1983-Date 181 Houses Destroyed 13 km of Road Buried Pu’u O’o - Royal Gardens Aa Flow 1983 Kupaianaha Flow Meets Pacific, 1988 Rhyolitic Eruptions: Viscous Magma & Pyroclastics • Cinder Cones • Lava Domes • Minor Lava Flows Tavurvur Volcano, New Guinea: Cinder Cone, Pyroclastics Ashfall, Papua New Guinea, 1994 Cinder Cone: Mt. Etna, Italy Viscous (Rhyolitic) Magma May Occur in Late Eruption Phases of Intermediate Magma Chamber Post-1980 Lava Dome Mt. St. Helens Intermediate (Andesitic) Magma: Composition Varies Viscous to Fluid • Small Cinder Cones & Flows Grow into.... • Composite Cones (=Stratovolcanos) –Composite of Flows & Pyroclastics Soufriere Hills Volcano Montserrat Plymouth, Montserrat, July 1997 Bethel, Montserrat, July 1997 Mt. St. Helens, Spirit Lake America’s Most Perfect Volcano Mt. St. Helens, April 1980 Bulge Mt. St. Helens Pyroclastics 1980 New Spirit Lake Blast Zone of Mt. St. Helens Eruption Casualty Mt. Rainier & Tacoma, WA Popocatepetl, Mexico: 1994 Popocatepetl, Mexico: Dec 2000 Caldera: Collapse of Magma Chamber Positive Feed Back System: Lower Pressure = Eruption; Eruption = Lower Pressure • Krakatoa 1883 • Mt. Mazama - Crater Lake Crater Lake: Caldera of Mt Mazama Caldera Eruptions • Welded Sheet of Tephra Includes Ash, Bombs etc. Mt. Mazama Tephra or Pyroclastics Aniakchak Caldera, Alaska Erosion • Volcanic Neck Usually More Resistant To Erosion • Erosion often Simultaneous with Eruption –Complex Forms Shiprock, New Mexico Magma Chamber Model http://www.lavaworld.com/cfm/catalog/productlist.cfm ©2000 Haggerty Enterprises, Inc., Chicago, Illinois Pluton • Igneous Intrusion –May Not Connect to Volcanos • Large Pluton Cool Very Slow Coarse-Grained Rx • Small Plutons Cool Rapidly Fine Grained Rx Igneous Plutons Plutons • • • • • • Batholith - Huge Stock - Big Dike - Across Country Rock Layering Sill - Parallel Country Rock Layering Laccolith - Igneous “Blister” Pipe or Neck- Feeder Tube Igneous Plutons Igneous Dikes See Web for Copyrighted Image Finger Mountain Sill Jurassic “Basalt” Upper Taylor Glacier, Antarctica ~ 200 m thick intruded into Sandstone Photo: Bernard M.Gunn, 1959 www.geokem.com/images/pix/G-FDOL.jpg Devils Tower, Wyoming: Eroded Laccolith, J.S. Kite Photo, 2006 Long Valley Batholith & Dikes