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United States History Total Complete Glossary Study online at quizlet.com/_7nrfu 1. 13th Amendment: This amendment legally forbade slavery in 18. the United States. 2. 3. from cotton fibers. Now cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. Results: more cotton is grown and more slaves are needed for more acres of cotton fields 14th Amendment: Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. and declared that no state could deprive any person of life, liberty, or property "without due process of law". 19. 15th Amendment: This amendment granted black men the right Abolitionist Movement: Movement in the 18th and 19th 20. American Revolution: The war between Great Britain and its American colonies, 1775-83, by which the colonies won their independence. 6. 21. Antietam: 1862: The first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this win for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation. 8. Appomattox Court House: Where General Lee (Confederacy/South) surrendered to General Grant (Union/North) ending the Civil War. 9. 22. 10. 23. English Bill of Rights: A 1689 document that guaranteed the 24. Federalism: A form of government in which power is divided rights of English citizens. between the federal, or national, government and the states. 25. 11. 12. 14. 27. 28. 29. 16. Constitution: The body of fundamental laws setting out the 30. 17. Constitutional Convention of 1787: Delegates met to revise the Articles of Confederation, but ultimately decided to write the Constitution as a replacement. Gettysburg: Last chance for the Confederacy. The Union won and Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address which said that all men were created equal (turning point in war). 31. Gibbons v. Ogden: Supreme Court decision that ruled that the Constitution gave control of interstate commerce to the U.S. Congress, not the individual states. 32. new country. principles, structures, and processes of a government French and Indian War: A conflict in North America from 1754 to 1763 that was part of a worldwide struggle between France and Britain; Britain defeated France and gained French Canada Confederacy(South) from 1861-1865. Colonization: The movement of settlers and their culture to a Free Enterprise System: An economic system which includes economic choice, competition, profit motive, and limited government regulation of the economy. Civil War: War between the Union (North) and 15. Fort Sumter: A federal outpost in Charleston, South Carolina, that was attacked by the Confederates in April 1861, starting the Civil War. Checks and Balances: A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power. First Amendment: States that "Congress shall make no law" restricting freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition. Boston Tea Party: Protest against British policies in which the Sons of Liberty boarded British ships and dumped tea into Boston Harbor in 1773. 13. 26. Bill of Rights: The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press. Federalist Papers: A series of 85 essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay (using the name "publius") used to convice readers to adopt the new constitution. Battle Hymn of the Republic: Written by Julia Ward Howe for the Union during the Civil War. The hymn became the unofficial anthem of the Union. Early Republic: America's early years as a country (17831825). This time period includes the Articles of Confederation and America's first five Presidents. Articles of Confederation: Adopted in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the Articles established the United States of America. The Articles granted limited powers to the central government, reserving most powers for the states. The result was a poorly defined national state that couldn't govern the country's finances or maintain stability. The Constitution replaced them in 1789. Dred Scott v. Sandford: 1857 Supreme Court decision that stated that slaves were not citizens; that living in a free state or territory, even for many years, did not free slaves; and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. Anti-Federalist: An individual who opposed the ratification of the new Constitution in 1787. The Anti-Federalists were opposed to a strong central government. 7. Declaration of Independence: A 1776 document stating that the 13 English colonies were a free and independent nation. The Declaration of Independence was written mostly by Thomas Jefferson. centuries that sought to make slavery illegal in the U.S. 5. Dawes Act: 1887 law that tried to "Americanize" Native Americans by turning tribal lands into individual farms. In addition, the law set up schools to "Americanize" Native American children. to vote. 4. Cotton Gin: Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds Homestead Act: Law passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25. 33. Hudson River School: A group of American painters of the mid-19th century whose works are characterized by a highly romantic treatment of nature. 34. Immigrant Groups: People who move into a country. 53. Immigrant groups in America include: British, German, Irish, Italians, Greeks, Chinese, Japanese, Mexicans, etc. 35. Indian Removal Act: Law passed in 1830 that forced many 36. Individual Rights: Basic liberties and rights of all citizens that 37. Industrialization: Development of a system which supports South Carolina did not want to pay a new tariff and stated that states could ignore federal laws that they disagreed with. 54. Plantation System: Production system using large agricultural 55. Political Parties: Organized groups that attempt to influence Native American nations to move west of the Mississippi River tracts to produce cash crops using slave labor in the Americas are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights. the machine production of goods. 38. the government by electing their members to important government offices. 56. Popular Sovereignty: People hold the final authority in all 57. Proclamation of 1763: Act passed by England prohibiting 58. Radical Reconstruction: Term popularized by anti- matters of government. Interchangeable Parts: identical parts that can be used in place of one another in manufactoring. 39. colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains Intolerable Acts: A series of laws set up by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for its protests against the British. Nullification Crisis: Crisis that occurred in 1832 and 1833. Reconstruction Southern Conservatives who opposed the Civil War Amendments and public schools. 40. Judicial Review: The right of the Supreme Court to determine if 41. Lexington and Concord: The first battle of the American 59. Ratification: Official approval. Revolution (April 19, 1775). 60. Reconstruction: (1865-1877) The reorganization and 61. Reform Movements: A movement intended to bring about 62. Representative Government: Political system in which voters a law violates the Constitution. 42. including all authority figures, must obey the laws. 43. 46. Revolution: A drastic and far-reaching change in a society. 65. Saratoga: The decisive early battle of the American Revolution Marbury v. Madison: 1803 case in which the Supreme Court Mayflower Compact: 1620 - The first agreement for self- McCulloch v. Maryland: 1819 Supreme Court decision that 51. 66. Second Great Awakening: A period of religious evangelism that began in the 1790s and became widespread throughout the United States by the 1830s. 67. Sectionalism: Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole. 68. Separation of Powers: The division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. 69. Stamp Act: A 1765 law passed by Parliament that required all legal and commercial documents to carry an official stamp showing a tax had been paid. 70. States' Rights: Idea that the states have certain rights that the federal government cannot overrule. 71. Steamboat: A boat that moves by the power of a steam engine, made it easier and quicker to travel goods Monroe Doctrine: President Monroe's foreign policy statement warning European nations not to interfere in Latin America. 72. Tariffs: Taxes on imported (from other countries) goods. Morrill Act: Passed by Congress in 1862, this law distributed 73. Taxation: The right of government to require contribution from millions of acres of western lands to state governments in order to fund state agricultural colleges. 52. that led to the American alliance with France. Mercantilism: The practice of regulating colonial trade for the profit of the home country. 50. in the people and is exercised by their elected representatives. 64. established the supremacy of the national government over state governments. In deciding this case, Chief Justice John Marshall and his colleagues held that Congress had certain implied powers in addition to the enumerated powers found in the Constitution. 49. Republicanism: A form of government in which power resides right and duty to expand across the continent. government in America, signed by 41 members of the Plymouth colony. 48. 63. Manifest Destiny: The belief that America had the God-given ruled that it had the power to abolish legislative acts by declaring them unconstitutional; this power came to be known as judicial review. 47. elect representatives to make laws for them. Magna Carta: This document was signed by King John in 1215. It was the first document that limited the power of the government. 45. social and humanitarian changes. Louisiana Purchase: 1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US. 44. rebuilding of the former Confederate states after the Civil War. Limited Government: In this type of government everyone, citizens to pay for government services. 74. the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states Taxation without Representation: The colonists were angry because they had to pay taxes to England but they did not get to have a representative in the English Parliament. Northwest Ordinance: Passed in 1787, it is considered one of 75. Temperance: Movement that advocated the outlawing (prohibition) of alcohol. 76. The Age of Jackson: 1828-1840; Creation of "Jacksonian Democracy", reform movement that changed American government & democracy. The "common man" became more powerful in America. 77. 91. 92. 93. Virginia and New Jersey Plans, called for an Upper-House Senate (equal representation) and a lower House of Representatives (based on population). 80. 81. 82. Transatlantic Slave Trade: African slaves that were imported 83. Transcendentalism: A philosophy stressing the relationship to the Americas starting in the 15th century. between human beings and nature, spiritual things over material things, and the importance of the individual conscience. 84. Transcontinental Railroad: A railroad that connected the eastern United States with the western United States. The railroad firmly bonded the West Coast with the Union, created a trade route to the Far-East, and helped the western expansion. 85. Treaty of Paris 1783: Treaty between England and the Colonies, formally ended the American Revolution. 86. 94. U.S.-Mexican War: This was a war over land between the U.S. and Mexico in the years 1846 to 1848. The underlying causes were the spirit of Manifest Destiny making the U.S. want to annex California and the west coast. The ending event was the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. This resulted in the U.S. becoming larger by a third. Other effects from the war were the California Gold Rush, stimulation to the spirit of Manifest Destiny, and priceless field experience for leading Civil War generals. 87. Unalienable Rights: Basic human rights that cannot be taken 88. Urbanization: The movement of people from rural areas to 89. Valley Forge: The place where Washington kept his army away or surrendered. cities during the winter of 1777-1778. They had to deal with harsh & cold weather. There, Baron von Steuben trained Washington's soldiers and made them better. Westward Expansion: Growth of the United States from original colonies into new lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. 95. Worcester v. Georgia: Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Andre Jackson ignored the ruling. Trail of Tears: The tragic journey of the Cherokee people from their homeland in Georgia to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. The Trail of Tears occurred between 1838 and 1839 and thousands of Cherokee died. Washington's Farewell Address: President Washington decided not to seek reelection in 1796. Near the end of his term he delivered this address that warned the nation not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties, and to avoid sectionalism. Three-Fifths Compromise: A compromise between Northern and Southern states that broke the deadlock over how slaves should be counted for purposes of representation. Three-Fifths of slaves would be included in population totals, benefiting Southern states that had the largest concentration of slaves by inflating their representation in the House of Representatives. War of 1812: 1812-1814 war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of U.S. ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: The first written The Great Compromise: Compromise that combined the Virginia House of Burgesses: 1619. First elected legilative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia. Served as an early model of elected government in the New World. constitution in America. It was written in 1639 and provided for a Representative Government. 79. Vicksburg: Battle which gave the Union control of the Mississippi River. The Emancipation Proclamation: Document written by Abraham Lincoln which freed the slaves in the states that were in rebellion. This changed the reason why the war was fought from preserving the Union to freeing the slaves. 78. 90. 96. Yorktown: The last major battle of the American Revolution in which Charles Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington.