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EXAMPLE ONLY Student Name Student ID Cheryl Beland 0109719 - pg1 Jason Rafael 0125923-pg2 Tara Burton 0207595-pg3 PIX or SERIES # Tissues Classification MAIN Connective Sub Type Fibrous Sub Type Loose Dense Supportive Cartilage Bone Fluid Blood Sub Type Name of Slide / Notes / Description Picture or Illustration From Web XC LOCATION / ORGANS / REGIONS where would you find that tissue type? Sub Type PRIMARY FUNCTION 1 Adipose-fat cells (adipocytes) 2 Slide1 is of a cross section of the mammalian trachea (wind pipe) contains examples of several different kinds of tissues. In addition to the pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the trachea and hyaline cartilage, also seen on this slide is an extensive area of adipose tissue, which is specialized for fat storage. Slide 2: the fat has been removed from the cells giving the tissue the appearance of fish net. (100 X MAGNIFICATION) Reticular fibers - reticulum (a network) 3 The slides show loose (reticular) connective tissue fibers which form a branching network, an interwoven framework in lots of organs. A network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network. Regular 4 These slides show (white fibrous) at 400x magnification. It consists of primarily parallel collagen fibers and a few elastic fibers. Its major cell type is fibroblast. Irregular 5 Slide 1 shows dense irregular connective tissue found beneath the basal surface of the epidermis. Notice how the fibers are cut in various planes. Slide 2: Skin, hair follicles - Microscope at 400X Dense irregular connective tissue contains an interwoven meshwork of collagen fibers. This structural pattern provides support to areas subjected to stresses from many directions. As you grasp objects in your hand or pivot your The dermis of the skin is dense irregular connective tissue and is what foot, forces are placed across the skin from any of a number of directions. The gives skin its strength. protein fibers anchoring skin in these locations counter variable forces by being arranged randomly. Elastic 9 These slides show Elastic connective tissue - 400x This tissue clearly shows the thick elastic fibers found in this kind of tissue. Elastic Connective Tissue is a specific connective tissue underneath the banner of Connective Tissue Proper and, to be specific, a dense connective tissue (as Connective Tissue Proper is divided into Loose & Dense CT). It is labeled this due to it's intense concentration of elastic fibers in the extracellular matrix. Elastic connective tissue can be found in the vocal cords and in the nuchal Elastic connective tissue is used by the body to create structures that ligaments that help to hold the head up. A good amount of this tissue is found in can stretch. arteries which are really elastic. Hyaline 7 These slides show Hyaline cartilage - 400x, which is the most common type of cartilage. The matrix contains closely packed collagen fibers, making hyaline cartilage tough but somewhat flexible. You can see the lacunae spread out, with no fibers visible in the matrix. Hyaline cartilage is distinguished by its homogenous matrix surrounding the small nests of chrondrocytes. Notice the perichondrium which surrounds hyaline cartilage. Hyaline Cartilage connects the ribs to the sternum (breastbone), supports the conducting passageways of the respiratory tract, and covers opposing bones surfaces within joints. Elastic 8 These slides show Elastic cartilage - 400x Slide 1: (auricle of ear) Slide 2: Note the lacunae where the chondrocytes are located. A closer look shows the heterogeneity of the matrix. Again confirm elastic fibers by focusing through them on the actual microscope. Fibro 9 These slides show Fibrous cartilage - 400x This tissue is found in the intervertebral discs of the spinal column and in the menisci (pads) found between certain bones such as the femur and tibia. Fibrocartilage ideally assumes a herring bone pattern. It has a linear orientation related to it's function. You can see the lacunae interspersed with the prominent fibers. Always look for the isolated chondrocytes in their lacunae. Pads of fibrous cartilage lie between the vertebrae of the spinal column, between the pubic bones of the pelvis, and around or within a few joints and tendons. Compact 10 These slides contain a section of dried compact bone. Note that the bone matrix is deposited in concentric layers called lamellae. The basic unit of structure in compact bone is the osteon. In each osteon, the lamellae are arranged around a central Haversian canal that houses nerves and blood vessels in living bone. The osteocytes (bone cells) are located in spaces called lacunae, which are connected by slender branching tubules called canaliculi. These "little canals" radiate out from the lacunae to form an extensive network connecting bone cells to each other and to the blood supply. Because of the closely packed osteons and multiple stacked layers with few gaps on this tissue, the compact bone is extremely hard and dense Compact bone, also called cortical bone, forms a shell around cancellous bone (compared with the cancellous bone). These features are vital to serve and is the primary component of the long bones of the arm and leg and other its function in providing support to the body and protecting the organs. It bones, where its greater strength and rigidity are needed. It makes up the hard also provides levers for movement and store minerals (similar to exterior of skeletal bones. cancellous bone). Spongy 11 Spongy (Cancellous) Bone Tissue is composed of small trabeculae (bars) of bone. Spongy bone is the tissue that makes up the interior of bones. In long bones, spongy bone forms the interior of the epiphyses. Spongy bone (cancellous bone) is in shorter, flatter bones, and at the ends of long bones under compact bone. It is also found on the edges of rounded bones like those of the arms and legs. Though this bone is not quite as strong as compact bone, it is somewhat more flexible and is useful in bones that are jointed. 12 Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, exist throughout a blood smear. They appear in these slides as biconcave discs of uniform shape and size that lack organelles and granules. Red blood cells have a characteristic pink appearance due to their high content of hemoglobin, which is basic. The central pale area of each red blood cell is due to the concavity of the disc. A second image from the scanning electron microscope shows the biconcave shape of erythrocytes. This shape allows red blood cells to bend and deform so that they can traverse tiny capillaries. Erythocytes are the major cellular element of the circulating blood. Slide 1: Eosinophil - 10 to 15 um diameter Eosinophils constitute 2.0 to 4.0% of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the human blood, and are the largest in size of the granulocytes. These cells usually contain a bilobate (two lobes) nucleus and a cytoplasm full of brightly stained eosinophilic (orange-red) specific granules. These secondary granules contain peroxidase, lysosomal enzyme, and major basic protein. Slide 2: The electron micrograph slides of the eosinophil shows its bilobed nucleus as well as the many granules containing major basic protein. Produced in the bone marrow, eosinophils migrate into circulation briefly before Eosinophils function specifically as phagocytes to destroy larvae of moving into tissue where they survive for around six hours. Eosinophils are parasites that have invaded tissues i.e. in trichinosis, schistosomiasis, mainly located in connective tissue associated with routes into the respiratory, and appear to play a role in allergic responses. Other functions of digestive, and reproductive systems as well as the urinary tract. eosinophils include phagocytosis of antigen antibody complexes. 14 These slides are of Basophils, which have a simple or bilobed nucleus that is often difficult to see because of its most characteristic feature: a large number or coarse, purplish granules. These granules contain histamine, similar to mast cell granules. Basophils differ from eosinophils and neutrophils in that they are not phagocytes; instead, they degranulate to perform their immune function. They are intermediate in size between the other two classes of granulocytes. The electron micrograph of the basophil demonstrates its single-lobed nucleus and numerous histamine granules. Basophils can be found in unusually high numbers at sites of ectoparasite infection, e.g., ticks. Like eosinophils, basophils play a role in both parasitic infections and allergies. They are found in tissues where allergic reactions are occurring and probably contribute to the severity of these reactions. 15 Slide 1: Neutriophil - 10 to 15 u diameter. These cells constitute 70% of leukocytes. Neutrophils are the most numerous of all leukocytes, therefore, easiest to identify. Slide 2: The cytoplasm is pink to grey because of the neutral staining of specific granules (i.e. they don't stain ) and contains fine lilac granules. Neutrophils have a characteristic multilobed nucleus, with 3 to 5 lobes joined by slender strands of genetic material. These granules contain lysosomal enzymes that work against bacteria. In addition to recruiting and activating other cells of the immune system, Neutrophils are normally found in the blood stream. Neutrophils are recruited to neutrophils play a key role in the front-line defense against invading the site of injury within minutes following trauma and are the hallmark of acute pathogens. Neutrophils have three strategies for directly attacking microinflammation. During the beginning (acute) phase of inflammation, neutrophils organisms: phagocytosis (ingestion), release of soluble anti-microbials are one of the first-responders of inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site (including granule proteins), and generation of neutrophil extracellular of inflammation. They are the predominant cells in pus, accounting for its traps (NETs). Neutrophils function as scavengers within extravascular whitish/yellowish appearance. tissue, destroying bacteria or other infectious organisms that invade the body. 16 Monocytes - 12 to 20 um diameter Monocytes are larger than lymphocytes and granulocytes and contain horseshoe-shaped nuclei. Note the grayish blue color of the cytoplasm, and contrast this with the pink cytoplasm of a neutrophil and the deep blue of a lymphocyte in slide 1. Slide 2: An electron micrograph of a monocyte shows its horseshoe-shaped nucleus (which appears as two sections because of the plane of the image) and several phagocytic vesicles. More importantly, it shows granules containing lysosomal enzymes Monocytes are produced by the bone marrow from haematopoietic stem cell precursors called monoblasts. Monocytes circulate in the bloodstream for about one to three days and then typically move into tissues throughout the body. They constitute between three to eight percent of the leukocytes in the blood. Half of them are stored as a reserve in the spleen in clusters in the red pulp's Cords of Billroth.[1] In the tissues monocytes mature into different types of macrophages at different anatomical locations. Monocyte is the largest corpuscle in the blood 17 Slide 1: Lymphocytes constitute 20 - 25% of agranulocytes and may be small, medium or large in size. The nucleus is rounded or oval, and usually the same size as an erythrocyte. The chromatin is densely packed with no apparent nucleoli. When compared with nuclei of other cells, the lymphocyte nucleus almost always appears smudged. The cytoplasm is scanty and stains pale blue. Slide 2:Coloured Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) of killer Tlymphocytes (orange) beginning to attack a cancer cell (mauve). These lymphocytes will kill the cancer cell by chemically inducing Programmed Cell Death (PCD, also known as apoptosis). The small lymphocyte is about the same size as an erythrocyte and contains a dark nucleus with a thin rim of surrounding cytoplasm. Lymphocytes do not The large lymphocyte is considerably larger than its small counterpart contain visible granules. It is not possible to distinguish B- and T-lymphocytes and has a much larger nucleus and greater cytoplasmic volume. It is not at this level of magnification. Under the electron microscope, lymphocytes possible to distinguish B- and T-lymphocytes at this level of appear fairly unremarkable. Importantly, however, the nucleus is round and magnification there are no visible granules present in these cells 18 Slide1: Macrophage. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a macrophage white blood cell. Macrophages are cells of the body's immune system. They are found in the tissues rather than in the circulating blood. The cytoplasmic extensions at the bottom of this cell are used for locomotion within the tissues. Macrophages recognise foreign particles, including bacteria, pollen and dust, and phagocytose (engulf) and digest them. Magnification: x4000 when printed at 10 centimetres wide. Slide 2: Macrophage Attacking E.coli (SEM x8,800 Macrophages function in both non-specific defense (innate immunity) as well as help initiate specific defense mechanisms (adaptive immunity) of vertebrate animals. Their role is to phagocytose (engulf and then digest) cellular debris and pathogens, either as stationary or as mobile cells. They also stimulate lymphocytes and other immune cells to respond to pathogens. They are specialized phagocytic cells that attack foreign substances, infectious microbes and cancer cells through destruction and ingestion. Macrophages are also suspected to be important in the formation of important organs like the heart, brain. 19 Slide 1: Magnification: x3,300 at 6x6cm size. Coloured scanning electron micro- graph (SEM) of activated blood platelets. Platelet cells are formed in the bone marrow, and circulate in the bloodstream in large numbers. When unactivated they are round/oval, whereas activated platelets develop pseudopodia or extensions from the cell wall. Platelets are cytoplasmic fragments derived from megakaryocytes, from which they bud off. These fragments tend to form small aggregates randomly dispersed throughout the blood smear. Slide 2 shows blood platelets, 2 to 5 microns in size. The platelets contain cytoplasm with some intracellular organelles. These include granules, but no nucleus. 20 The first slide is of frozen plasma donated to various blood banks. Slide 2: Blood Plasma is a sort of yellowish liquid and it is one of the essential components of the blood. It constitutes about 55% of the total blood volume. A major part of the plasma is only water and it may even contain dissolved protein particles along with glucose, mineral ions, carbon dioxide, hormones, clotting factors and glucose. 21 Slide 1 shows Lymph, which is composed of water and solutes. It is very similar in composition to blood, but contains fewer proteins and cells. As the blood circulates, it flows through capillary beds where transport of solutes and water into or out of the blood occurs. As solutes move out of the blood and into the tissues, water is lost from the blood (moving into the tissues). Much, but not all, of this water is reabsorbed into the capillaries. The remaining fluid is absorbed into lymphatic capillaries when interstitial pressure is higher than in the lymphatic capillaries and deposited back into the venous blood supply through the subclavian veins. Disruption of the lymphatic drainage of tissues leads to edema. Slide 2 shows lymph and its surrounding tissues. Areolar-Areola "little space" Cells-Formed elements Erythrocytes-red blood cells Leukocytes-white blood cells 13 Loose connective tissue (areolar) is located directly beneath the epidermis of the skin, digestive tract, respiratory and urinary tracts; between muscles around blood vessels, nerves, and around joints Adipose tissue is a highly specialized loose connective tissue. This tissue is scattered around the body, deep in the skin, especially at sides, buttocks, breasts and within other organs. It also provides padding around eyes and kidneys Reticular connective tissue is found around the liver, the kidney, the spleen, and lymph nodes, as well as in bone marrow. Dense regular connective tissue is found making up the tendons and ligaments. Tendons, which connect muscle to bone, derive their strength from the regular, longitudinal arrangement of bundles of elastic fibers. Ligaments bind bone to bone and are similar in structure to tendons. Elastic cartilage is found predominately in the highly bendable cartilage of the outer ear (pinna). The epiglottis, which bends down to cover the glottis (opening) of the larynx each time we swallow, is also made of elastic cartilage. References what's the function? Slide 1 shows loose (areolar) connective tissue, which is used extensively throughout the body for fastening down the skin, membranes, vessels and nerves as well as binding muscles and other tissues together. The tissue consist of an extensive network of fibers secreted by cells called fibroblasts. The most numerous of these fibers are the thicker, lightly-staining collagenous fibers. Thinner, dark-staining elastic fibers composed of the protein elastin can also be seen. Slide 2 shows loose connective tissue of the sole of the foot. Loose (areolar) connective tissue separates the skin from underlying muscles, providing both padding and independent movement. It cushions organs, provides support, but permits independent movement; phagocytic cells in the loose connective tissue provide defense against pathogens. Slide 1: www.bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab Slide 2: ouhsc.edu Adipose tissue is designed to store large quantities of triacylglycerols (triglycerides) and fat-soluble substances. It is the largest storage reservoir of metabolic fuel in the body, it serves as a thermal insulator, in the case of the skin, and a protective cushion, in the case of the adipose that surrounds organs Slide 1: www.bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab Slide 2: histologyolm.stevegallik.org Reticular connective tissue fibers form a soft skeleton (stroma) to support the lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, red bone marrow, and spleen). Adipose tissue is held together by reticular fibers. Slide 1: a-s.clayton.edu Dense regular connective tissue function is it attaches muscles to bones or to muscles Dense regular connective tissue also provides connection between different tissues. The collagen fibers in dense regular connective tissue are bundled in a parallel fashion. Slide 1: a-s.clayton.edu Slide 2: lima.ohio-state.edu Slide 1: missinglink.ucsf.edu Slide 1: a-s.clayton.edu The function of hyaline cartilage is to provide flexible support. It has great tensile strength (due to the collagen) and is highly resistant to pressure (due to the ground substance). Hyaline cartilage provides a framework for the developing embryo prior to the appearance of bone. Later, it supplies the mechanism by which bones grow in length Slide 1: kumc.edu Elastic cartilage is similar to hyaline cartilage, but its matrix contains many elastic fibers along with the delicate collagen fibrils. This cartilage is more elastic than hyaline cartilage and better able to tolerate repeated bending. Slide 1: wps.aw.com Fibrocartilage tissue provides support and rigidity to attached/surrounding structures. It has little ground substance, and its matrix is dominated by collagen fibers. These fibers are densely interwoven, making this tissue extremely durable and tough. In the positions mentioned on the left , they resist compression, absorb shocks, and prevent damaging bone-to-bone contact. Spongy bone has more blood vessels and usually contains bone marrow, where red blood cells are produced and cushions red marrow. Spongy bone is the spongy interior layer of bone that protects the bone marrow. It structurally resembles honeycomb and accounts for about 20% of bone matter in the human body. The function of an erythocytes to transport oxygen from the vascular circulation to the lungs for gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Basophils appear in many specific kinds of inflammatory reactions, particularly those that cause allergic symptoms. Basophils contain anticoagulant heparin, which prevents blood from clotting too quickly. They also contain the vasodilator histamine, which promotes blood flow to tissues. Monocytes play multiple roles in immune function. Such roles include: (1) replenish resident macrophages and dendritic cells under normal states, and (2) in response to inflammation signals, monocytes can move quickly (approx. 8-12 hours) to sites of infection in the tissues and divide/differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells to elicit an immune response. Platelets-cell fragments-do not reproduce-formed element-membraneous formed elements Plasma Lymph-formed in lymph glands and ducts-dissolves fat and carries white blood cells and lymphatic fluids, more salts-dumps into subclavian veins Lymph Platelets are found in blood and important for its role in blood coagulation; platelets, which are formed by detachment of part of the cytoplasm of a megakaryocyte, lack a nucleus and DNA but contain active enzymes and mitochondria. Platelets function in two ways: they plug defects in the walls of damaged blood vessels, and they are involved in the clotting of blood. They also release serotonin which constricts blood vessels. Blood plasma is the straw-colored liquid component of blood in which the blood cells in whole blood are normally suspended. It makes up about 55% of the Plasma is the main medium for excretory product transportation. It also total blood volume. It is the intravascular fluid part of extracellular fluid (all body serves as the protein reserve of the human body. It plays a vital role in fluid outside of cells). It is mostly water (93% by volume) and contains intravascular osmotic effect that keeps electrolyte in balance form and dissolved proteins, glucose, clotting factors, mineral ions, hormones and protects the body from infection and other blood disorders. carbon dioxide. Lymph fluid bathes all the cells of the body, washing away the waste products of the cells. After cleansing the tissue, the lymph fluid is transported through lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes where it rejoins the rest of the blood in the chest. We have 3 times as much lymph fluid in our body as blood. 45 pints of lymph fluid in our body vs blood Lymph acts to remove bacteria and certain proteins from the tissues, transport fat from the small intestine, and supply mature lymphocytes to the blood. Slide 2:eugraph.com Slide 2: kcfac.kilgore.cc.tx.us Slide 2: a-s.clayton.edu Slide 1: a-s.clayton.edu Slide 2: a-s.clayton.edu Slide 2: rainbowskill.com Slide 1: www.bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab Slide 1: eugraph.com Slide 1: medcell.med.yale.edu Slide 1: medcell.med.yale.edu Slide 1; faculty.une.edu Slide 1: faculty.une.edu/com Slide1:faculty.une.edu/com Slide 1: A majority of macrophages are stationed at strategic points where microbial invasion or accumulation of dust is likely to occur. Slide2:washington.uwc.edu Slide 2: a-s.clayton.edu Slide 2: kcfac.kilgore.cc.tx.us Slide 2: baileybio.com Slide 2: jameswpattersonmd.com Slide2:jameswpattersonmd.com Slide 2:a-s.clayton.edu Slide2:sciencephoto.com Slide 2: http://www.scumdoctor.com Slide 1: :faculty.une.edu/com Slide 1: sciencephoto.com Slide 1: bing.com/images Slide 1: www.picturesdepot.com Slide 1: emfnews.org Slide 2: http://www.scumdoctor.com Slide 2: pathmicro.med.sc.edu Slide 2: sciencephoto.com Slide 2: medicalpicturesinfo.com Slide 2: pc.maricopa.edu PIX or SERIES # Tissues Classification LOCATION / ORGANS / REGIONS where would you find that tissue type? References what's the function? Skeletal 22 This first slide shows islands of healthy skeletal muscle scattered with vascularized connective tissue and the second slide is Necrotic skeletal muscle fiber bundles or dying smooth Mucles due to loss of vascular support. Sketetal muscle is found throughout the body. Sketetal muscle helps with movement, helps maintain posture and body position, support of organ tissues and heat production. Smooth 23 This first slide shows Smooth Muscle derived from embryonic stem cells, the second picture is Human Bronchial Smooth Muscle Cells. Smooth muscles cells derived from human embryonic stem cells showing the nuclei (blue) and proteins of the cytoskeleton (green). These cells could one day be used to replace smooth muscle of the blood vessels, bladder, intestines or uterus. Smooth Muscle can be found almost every organ, forming sheets, bundles, or sheaths around other tissues. They are found in the skeletal, muscular, nrevous, endocrine, digestive and urinary system. Smooth muscle around blood vessels regulate blood flow through vital organs. Smooth muscle also regular movement along internal passageways (Sphincters) Cardiac 24 Like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is striated. Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle also has intercalated discs, which both strengthens the tissue and provides a route for electrical stimulation impulses to travel throughout the heart. Slide 1: Cardiac Muscle with intercalated discs, Slide 2: cardiac smooth Muscle with all central nuclei and cross striations. Cardiac muscle can only be found in the heart, in the midline of the thoracic region of the chest. Cardiac muscle controls all blood flow throughout the body. Cardiac muscle tissue contracts without neural stimulation (automaticity) by specialized cardiac muscle cells called pacemaker cells. Cardiac muscle cannot undergo tetanus. sciencephoto.com Neurons 25 These slides show human embryonic stem cell-motor neurons stained to fluoresce in green. Using Immunofluorescent light micrograph. Neurons are the neurotransmitters in the body that transmit action potentials. They are the intricate network of communication within the body. Neurons can be found in the central and peripheral nervous systems. All neuron function involves the communication of neurons with one another and with other cells. mndresearch.wordpress.com anteaterblog.tumblr.com Three sub categories 26 Slide one shows Astrocytes in the central nervous system, magnified 100 times. Neurons appear round and red. The astrocytes (motor neuron support cells) are yellow There are three forms of astrocytes in the CNS: fibrous, protoplasmic, and radial astrocytes. Fibrous, found in white matter, Protoplasmic, found in gray matter, and radial, which exist at the intersection of gray matter and the innermost layer of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes secrete chemicals vital to the maintenance of the blood-brain barrier. They also create a structural framework for CNS neurons and perform repairs in damaged neural tissues. fiborus astrocyte 27 Slide one shows two Fiborus Astrocyte Golgi Stain, Second Slide shows Motor Neuron with neuropil Fibrous astrocytes . Fibrous astrocytes are usually found in the white matter Fibrous astrocytes are found mainly in the white matter, where their processes pass between the nerve fibers. vanat.cvm.umm.edu protoplasmic 28 The first slide is high magnification view of a section from the brain shows numerous, dark stained protoplasmic astrocytes, second shows These astrocytes are found only in the gray matter, which contains neuronal cell bodies These specialized attachments to blood vessels are called foot plates, and they form part of the blood-brain barrier. It is found chiefly in gray matter of brain and spinal cord and is important in metabolite transport anatomyatlases.org casweb.ou.edu 29 The first slide is showing red radial Astrocyte dividing symmetrically or asymmetrically to produce neurons (red) that migrate into the cortex along the fibre of their progenitor. Slide 2: Radial astrocytes have long radial processes that penetrate the granular layer. These astrocytes divide and mature into new granule neurons, cells develop apical processes that become the dendrites of the new granule neurons Radial astrocyte are known to divide symmetrically or asymmetrically to Radial Astrocyte is a type of astrocyte with a radial orientation commonly found produce neurons that migrate into the cortex along the fibre of their in spinal cord and brain of lower vertebrates and sometimes in the optic nerve progenitor. Oligodendrocytes 30 These slides show oligodendrocytes with dark round nuclei Oligodendrocytes are the second major population of glia and are ubiquitous throughout the adult CNS. Ooligodendroglia are the myelin producing cells of the central nervous system that ensheath multiple axons and enable rapid impulse conduction. Ependymal 31 Ependymal slide with a view of the cells merging with the central canal, the second slide is a view of the ependyma, which consists of a single layer of ciliated cuboidal epithelium. Ependymal cells are the cells which line the ventricles of the brain. They are typically cuboidal and often have cilia Ependymal Cells form sheets of cells that line canals and spaces of the CNS. Take part in creating fluid and moving fluid. legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu stonybrookmedicalcenter.org Microglia 32 Microglia, although they are difficult to find on a routine H&E stain of normal brain, they can be identified with a number of special stains.They are the smallest and rarest of the neuroglia in the CNS. Microglia are phagcytic cells derived from WBCs thrat migrated into the CNS as the nervous system formed. Microglia perform protective functions such as: engulfing cellular waste and pathogens. liliantofolievs.wordpress.com Schwann cells 33 Schwann cells are also called Neurolemmocytes are cells that rap around neurons in the peripheral nervous cells. Schwann cell make up the peripheral nevrous system of the brain and The Schwann cells are the cells that make the myelin in the peripheral nervous provide the insulation (myelin) to neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). system. Satellite cells 34 There are vast numbers of satellite cells, and most of the axons in this are Satellite cell slide There are two different nueroglial cells of the peripheral nervous systemSchwann cells and Satellite cells. These cells are found in the (PNS) Astrocytes Sub Type PRIMARY FUNCTION Muscle Neuroglia Is there another subset of classification for this group of cells Sub Type Picture or Illustration From Web XC Sub Type Nervous Sub Type Name of Slide / Notes / Description MAIN radial astrocytes Satellite Cells physically surround and support the neurons in the peripheral nervous systems. jbjs.org burham.edu innoprot.com alsn.mda.org technion.ac.il functionalneurogenesis.com nature.com missinglink.ucsf.edu medscape.com biocare.net microglia.seebyseeing.net neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu ouhsc.edu PIX or SERIES # Tissues Classification Picture or Illustration From Web XC LOCATION / ORGANS / REGIONS where would you find that tissue type? References what's the function? Sub Type Epithelial Simple Squamous 35 Slide 1 is a blood vessel surrounded by simple squamos epithelial with each nucleus shown by the white arrow. Slide 2 is a view of simple squamous epithelial at 400x magnification with dark objects in the middle, which is the nucleus. In simple squamos epithelial, the cells are flat and thin. Viewed from the surface they look like fried eggs. Simple squamous epithelial line ventral body cavities, the heart and blood vessels, portions of kidney tubules(thin sections of nephron loops), the inner lining of cornea and the aveoli (air sacs) of lungs. Simple squamous epithelial cells are thin and flat and reduce friction. They control a vessel's permeability and they perform absorption and secretion. technion.ac.il, gwc.maricopa.edu Cuboidal 36 Slide 1 is an example of simple cuboidal epithelial at high power magnification and slide 2 is the same just at a lower power of magnification. Simple cuboidal epithelial resembles little hexagon boxes, but seen in a sectional view they appear square, such as in the following slides. Bar= 50 Microns Simple cuboidal epithelial are located in glands, ducts, portions of kidney tubules and the thyroid gland Simple cuboidal epithelial's function as limited protection, secretion, and absorption science.tjc.edu,science.tjc.edu Ciliated 37 Slide 1 is simple columnar epithelial that are ciliated as noted with the white box markers at a lower magnification and a angel as with you were looking at them from the side. Slide 2 is an example of the same ciliated simple columnar epithelial but from a different angle, as if you were looking at them from the surface. Simple columnar epithelial cells are hexagon, but taller and more slender, kind of like a beer bottle and resemble rectangles in a section view. The nucleus is banded close to the basement membrane. Simple columnar epithelial lines the respiratory tract, the trachea, and nasal cavity Simple columnar epithelial provides some protection by helping move materials across epithelial surfaces. Non Ciliated 38 Slide 1 is non ciliated columnar epithelial cells at a high magnification and at a horizontal angle. Slide 2 is a uterine tube with the non ciliated columnar epithelial or "peg cells" superior on the slide. Non ciliated columnar epithelial occurs in areas of absorption or secretion, the Non ciliated columnar epithelial provides some protection, helps with lining of the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and collecting ducts secretion and absorption of kidneys. Keratinized 39 Slide 1 is the stratified squamous flat keratinized epithelial example from the sole of a human foot. Slide 2 is the same example with the keratinized part shown by the arrow. In stratified squamous flat keratinized cells, only the top layer is flat, the cells in the lower layers will appear more round. Keratinized cells are flattened dead, densely packed epithelial cells as shown by the markers on the following slides. Stratified squamous flat keratinized epithelial is found where mechanical stresses are severe, like on surface of skin and soles of feet and hands and helps form nails, hair, and calluses. Stratified squamous flat keratinized epithelial is the flattened, dead, densely packed epithelial cells that provide physical protection against abrasion, pathogens and chemical attacks. It also helps form nails, hair, and calluses. Non Keratinized 40 Slide 1 is a non keratinized stratified squamous flat epithelial example taken from the esophagus containing the mucus secreting glands. Slide two is the same example minus the mucus secreting glands from a vagina. Non keratinized stratified squamous flat epithelial forms the lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus and vagina Non keratinized stratified squamous flat epithelial provides physical protection against abrasion, pathogens and chemical attack bios.niu.edu,bios.niu.edu Cuboidal tubules 41 Slide 1 is a cross-sectional view through a duct of a sweat gland, slide 2 is stratified cuboidal tubules surrounding a primary oocyte in late primary follicle. The zona pellucida (ZP) separates the cuboidal cells from the oocyte. Stratified cuboidal tubules are relatively rare and found in the ducts of sweat glands and in the larger ducts of the mammary glands Stratified cuboidal tubules provide limited protection, secretion, and absorption kumc.edu, jeremyswan.com Columnar 42 Slide 1 100x of stratified columnar epithelial, slide 2 is from a salivary gland duct with inside dark purple being the stratified columnar epithelial. Stratified columnar epithelial is also relatively rare and found along portions of the pharynx, epiglottis, anus, urethra, and a few large excretory ducts Stratified columnar epithelial main function is that of protection. jeremyswan.com, cytochemistry.net Pseudostratified 43 Slide 1 from the vas deferens of the male reproductive tract with dark inner circle being the pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Slide 2 is a higher magnetized example of pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Cells look stratified but are not because the cells contact the basement membrane. Epithelial cells of this tissue typically possess cilia. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found in the lining of nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi and in portions of male reproductive tract. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium main function is that of protection and secretion ouhsc.edu, kahandace.blogspot.com 44 slide 1- from a urinary bladder with the transitional epithelium marked by blue line, slide 2 from an empty bladder. Transitional epithelium is a stratified epithelium that tolerates repeated stretching. It is called transitional because the appearance of the epithelium changes from the unstretched to the stretched state. An example would be an empty urinary bladder, the epithelium is layered with the outermost cells appearing plump and cuboidal, as in slide 2. In a full bladder the epithelium appears flattened and more like squamous epithelium. Transitional epithelium are found in the urinary bladder, renal pelvis of kidneys Transitional epithelium permits expansion and recoils after stretching. and ureters Stratified Transitional Squamous flat Sub Type PRIMARY FUNCTION Sub Type Columnar Sub Type Name of Slide / Notes / Description MAIN bcrc.bio.umass.edu,kcfac.kilgore.cc.tx.us technion.ac.il, kcfac.kilgore.cc.tx.us ouhsc.edu ouhsc.edu, kumc.edu