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Questions 1-20:
Multiple Choice -
60 points total
In each of the questions, select the answer you believe most nearly correct and write it in
the blank.
1) ___E ____ David Reznick’s experiments in Trinidad involved studies on the life
cycles of guppies in two streams. In one stream, the primary predator is a large pike-like
cichlid. In the other it is a much smaller killifish. Compared to guppies in the killifish
stream, guppies in the stream with the pike-like predator
A) mature more slowly and are larger at maturity
B) lay far fewer eggs
C) are much more successful
D) have more effective camoflage
E) None of the above
2) ____ A
Common honeybees gather nectar from apple trees and also pollinate
them in the process. If the bees are killed by spraying insecticide, the yield of apples is
reduced, but some apples are still produced. The relationship between apple trees and
bees is best described as
A) Facultative mutualism
B) Obligate mutualism
C) Commensalism
D) Niche overlap
E) Reciprocal altruism
3)
C
As you know, phosphofructokinase is a key enzyme in glycolysis. It
catalyzes the production of Fructose 1,6-diphosphate. Which of the following
statements about phosphofructokinase is not true?
A) The substrates for phosphofructokinase are fructose 6-phosphate and ATP.
B) ATP serves as a non-competitive inhibitor for phosphofructokinase.
C) Phosphofructokinase is a soluble protein found in the mitochondrial matrix.
D) Phosphofructokinase lowers the activation energy of the reaction in which
Fructose 1,6-diphosphate is produced.
E) Phosphofructokinase is subject to feedback inhibition
4)
E
Which of these statements about Hemoglobin (Hb) is true?
A) Hb contains extensive regions of alpha-helical folding
B) Hb contains several iron atoms
C) The bonds between Hb's four subunits are non-covalent
D) Hb's sickle-cell form (Hb-S) is somewhat less soluble than normal Hb.
E) All of the above.
Bio 0200 - 2011 Final Exam Key
5) ____ B
In anaerobic metabolism (fermentation)
A) there are no steps which involve oxidation-reduction
B) there can be steps which involve oxidation-reduction, provided the overall
process is in redox balance.
C) oxygen acts as the terminal electron acceptor.
D) the final steps of the process take place inside mitochondria
E) none of the above.
6)
C
Which of the following statements about translation is correct?
A) A ribosome moves along mRNA from the 3' to the 5' end,
and synthesizes the amino terminus of the polypeptide first
B) A ribosome moves along mRNA from the 3' to the 5' end,
and synthesizes the carboxyl terminus of the polypeptide first
C) A ribosome moves along mRNA from the 5' to the 3' end,
and synthesizes the amino terminus of the polypeptide first
D) A ribosome moves along mRNA from the 5' to the 3' end,
and synthesizes the carboxyl terminus of the polypeptide first
E) Ribosomes have nothing to do with it. Translation involves RNA synthesis!
7)
E
Sickle-Cell Anemia
A) Involves the deletion of a gene for β-globin
B) Is example of a dominant human genetic disorder
C) Is a classic sex-linked gene
D) Involves a frameshift mutation in DNA
E) None of the above
8)
A
In lab, we simulated a microarray analysis in which malignant lung
tissue was compared to non-malignant lung tissue. Results from microarray
analyses of this type provide information about
A) Relative expression levels of many genes
B) Differences in genetic content (DNA) between various tissues
C) The number of mutations present in a specific tissue
D) The number of tandem repeats in the DNA of a specific tissue
E) Mechanisms that regulate gene expression
9)
A
Plasmids used for transformation of bacteria in genetic engineering
generally contain a gene for resistance to a common antibiotic such as
tetracycline. The purpose of the resistance gene is
A) to allow the transformed bacteria to be easily selected
B) to protect the genetically-engineered bacteria against pathogens
C) to exclude viruses from the transformed bacteria
D) to protect research workers against infection from the bacteria
E) None of the above
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Bio 0200 - 2011 Final Exam Key
10)
E
Apoptosis is best described as
A) Pattern formation in the early embryo
B) The way in which cell-to-cell interactions promote differentiation
C) The formation of a 3-layered embryo
D) The role played by pre-formed mRNAs in the egg cytoplasm
E) The process of programmed cell death
11) __D____ Which of the following would be the most effective way to get somebody
to start sweating?
A) warm up the blood leading to their foot
B) raise their setpoint for temperature
C) cool down the blood in their lungs
D) warm up the blood leading to their hypothalamus
E) put them in a cold room
12) ___A___ Which of the following is true of Action Potentials?
A) They are regenerated along the length of the axon so they can travel long
distances and not diminish in size.
B) They vary in size (amplitude) as the amount of stimulation changes.
C) They are slower in myelinated axons than in unmyelinated axons.
D) They are typically smaller than excitatory postsynaptic potentials.
E) Repolarization occurs when sodium is pumped out of the cell by Na/K
ATPase.
13) ____B__ Which of the following manipulations would make a neuron more likely to
fire an action potential?
A) increasing the permeability of the membrane to potassium
B) increasing the density of voltage-gated sodium channels in the membrane
C) decreasing the permeability of the membrane to sodium
D) opening delayed-rectifier potassium channels
E) decreasing the concentration gradient of sodium across the cell membrane
14) ___B___ Your clumsy lab partner accidentally injects you with 10 ml of
hydralazine, a drug that relaxes smooth muscle in arterioles of the systemic circulatory
system. You can expect to experience which of the following effects as a direct or
indirect result of the action of this drug?
A) increased total peripheral resistance
B) decreased blood pressure
C) decreased heart rate
D) None of the above
E) More than one of the above
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Bio 0200 - 2011 Final Exam Key
15) ___B___ If you were to remove all the ATP from a muscle fiber while it is under
constant stimulus to contract
A) myosin would not be able to bind to actin.
B) myosin would not be able to unbind from actin.
C) the myosin head powerstroke would still occur but it would be weaker.
D) the myosin head powerstroke would go in the reverse direction.
E) the muscle would relax and go flaccid immediately.
16) ___D___ You are so excited about what you have just learned in Bio 20 that you plan
an experiment. Your goal is to get your respiratory exchange ratio to be a small as
possible. Which of the following procedures would result in the lowest respiratory
exchange ratio?
A) Eating sugar and sitting on the couch.
B) Eating sugar and sprinting as fast as you can.
C) Eating fat and sprinting as fast as you can.
D) Eating fat and sitting on the couch.
E) Eating nothing and holding your breath.
17) ____B__ Delirious from studying for your Bio 20 final, you stumble into your
suitemates room and start eating “candy” off of his desk. After consuming 5 packages of
what you think are large sweet tarts, your suitemates asks you, “Hey! Why did you just
eat five packages of Alka-Seltzer?” The Alka-Seltzer enters your stomach where it
dissociates into Na+ and HCO3-. As a large amount of HCO3- enters your blood the
A) pH of your blood becomes more acidic.
B) partial pressure of CO2 in your blood would increase
C) partial pressure of O2 in your blood would decrease
D) free hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in your blood would increase.
E) More than one of the above.
18)
D
Application of cold water to the face of a human while they are holding
their breath will cause
A) a drop in heart rate
B) increased peripheral resistance
C) decreased pressure in the carotid artery
D) More than one of the above
E) All of the above
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Bio 0200 - 2011 Final Exam Key
19) ___D___ Masculinization of the mouse brain early in development leads to
stereotyped male behavior and is accomplished by
A) the binding of testosterone to androgen receptors in specific areas of the male
brain.
B) the binding of estradiol to androgen receptors in specific areas of the male
brain.
C) the binding of testosterone to estrogen receptors in specific areas of the male
brain.
D) the binding of estradiol to estrogen receptors in specific areas of the male
brain.
E) the conversion of estradiol to testosterone by the enzyme aromatase.
20)
B
All of the following are possible stimuli/triggers that lead to ovulation in
various mammals EXCEPT
A) high levels of luteinizing hormone
B) low levels of estradiol from maturing follicle
C) high levels of estradiol from maturing follicle
D) change of season (shortening of day length)
E) coitus (copulation)
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Bio 0200 - 2011 Final Exam Key
21) Population Growth (12 points)
You have just been appointed State game warden of the deer on Prudence Island, RI.
You job is to manage the deer population on more than a thousand acres of State Forest
land on the northern end of the island.
Your predecessors left you population
1993
50
census data, which indicate the deer
1994
60
population on July 1st of each year listed:
1995
72
A) Calculate r, the rate of increase of the population for each of the two years listed (9394 and 94-95) Show your work. (4 points)
1993:
1994:
I = rN
I = rN
10 = r (50)
12 = r (60)
r = 10/50 = 0.2 (20%)
r = 12/60 = 0.2 (20%)
+2 points
+2 points
B) Your superior in State government, fresh from recent successes as Ethics Director of
Enron and Safety Manager for British Petroleum, would like the deer population to
increase more quickly so that he can sell surplus animals to zoos to increase his agency's
budget. He has read that planting of mountain blueberries will more than double the
carrying capacity of a deer habitat. Your boss requests an immediate answer as to
whether or not the costs of planting the blueberries will result in a significant increase in
the number of deer in the next three years. You check the literature and discover that ro
for deer have been estimated to range from 0.18 to 0.21 in three different reports.
Will planting the blueberries make a difference in the next three years? Give him a yes
or no answer, and then support your recommendation with a simple numerical (or
mathematical) argument: (8 points)
The answer is NO. +2 points
Calculations of r at the present time give a value that is close to
ro .
+2 points
Since the population is currently growing close to the intrinsic rate (ro ) this
means that it is far below carrying capacity.
+2 points
Therefore, increasing the carrying capacity at this time will not make any
difference in the rate of growth in the immediate future (the next 3 years).
+2 points
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Bio 0200 - 2011 Final Exam Key
22) Peptide Bond
(12 points)
Show below are the structures of two important amino acids (asparagine & alanine).
• Circle the alpha-carbons of both amino acids (above) +2 points
• Draw the dipeptide N-Ala-Asn-C at the same level of detail as given in the drawing above:
Correct peptide bond
+10 points
Deduct -1 point for minor errors in the structure not affecting the peptide bond.
Deduct -2 points for showing the dipeptide in the wrong order (N-term by ala).
Note: It’s perfectly OK to show the resonant structure of the bond (at
right), or to show any of the amino or carboxyl groups in their ionized
condition.
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Bio 0200 - 2011 Final Exam Key
23) Metabolism (18 points)
Laboratory measurements of a culture of photosynthetic algae give the following values
for oxygen production and carbon dioxide consumption at a light intensity of 1250
lumens1:
O2
CO2
0.242 g released per hour
0.333 g consumed per hour
A 0.22 mM solution of dinitrophenol is added to the culture medium. Dinitrophenol
(DNP) is a compound that makes biological membranes more permeable (leaky) to
protons. After 1 hour of exposure to the same light intensity, measurements indicate that
the rate of oxygen production (now 0.239 g per hour) is essentially unchanged by the
drug.
a) Use your knowledge of photosynthesis to predict whether in the presence of DNP the
consumption of carbon dioxide will increase, decrease, or remain the same. In a couple
of simple sentences2, explain your prediction. (6 points)
• The consumption of CO2 will decrease.
+2 points
• Reasoning: Dinitrophenol will abolish the transmembrane electrochemical
gradient responsible for ATP synthesis. As a result, there will be little ATP
available to drive the Calvin cycle, and CO2 consumption will decrease.
+4 points
A lumen is the intensity of light produced by one standard candlepower at a distance of
1 meter. How 'bout that?
2 No kidding. You could waste a lot of time here.....but don't! Just make your point in 1
or 2 sentences, and you'll get full credit.
1
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Bio 0200 - 2011 Final Exam Key
B) Encouraged by this experiment, you try another one. This time, instead of DNP you
add dimethylbenzidine (DMB), which serves as a synthetic electron donor. The energy
level of DMB is such that it effectively takes the place of water in supplying 100% of the
electrons to photosystem-II.
Predict whether the consumption of carbon dioxide and the production of oxygen will
increase, decrease, or remain the same in the presence of DMB. Explain your reasoning
in a couple of simple sentences. (6 points)
•The consumption of CO2 will remain the same.
• The production of oxygen will decrease.
+2 points
+2 points
Reasoning: Since DMB will supply electrons in place of water, both ATP and
NADPH will be produced, and the Calvin cycle will proceed normally and CO2
consumption will not change. However, since DMB takes the place of water,
oxygen will not be released by the splitting of water, and oxygen production
will decrease.
+2 points
c) Finally, you pull one more drug off the shelf. The one you use this time is
dicholorphenol indophenol (DCPIP) , which intercepts electrons as they pass between
photosystem-II and photosystem-I. Used at the proper concentration, DCPIP will accept
all electrons produced by photosystem-II and will prevent any of them from reaching
photosystem-I
Predict whether the consumption of carbon dioxide and the production of oxygen will
increase, decrease, or remain the same in the presence of DCPIP. Explain your reasoning
in a couple of simple sentences. (6 points)
• CO2 consumption will decrease
• O2 production will remain the same
+2 points
+2 points
Reasoning: Since electrons continue to flow from photosystem II, oxygen will
continue to be released from the water-splitting system. However, since elec
trons cannot reach photosystem I, NADP+ cannot be reduced, and NADPH,
which is required for the Calvin cycle, will not be produced. +2 points
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Bio 0200 - 2011 Final Exam Key
24) Genetics (14 points)
Show below is a pedigree chart showing 3 generations in the history of a human family.
Pay particular attention to the woman in the second generation who is the mother of 3
sons (Her symbol is marked with an "M" to make it easy to identify).
This woman was aware that 2 sex-linked genetic disorders ran in her family. Her father
suffered from hemophilia, and one of her two brothers suffered from Duchenne muscular
dystrophy. Both of these conditions are caused by recessive, X-linked alleles. The
mother, however, was phenotypically normal, as was her husband. There is no history of
either disorder in her husband's family.
As you can see, she has given birth to 3 sons. One has muscular dystrophy, one has
hemophilia, and her third son suffers from both disorders. Analyze this pedigree, and use
your knowledge of genetics to answer the following questions:
a) What are the genotypes of the first 2 brothers (#'s 1 and 2) (with respect to sex
chromosomes and these 2 recessive alleles)? [Keep your notation simple, but be sure to
show which alleles are found on their sex chromosomes] (4 points)
Brother #1:
Xmd Y
Brother #2:
Xh Y
Where h = the hemophilia allele, md = the muscular dystrophy allele
Grading:
+2 points for each correct genotype (+4 points total)
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Bio 0200 - 2011 Final Exam Key
B) What is the mother's (M's) genotype? Be sure to indicate which sex chromosomes
she carries, and whether the hemophilia (h) or muscular dystrophy (d) allele is present on
either of them. Briefly explain why she is phenotypically normal. (4 points)
Mother:
Xmd Xh
She is phenotypically normal because both the md and the h allele are
recessive, and she carries the dominant allele for each of these genes on her
other X chromosome.
Grading: +2 points for genotype, +2 points for explanation. (+4 points total)
C) What is the genotype of the third brother (#3) (with respect to sex chromosomes and
these 2 recessive alleles)? (2 points)
Brother #3:
Xmd,h Y
Grading: +2 points for correct genotype
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Bio 0200 - 2011 Final Exam Key
D) According to the mother's physician, the birth of a boy suffering from both genetic
disorders (brother #3) was very unlikely. Nonetheless, it did happen. Give a reasonable
explanation3 for how this boy might have inherited both alleles. (4 points)
Explanation: A crossover occurred between the md and h genes on Mother’s
two X chromosomes during meiosis, resulting in a recombinant X chromosome
carrying both recessive alleles.
Grading: +4 points for an explanation describing recomnbination or a crossover
during meiosis in the Mother.
A spontaneous mutation that changed a healthy allele to one of these recessives is
always possible, but for purposes of this question will be ruled out, because there is a
much more likely explanation (and you don’t need this whole page to describe it)!
3
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Bio 0200 - 2011 Final Exam Key
25) Gene Expression (12 points)
As you may remember, the tryp operon is a group of 5 genes that code for proteins
important in the biosynthesis of the amino acid tryptophan. The operon is under
negative control exercised by a repressor, but (unlike lac) it is not under positive control.
The structure of the operon is shown below:
Important facts about the tryp operon:
• a Repressor for the operon is coded for by the trpR gene, found elsewhere.
• tryptophan itself serves as a co-repressor for the operon
• The five gene products of the operon (the proteins coded for by tryp E, tryp D,
etc...) are enzymes in a pathway that converts chorismic acid to tryptophan.
Answer, in a simple sentence or two, the following questions about the operon:
A) When cellular levels of tryptophan are relatively high, what will the state of the tryp
Repressor protein be? And how will that repressor affect transcription of the operon?
(3 points)
The tryp repressor protein will be bound to the O (operator) site. +2 points
This will block transcription of the operon.
+1 point
B) When cellular levels of tryptophan are relatively low, what will the state of the tryp
repressor protein be? And how will that repressor affect transcription of the operon?
(3 points)
The tryp repressor protein will not bind to the O (operator) site. +2 points
This will allow transcription of the operon to take place.
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+1 point
Bio 0200 - 2011 Final Exam Key
C) Using molecular techniques, you delete the tryptophan binding site on the tryp
Repressor protein. Explain how the deletion of this binding site will affect the regulation
of the operon. (2 points)
This will allow the operon to be transcribed at all times. (+2 points)
(Also OK: The operon will be turned on at all times. Or, transcription will not be
inhibited by high levels of tryptophan)
D) Finally, is the tryp operon inducible or repressible ? Why? (4 points)
The tryp operon is repressible.
+2 points
This is because the repressor protein is unable to block transcription unless
bound to its co-repressor (tryptophan)
+2 points
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rachel
Size
marker
Jacob
Bio 0200 - 2011 Final Exam Key
26) PCR Laboratory
(12 points)
On the left is a picture of a gel on which the PCR products
of two students (in Adam and Andrew’s lab) were
separated. You may remember that the locus targeted in our
PCR is a region on chromosome #1 called PMCT118.
Answer the following questions based on what you know
about this locus and the results shown.
A) Given that the primers used target the same locus
(PMCT) in all samples, explain how it is possible that the
products generated are of different lengths?
The primers bind outside a region where variable
numbers of short repeat sequences are found. The
different lengths produced by PCR reflect differing
numbers of repeats. +3 points
B) Explain why Jacob's sample has two bands.
Because he has different numbers of repeats on his two copies of chromosome
#1. (Also OK: because he has two different alleles for these repeats).
+3 points
C) Explain why Rachel has only one band.
Because she has identical numbers of repeats on her two copies of chromosome
#1. (Also OK: because she has identical alleles for these repeats) +3 points
D) If you look closely at Jacob’s sample, you can see a faint band (by the arrowhead) in
addition the two dark bands. Provide an explanation for what this band might represent.
This represents weak, non-specific binding of the primers to another region of
the genome. +3 points
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Bio 0200 - 2011 Final Exam Key
27) Sports Physiology (12 points)
A. Why is the overall cost of transportation (mlO2/kg/km) for the human greater than that of a
horse? (3 points)
COT when normalized for body weight is less for a larger animal.
B. Comparing the human run and the horse trot, what is unique about the cost of transportation
for a human that supports the argument that humans are well adapted for distance running? (4
points)
Horse trot – COT is NOT linear (i.e. trotting faster or slower than the ideal speed costs more
energy.
Human run – COT is linear (i.e. humans can run at variable speeds and not expend more
energy to cover a given distance. If you run fast you don’t waste energy.
(+ 3 for non linear vs linear; +1 for benefit to human)
C. Would the cost of transportation for a large seal (that is the same size as a horse) travelling at 1
m/sec be greater than, equal to or less than 110 ml O2 kg-1 km-1 ? (Circle one; 2pts)
Briefly explain why. (3pts)
1. Walking/Crawling – COT is higher for seal crawling on land because it has adapted for
swimming efficiently not walking efficiently.
2. Swimming – COT is lower for seal swimming because seal does not have to hold its body
up against the force of gravity.
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Bio 0200 - 2011 Final Exam Key
28) Oxyhemoglobin (9pts) Below are plots of an oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
of a typical individual. For each scenario listed, draw a new oxyhemoglobin dissociation
curve that reflects the changes that would occur in this relationship as a result of the
particular manipulation and indicate whether affinity for oxygen increases, decreases or
stays the same.
A) …an increase in the partial pressure
of carbon dioxide.
Affinity for O2 (circle one)
Increase
Decrease No Change
B) …a decrease in the concentration of
hemoglobin to a level that is one half
that of a normal individual.
Affinity for O2 (circle one)
Increase
Decrease No Change
C) …effect of long term acclimatization
to altitude
Affinity for O2 (circle one)
Increase
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Decrease No Change
Bio 0200 - 2011 Final Exam Key
29) Sports Physiology (12 points)
You are asked to assess the athletic abilities of two Olympic prospects, Freddy FastTwitch and Sammy Slow-Twitch. A muscle biopsy on the two indicates that Freddy’s
calf is made up of 90% Fast Twitch B muscle fibers while Sammy’s calf muscle is made
up of 90% slow-twitch muscle fibers.
A) Which of the two is most likely to be a world class sprinter? (2pts; circle one)
Freddy
or Sammy
B) Which of the two is most likely to have the ACTN3 gene variation that results in
alpha-actinin-3 deficiency? (2pts; circle one)
Freddy or Sammy
C) Which of the two should have higher levels of cytochrome oxydase enzyme in their
calf muscle cells? (2pts; circle one)
Freddy or Sammy
D) Which of the two should have higher levels of phosphocreatine in their muscle cells?
(2pts; circle one)
Freddy or Sammy
E) Gram for gram, which of the two has more powerful muscle tissue in their calf? (2pts;
circle one)
Freddy or Sammy
F) Gram for gram, which of the two has higher levels of myoglobin in their calf muscle
cells? (2pts; circle one)
Freddy or Sammy
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Bio 0200 - 2011 Final Exam Key
30) High Altitude (16pts)
Indigenous highlanders who have lived high altitude for generations are able to perform
great physical feats in an environment where lowlanders struggle to simply walk. (e.g.
while most people take days/weeks to walk/crawl from base camp to the summit of Mt.
Everest, Sherpa Pembra Dorjie “sprinted” up in 8 hrs 10 mins in May of 2004). A great
deal of this ability is due to physiological adaptations that have developed in their bodies
over generations.
A) When a lowlander ascends to high altitude they increase their breathing rate in
response to low oxygen and feel dizzy.
Why does increasing breathing rate cause them to feel dizzy? (3pts)
Inc. breathing leads to a decrease in PCO2 in blood that causes blood to be
more alkaline (inc. pH). The increase in pH affects the brain causing dizziness.
(+3 for PCO2/pH; If they don’t get 3pts for PCO2 and pH but mention pH effects
brain give them an additional point for making that connection)
How does the person’s body compensate for dizziness over the course of hours to
days? (3pts)
The kidneys will retain H+ to bring the pH back down toward a normal level.
B) Indigenous highlander groups from the locations listed below have each evolved
different physiological adaptations that allow them to thrive in oxygen-thin air. List the
key physiological adaptation(s) to altitude that are distinct for each group and explain
how these are useful in the low oxygen environment.
Andean Altiplano (South America…one major adaptation) (4pts)
Increased concentration of hemoglobin in blood allows each liter of blood sent to the
body to carry more oxygen. (Even if the blood is not saturated with O2 the overall
amount of O2 in the blood will be higher than if hemoglobin concentration were
normal.)
(+2 for Hb; +2 for explanation)
Tibetan Plateau (two major adaptations) (6pts)
1. Increased ventilation keeps the PO2 in arterial blood as high as possible
2. Increased cardiac output keeps the PO2 of venous blood/tissue of body higher.
The drop in PO2 as blood travels through the body is minimized. This is
accomplished by a drop in TPR due to higher levels of nitric oxide.
(+3 for each; no need to mention nitric oxide)
(If they put the adaptation in the wrong category take off 1pt)
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Bio 0200 - 2011 Final Exam Key
31) Sex and other sundry items (11 points)
A) High levels of stress can cause male impotence (inability to obtain and erection).
What is the physiological link between high levels of stress and interference with the first
two phases of the male sexual response (i.e. erection and lubrication)? (4pts)
Stress causes activation of the sympathetic nervous system which interferes with the
first two phases of the sexual response, erection and lubrication, that require
parasympathetic activation.
(+2 for sympathetic increase)
(+2 for this interferes with parasympathetic)
B) Ion X is positively charged and in equal concentrations on either side of the cell
membrane. What is the equilibrium potential for ion X? (3pts)
Zero milivolts; 0 mV
C) Pick one other constituent of semen besides sperm and explain its putative role in
reproductive physiology. (4pts)
Many possible answers
(+2 for constituent)
(+2 for explanation of role in reproduction)
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