Download Topic 9 Plant Biology 9.1 Transport in the xylem of plants 9.1.1 State

Topic 9 Plant Biology
9.1 Transport in the xylem of plants
9.1.1 State how transpiration is the inevitable consequence of gas exchange in the leaf.
9.1.2 Draw and annotate the transport of water from the roots to the leaves to replace losses from transpiration. Be sure to
include cohesive and adhesive properties of water.
9.1.3 Explain how minerals in the roots cause water absorption by osmosis.
9.1.4 Describe adaptations for plants living in deserts and high saline soils.
9.1.5 Compare blotting paper, porous pots and capillary tubing to the vascular tissues of plants.
9.1.6 Diagram the structure of primary xylem vessels in sections of stems based on microscopic images.
9.1.7 Analyze the transpiration rates using photometer.
9.2 Transport in the phloem of plants
9.2.1 State that plants transport organic compounds from sources to sinks using phloem sieve tubes at the source
9.2.2 Outline how osmosis works due to the high concentration of solutes in the phloem and the uptake by osmosis
9.2.3 Compare and contrast the stem and root of xylem and phloem.
9.3 Growth in plants
9.3.1 State how undifferentiated cells in the meristems allow for indeterminate growth.
9.3.2 Outline the process of mitosis of cell division and their importance to the development of stems and leaves.
9.3.3 Explain using a named hormone how hormones control plant growth
9.3.4 Outline the different forms of tropisms and how they affect plants
9.3.5 Discuss the role of auxin in changing the gene expression in plants
9.4 Reproduction in plants
9.4.1 Explain how flowering is controlled in long-day and short-day plants
9.4.2 Distinguish between pollination, fertilization and seed dispersal.
9.4.3 Discuss mutualistic relationships with pollinators in sexual reproduction in plants
9.4.4 Draw an internal structure of a seed
9.4.5 Draw and annotate a diagram of a cross section showing the structure of a dicotyledonous animal-pollinated flower
Topic 6 Human Physiology
6.1 Digestion and Absorption
6.1.1 State how the contraction of different muscle types of the small intestine mixes food with enzymes and moves it along the
gut
6.1.2 Describe the accessory organs and the enzymes they produce to digest macromolecules
6.1.3 Explain the function of villi and its importance in the digestion of monomers, vitamins and minerals
6.1.4 Determine the methods of membrane transport required to absorb different nutrients
6.1.5 Draw and annotate a diagram of the digestive tract
6.2 The Blood System
6.2.1 Explain the relationship between the structure and function or arteries, capillaries and veins
6.2.2 State the function of valves in veins
6.2.3 Describe how the circulation for the lungs is separate
6.2.4 Discuss the function of the sinoatrial node, and how it stimulates the contraction and propagation of electrical signals in
the heart
6.2.5 Identify how heart rate can be changed by the medulla oblongata, epinephrine and physical activity
6.2.6 Draw a labeled diagram of the heart
6.3 Defense Against Infectious Disease
6.3.1 Outline the role of skin and mucous membranes in defense against pathogens
6.3.2 Describe the process of blood clotting and clotting factors from platelets
6.3.3 Distinguish how fibrinogen in converted to fibrin by thrombin
6.3.4 State how phagocytic white blood cells give non-specific immunity to disease
6.3.5 Explain the production of antibodies in response to pathogens and specific immunity
6.3.6 Deduce how antibiotics block processes that occur in prokaryotic but not eukaryotic cells
6.3.7 Explain why antibiotics are effective against bacteria, but not viruses.
6.3.8 Outline the effects of HIV on the immune system and methods of transmission
6.4 Gas Exchange
6.4.1 State that ventilation maintains concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and capillaries
6.4.2 Distinguish between the structure and function of type I and type II pneumocytes
6.4.3 Draw and annotate a diagram of the ventilation system, including trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
6.4.4 Explain the mechanism of ventilation of the lungs in terms of volume and pressure changes caused by the internal and
external intercostal muscles, the diaphragm and abdominal muscles
6.4.5 Determine the causes and consequences of emphysema and lung cancer
6.5 Neurons and Synapses
6.5.1 Describe how neurons transmit electrical impulses and how myelination affects conduction
6.5.2 Explain how and action potential is generated using a sodium potassium pump, also discuss depolarization and
repolarization and threshold potential
6.5.3 Describe the function of a synapse and neurotransmitter
6.5.4 Explain how psychoactive drugs affect the brain and personality by either increasing or decreasing postsynaptic
transmissions
6.6 Hormones, Homeostasis and reproduction
6.6.1 Explain how insulin and glucagon regulate blood sugar suing alpha and beta cells
6.6.2 Describe the function and the location where each of the following hormones can be found: thyroxin, leptin and
melatonin
6.6.3 Deduce the causes and treatments of type I and type II diabetes
6.6.4 Explain how melatonin can help alleviate jet lag
Option A: Neurobiology and behavior
A.1 Neural development.
A.1.1 State that the neural tube in an embryonic chordate is formed by ectoderm followed by elongation of the tube
A.1.2 Describe how neurons differentiate and migrate to their final location
A.1.3 Explain the function of the axon and its development
A.1.4 Explain how neurons form multiple synapses and what happens to a synapse that is not used
A.1.5 Sketch a diagram of embryonic tissues during neurulation
A.1.6 Discuss how an event like a stroke can affect the reorganization of brain function
A.2 The Human Brain
A.2.1 Draw and annotate (functions) a diagram of the brain including the following parts: medulla oblongata, cerebellum,
hypothalamus, pituitary gland and cerebral hemispheres
A.2.2 State how the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary process in the body using centers located in the brain stem
A.2.3 Describe the functions of the cerebral cortex and how folding of the cortex is important to its size
A.2.4 Explain how the cerebral hemispheres control opposite sides of the body
A.2.5 State that brain metabolism requires a large amount of energy
A.2.6 Explain how animal experiments, autopsy, lesions and fMRI can be used to identify parts of the brain and there functions
A.2.7 Discuss the concept of brain death and the use of the pupil reflex in testing for this
A.3 Perception of stimuli
A.3.1 Compare rods and cones
A.3.2 Draw and annotate a drawing of the eye including the retina
A.3.3 Distinguish between the different types of receptors. Mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors and
photoreceptors.
A.3.4 Describe the role of bipolar and ganglion cells
A.3.5 Draw and label a diagram of the structure of the ear
A.3.6 Explain how sound is perceived in the ear
A.4 Innate and learned behavior
A.4.1 Distinguish between innate and learned behavior
A.4.2 Determine the cause of a reflex, then draw and label the parts of a reflex arc (receptor cell, sensory , relay, motor neuron
and effector) and how new associations are formed
A.4.3 Compare imprinting and operant conditioning
A.4.4 Distinguish between learning and memory
A.4.5 Determine the role of inheritance and learning in the development of birdsong
A.5 Neuropharmacology
A.5.1 State that some presynaptic neurons excite postsynaptic transmission and other inhibit postsynaptic transmission
A.5.2 Explain how memory and learning are affected by slow acting neurotransmitters
A.5.3 Explain how psychoactive drugs affect the brain and personality by either increasing or decreasing postsynaptic
transmission
A.5.4 Describe the effects of the nervous system of two named stimulants and two named sedatives
A.5.5 Discuss how anesthetics interfere with neural transmission and how they affect awareness
A.5.6 State how addiction can be affected by predisposition, social environment and dopamine secretion
A.5.7 Evaluate how MDMA impacts serotonin and dopamine metabolism in the brain
A.6 Ethology
A.6.1 State the ethology is the study of animal behavior in natural environments
A.6.2 Explain the theory of natural selection and its impact on behavior
A.6.3 Distinguish between migratory behavior and altruistic behavior using named examples
A.6.4 Describe foraging behavior in shore crabs
A.6.5 Describe courtship behavior in birds of paradise of mate selection
A.6.6 Explain synchronized oestrus in female lions as a form of innate behavior and feeding on cream from mild bottles in blue
tits as an example of the development and loss of learned behavior
Topic 11 Animal Physiology
11.1 Antibody production and vaccination
11.1.1 Explain how pathogens can be species specific or how they can cross species barriers
11.1.2 Explain how b lymphocytes are active by t lymphocytes in mammals
11.1.3 Identify how plasma cells secrete antibodies and how antibodies aid the in the destruction of pathogens
11.1.4 State that histamines cause allergic symptoms
11.1.5 Explain the principle of vaccination, then identify the first infectious disease to be eradicated by vaccines
11.1.6 Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies and their use in diagnosis and treatment
11.2 Movement
11.2.1 Annotate the diagram of the elbow
11.2.2 Draw labeled diagrams of the structures of a sarcomere including Z lines, actin and myosin filaments with heads and the
resultant light and ark bands
11.2.3 Explain how bones provide the anchor for muscles and how muscles work in antagonistic pairs
11.2.4 Describe the structure and function of a myofibril
11.2.5 Explain how skeletal muscle contracts, including the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the
formation of cross bridges, the sliding of actin and myosin filaments, and the use of ATP to break cross-bridges and reset
myosin heads.
11.3 The kidney and osmoregulation
11.3.1