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Keeping our muscles and our systems healthy you need to exercise. When you exercise we use the Respiratory, circulatory and the Muscular system. The respiratory system When you exercise the first system is involved is exercise. This system involves oxygen, blood and lungs. Breathing The first process in the respiratory system is breathing. Breathing is when you breathe in (inhale) and when you breathe out (exhale). We breathe in oxygen and we breathe out carbon dioxide. Breathing is vital if you don’t breathe you will pass out. Your body needs a never ending supply of oxygen. Every day we automatically inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. When you inhale and exhale the air goes up and down the trachea. The trachea is connected from the nose and the mouth to the lung. The trachea is also called a win d pipe. While you are breathing there are microscopic hairs called cilia, cilia catches all the dirt and dust. Breathing could not happen without the diaphragm, it is located under the lungs. The diaphragm is a dome shaped muscle that makes us breathe. This muscle contracts when you breathe in, then it relaxes when you breathe out. Lungs The next part in the respiratory system is the lungs. The lungs are located in the chest and behind the ribcage and the lungs rest on the diaphragm. The lungs are pink and squishy. The left lung is smaller than the other is because the left lung makes room for the heart. The first thing that leads to the lungs is the bronchus. The bronchi are two tubes that go into each lung to get air to the lungs. They are found at the bottom of the trachea. The plural of bronchus is bronchi. The next parts in the lungs are the bronchioles. The bronchioles are connected to the bronchus. The bronchioles are little tubes that are size of a little hair and they get smaller and smaller. Also, there are 30, 3000 bronchioles in each lungs. The third parts in the lungs are the alveoli. There is a clump at the each end of the bronchioles. The alveoli are teeny tiny air sacs that fill up with air when you breathe. The alveolus allows the oxygen to pass into the blood. They are surrounded by tiny blood cells called capillaries. Blood There are blood vessels that carry blood and they are called capillaries. Capillaries are small enough for the blood cells to be in single file. Oxygen is transferred to your blood cells. Carbon dioxide is transferred into the lungs to breathe out. Exercise When you exercise your respiratory system accelerates. Your body needs more oxygen when you exercise. When you exercise, your heart beats really fast and you breathe faster and deeper. You use 3 litres or more of air so times or more a minute. The circulatory system Another system that is important in exercise is the circulatory system. This system includes the heart, 3circulations, blood vessels, blood and the kidneys. Heart The heart is an important muscle in this system. The heart is located in the chest and behind the ribcage so it can protect it from any damage does. The reason why the heart is in your chest is because it is near all of your important organs and all your organs need a constant supply of oxygen. The heart is located behind the left lung, that’s why the left lung is smaller than the right lung. Appearance Your heart is the size of its owner’s clenched fist. The heart is a hollow bag and is also a muscle. The heart is the colour of red. The scientific name for the heart is the cardiac muscle, or the myocardium and this muscle is different but special to other muscles. The heart has fibres and I have a pattern like a spiral instead of straight, so it is easier to pump and squeeze. Parts in the heart The heart is a pump made up with 4 chambers. The left side has a left ventricle and a left atrium. The right side has a right atrium and a right ventricle. The right ventricle sends blood to the pulmonary artery and the right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body. The left ventricle pumps blood to the lungs. Nerves The first is the sympathetic nerve, the heart is connected to two sets of nerves. The sympathetic nerve reserves impulses from the brain to tell the heart to pump. The other I the parasympathetic nerve, it is the brake for the system and tells the heart to slow down. These nerves are a part of the autonomic system this is because these nerves work automatically, because we are not thinking of how our system works. 3 circulations There are 3 circulations in the circulatory system and one of them is the coranary circulation. The coranary circulation, circulates blood around the cardiac muscle (heart). The second circulation is called the Pulmonary circulation circulates the blood to the heart and to the lungs. The last circulation is called the Systemic circulation. The Systemic circulation circulates blood around the body and takes the waste away. Blood Vessels Arteries have four layers, the tunica adventitia on the outer side . The arteries have nerve cells inside the tunica adventitia and arteries provide the blood vessel with a supply of oxygen and nutrients. The next is the tunica media. The tunica media is a muscular layer and it is thicker in side an artery. The tunica media has a higher pressure than other layers and blood vessels. The tunica intima is made of endothelial cells. Finally lumen, is a hollow canter of vessels but not as wide as a vein. The lumen creates higher pressure so it gets blood around the body quicker. Capillaries are blood vessels that transfer waste, nutrients and oxygen between the blood and cells. Capillaries are really small but they don’t have 3 layers. The capillaries have a layer made of endothelial cells, because they are so small. Veins are the same structure as arteries but they have some differences. Veins have a larger lumen because there is less pressure in these blood vessels. Veins contain valves so blood can’t go the wrong way. When travelling back to the heart veins act as reservoirs so pool to pool and are pushed back to the heart. There are different types of blood vessels in the circulatory system they are called arteries, capillaries and veins.Artries are in a system called the arteriole system. The arteries are protected because they are deep inside your body. Arteries transport oxygenated blood from the heart around the body so arteries have high pressure, because they have blood pumped from the heart. Arteries pulse with every single heart beat. Arteries get smaller and smaller and they are called arterioles. The second blood vessel is called capillaries. Arterioles filter blood into capillaries. There the blood deposits oxygen and to blood cells and then transfers waste and carbon dioxide to the blood. The third blood vessel is veins. Veins transport deoxygenated blood to the heart and veins have a lower pressure. If you cut your self your blood will dribble. Capillaries will get bigger and bigger and they turn into venues then veins. Many veins just simply lie there peacefully inside the body, just under the skin. There are important blood vessel around the heart. The first is the pulmonary artery, it carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. There is a vein called the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart. Another blood vessel called the aorta. The aorta is the largest artery in the body and sends oxygenated blood from the left ventricle the body. The last vessel around the heart is called the Vena cava. The Vena cava are the two main veins in the body. The superior vena cava returns blood from the upper body to the heart. The inferior vena cava returns blood from the lower body to the heart. Blood Did you know that blood heats our body? The blood heats our whole body and the important parts. There are four main blood cells are called the red blood cells. The red blood cells makes blood red also the red blood cells has half the volume of blood. Blood have billions of them. Red blood cells carry oxygen to cells and carry oxygen to cells and carry carbon dioxide to the lungs. The second important cell are called White blood cell. The white blood cells are the biggest cells and they cleans the blood and kill germs and diseases. The third substance is called platelets. Platelets are the smallest in the blood, and there are billions of them. Platelets help blood to clot when you have a cut. The last thing in the blood is called plasma. Plasma is a watery substance and other parts floats in it. Plasma is what makes blood liquid and carry’s nutrients to the cells. Also plasma carry’s waste to the kidneys. Kidneys Kidneys are a part of the urinary system but also plays an important part in the circulatory system. Kidneys clean the blood and Kidneys get rid of physical waste from your blood. They dispose of through urine. You have two kidneys but you can also live with one. You have two kidneys because it is more efficient. Your kidneys are located in your back and Just below the middle. Your kidneys are a shape of like a big bean. Kidneys have 1000000 tiny filters called nephrons in the cortex of the kidney. Another part of a kidney is called the ureter. The ureter is the tube where waste trickles to the bladder. Exercise When you exercise your whole circulatory system accelerates and your heart pumps faster and harder. When you exercise your sympathetic nerve tells your heart to pump faster. The reason why your heart has to pump faster is because the heart has to get the blood around the body. When you exercise your body needs more oxygen and nutrients also body cells need to dispose of more Oxygen and nutrients also body cells need to dispose more waste. The muscular system The last system that is involved with exercise is the muscular system. The muscular system involves different types of muscles which have virus parts and more differently. Types There are 3 different types of muscles, first is voluntary muscles. Voluntary muscles are skeletal muscles are very adaptable and are used in different situation e.g. writing and exercising. Skeletal muscles are for moving the body and it can be moved when needed. There are also involuntary muscles; these are also called smooth muscles. Involuntary muscles move without conscious thought and are the walls of hollow structure in the body for an example intestines and the stomach. Involuntary muscles are controlled by the automatic nervous system. Finally is the cardiac muscle, this is the scientific name for the heart. The cardiac muscle is classified as an involuntary muscle; the cardiac muscle is unlike smooth muscles as it is striated on the outside, like a skeletal muscle because it works all the time automatically. Appearance Each type of muscle looks different . Skeletal muscles are coloured red because of the blood in the muscle fibres. The skeletal muscles have different layers. There is a muscle just under your skin and that layer is superficial. The second layer is deeper than the first. Some muscles have 3 layers called the medial layer. The skeletal muscles have different shapes and sizes. Skeletal muscles are the same shape in the inside. Most muscles are long and slim. But some muscles are different shapes liker pectorals, pectorals are a fan shaped muscles. Some muscles are broad and wide, like the abdominal walls. Some muscles are shaped like sheets. Smooth muscles have a smooth surface. They have a smooth surface. Smooth muscles are a kind of a reddish colour like skeletal muscles. Parts The three types of muscles have different parts. Skeletal muscles have fibres. Skeletal muscles have muscles have muscles that are buddled together and each one is slightly smaller than hair. Each fibre is made out of dozens of smaller parts called fibrils. Fibres bound together by a connective tissue called apimsium also fibres are divided into groups by a sheatn (empimsium). Each fibre contain thinner threads and groups have blood vessels around then bigger muscles have more fibres. Fibres are striated (striped). Fibres are at microscopic level. Tendons is located at the end of the bone. Tendons are strengthened by a strong thick fibres or collagen. Muscles become thinner or tippers away when it is collecting to the tendon. Tendons are even stronger than super glue. Smooth muscles don’t have tendons but they have fibres. Fibres in smooth muscles are not striated and that is what makes them smooth. Also fibres are made out of groups of smaller muscle cells. These fibres help the smooth muscle move differently. Smooth muscles don’t have tendons .Tendons don’t help the movement of the body. The smooth muscle are the wall of hollow structures in the body like intestines and the stomach. The cardiac muscle have fibres and they don’t have tendons. The Cardiac’s fibres are a special form of striated fibres. The cardiac fibres are only in the heart and unjoining vessels. Fibres are arranged in a spiral pattern that helps them squeeze blood through. The cardiac muscle doesn’t have tendons because it is constantly moving. Movement Each of the muscles types more in different ways. They move from impulses from the brain. When skeletal muscles contract they cannot get longer, they shorten to 70%. Skeletal muscles are very adoptable, they have exert a small force For an example to pick up a feather and great force liking picking up a heavy object. These muscles tire easily and they need a period of rest. They use glucose (sugar) to fuel them and have more energy. Skeletal muscles react to certain things almost instantly. Smooth muscles When skeletal muscles move with conscious thought. Smooth muscles move without thought. Smooth muscles are controlled by the autonomic nervous system and are involved in the regulation of your body’s internal environment. Smooth muscles contract in a gradual synchronised manner and move slower than skeletal muscles. Smooth muscles move like a wave of motions in some organs. Smooth muscles doesn’t get tired and smooth muscles keeps us steady to contract for a long period of time. They are working all the time for an example used in controlling eyes and the sizes of the pupil and the lens. Also regulating the size of the lumen in the blood vessels. They change the body’s functions for different situations. For an example when you’re nervous and when your excited. Cardiac muscle The cardiac muscle is the most important muscle. The cardiac muscle moves without thought even though it is striated like a skeletal muscle. The cardiac muscle is tireless and it works all the time. The heart speeds up or slows down when needed and it contracts like a wave to push blood. The cardiac muscle has the ability to contract spontaneously and the heart will beat for a short time when removed from the body. Exercise The muscular system is important to exercise. Muscles are constantly moving when exercising. Muscles need more glucose as they need oxygen at the same time. They can have cramps if they are over tire. When you damage your muscle fibres then you build more muscles. Muscle fibres tear during exercising and when they heal they get thicker and stronger. When you exercise other systems accelerates as your using energy and oxygen quicker. When you exercise your heart pumps faster, blood vessels transport more blood and you breathe faster. Although the circulatory, Muscular and the system are the most important, other systems are involved like the skeletal system, if there wasn’t any bones in the body you wouldn’t be standing. Also the nervous system, it tells you to move everything. Written and published by Manu.T The muscular system The respiratory system The circulatory system