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Chapter 11 What is Ethnicity? People who identify with one another on the basis of common ancestry & cultural heritage. What is Race? In 2002, Halle Berry hailed as the first Black actress to receive an academy award. Her mother , a White woman, cried in the audience. What is Race? Woods doesn’t describe himself as black. He says he is “Cablinasian” Multiracial background includes Caucasian, Black, Native American, Asian American What is Race? Heather Locklear, blond actress Descendant of a group known as Lumbees An isolated tri-racial group in North Carolina Part Caucasian, part African American, and part Tuscarora Indian What is Race? Race–A socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important Sociologists consider racial terms misleading at best and harmful at worst. No society contains biologically “pure” people. What is Race? “…there is no "biological Dr. C. Loring Brace is professor anthropology and curator of biological anthropology at the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor entity that warrants the term 'race' .” “…it is perfectly true that the long-term residents of the various parts of the world have patterns of features that we can easily identify as characteristic of the areas from which they come.” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/ nova/first/brace.html What is Race? Researchers have unanimously declared there is only one race — the human race. New York Times “Do Races Differ? Not Really, DNA Shows.” 99.9 percent of the human genome is the same in everyone regardless of race. The standard labels used to distinguish people by ‘race’ have little or no biological meaning. New York Times “Do Races Differ? Not Really, DNA Shows.” http://www.policyreview.org/DEC01/satel.html What is Race? What we view as “race” may be an evolutionary response to the environment Morphological characteristics, however, like skin color, hair form, bone traits, eyes, and lips tend to follow geographic boundaries coinciding often with climatic zones. For example, more prominent noses humidify air better. Other examples? http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/first/gill.html The Idea of Race is Real “If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.” W. I. & D.S. Thomas and the consequences can be devastating… The Holocaust http://www.shamash.org/holocaust/photos/index.shtml Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing Slavery Lynching Segregation Discrimination http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/g_l/lynchin g/lynching.htm Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing The 1920 Duluth Lynchings occurred on June 15, 1920, when three black circus workers were attacked and lynched by a mob in Duluth, Minnesota. Rumors had circulated among the mob that six African Americans had raped a teenage girl. A physician's examination subsequently found no evidence of rape or assault.[1][2] The killings shocked the country, particularly for their having occurred in the northern United States,[3] although four earlier lynchings had occurred in Minnesota. In 2003, the city of Duluth erected a memorial to the murdered workers. A postcard of a Duluth lynchings, June 15, 1920 Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing 95% of all Native Americans died due to destroyed food supply, disease & murder. Essentials of Sociology, Henslin Manifest Destiny (mid 1800s) Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing Darfur Catastrophe 80,000 people have died in Darfur: 30,000 have been murdered 50,000 have died from disease and famine http://www.americanpr ogress.org/site/pp.asp?c =biJRJ8OVF&b=84769 Minorities Minority group People who are singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination. Not based solely on quantity Dominant group Have greater power, privileges and social status. Whose business is it anyway? The problems with not continuing to ask about race/ethnic heritage can’t identify which groups need help Most people of mixed racial/ethnic heritage identify with one race more than another Most are treated as if they belonged to a single racial category Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudice is an attitude, either positive or negative, which prejudges a person who belongs to a particular group. Discrimination is an action, unfair treatment directed against someone. One can exist with or without the other Merton's Typology on Prejudice and Discrimination Does Not Discriminate Unprejudiced nondiscriminator Unprejudiced (all-weather liberal) Prejudiced Source: Farley (2000:56) Discriminates Unprejudiced discriminator (fair-weather liberal) Prejudiced Prejudiced discriminator nondiscriminator (all-weather (timid Bigot) bigot) The LaPiere Study The 1936 experiment by LaPiere demonstrates this. He noted that as he and his Chinese traveling-partner attempted to stay at hotels, only one hotel refused them service. But, when he contacted the hotels by mail asking if they would serve Chinese, many hotels indicated that they would not provide service to Chinese. The moral of this story is that people with prejudiced attitudes do not always display discriminatory behavior (Farley, 2000:55) Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Prejudice Internalizing Dominant Norms Media Group Membership Prejudice Against Own Group Stereotypes An exaggerated description applied to every person in some category Society: The Basics, 10th Edition by John Macionis Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Measuring Prejudice The Bogardus Social Distance Scale 1. 2. 3. Student opinion shows a trend toward greater social acceptance. People see less difference between various minorities. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, might have reduced social acceptance of Arabs and Muslims. Discrimination Unequal treatment of various categories of people Institutional prejudice and discrimination–Bias built into the operation of society’s institutions Carmichael and Hamilton: People are slow to condemn or even recognize institutional prejudice and discrimination because it often involves respected public officials and longestablished practices. Examples of Institutional Discrimination Deliberate Institutional Discrimination Institutional discrimination can be legal and deliberate like the legally required school segregation that existed in the South prior to the 1960s. Unintentional Institutional Discrimination Some times institutional discrimination develops without any conscious racist intent. An example would be today's high cost of college tuition. Since people of color are typically poorer than whites, high tuition costs are institutionally discriminatory toward people of color (Farley, 2000:16). Racism The belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another • Racism has been widespread throughout US history where ideas about racial inferiority supported slavery. • Overt racism in the US has decreased, but remains a serious social problem. Theories of Prejudice Scapegoat theory Disadvantaged people who unfairly blame minorities for their own problems Authoritarian personality theory Rigid moralists who see things in “black & white” Culture theory Everyone has some prejudice because it’s embedded in culture. Theories of Prejudice Conflict theory Self-justification for the rich and powerful in the United States Minorities might cultivate climate of race consciousness in order to win greater power and privileges. The Vicious Cycle 1. 2. 3. Prejudice and discrimination begin as ethnocentric attitudes. As a result, groups can be placed in a situation where they are socially disadvantaged and labeled. A group’s situation, over time, is thus explained as a result of innate inferiority rather than looking at the social structure. of reasons. The cycle then repeats itself. Global Patterns of Racial-Ethnic Relations I. Genocide “A systematic annihilation or attempted annihilation of a people based on their presumed race or ethnic group” II. Ethnic Cleansing “A policy of population elimination, including forcible expulsion and genocide” Global Patterns of Racial-Ethnic Relations III. Population Transfer Indirect population transfer Achieved by making life so horrible for a members of a minority group that they leave ‘voluntarily’. Jews in czarist Russia Direct population transfer Dominant group expels a minority. Native Americans-Trail of Tears Global Patterns of Racial-Ethnic Relations IV. Internal Colonialism The policy of economically exploiting minority groups Slavery in U.S. Apartheid in South Africa V. Segregation The formal separation of racial or ethnic groups The U.S. South until 1960s Global Patterns of Racial-Ethnic Relations VI. Assimilation Minority group is absorbed into the mainstream culture. Forced assimilation The dominant group refuses to allow the minority group to practice its own religion, speak its language or follow its customs.” Permissible assimilation Dominant group “allows the minority to adopt the dominant group’s patterns in its own way and at its own speed.” Carlisle Indian School 1885 Global Patterns of Racial-Ethnic Relations VII. Multiculturalism/Pluralism Permits or even encourages racial and ethnic variations Society: The Basics, 10th Edition by John Macionis Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Society: The Basics, 10th Edition by John Macionis Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Society: The Basics, 10th Edition by John Macionis Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Society: The Basics, 10th Edition by John Macionis Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Table 11.1e (continued) Society: The Basics, 10th Edition by John Macionis Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Native Americans Refers to hundreds of societies who first settled the Western Hemisphere 15th century: Numbered in the millions By 1900: Numbered 250,000 Centuries of conflict and genocide Low social standing result of cultural factors Noncompetitive view of life Reluctance to pursue higher education Dark skin made them targets of prejudice and discrimination Society: The Basics, 10th Edition by John Macionis Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. White Anglo-Saxon Protestants Most are of English ancestry Includes Scotland and Wales Not subject to prejudice and discrimination Cultural legacy English dominant language Protestantism dominant religion Historical dominance is evident Widespread use of “race” and “ethnicity” to describe everyone but them White Ethnic Americans Term “White Ethnics” Recognizes ethnic heritage and social disadvantage of many white people Non-WASPs Ireland, Poland, Germany, Italy, or other European countries Endured their share of prejudice and discrimination Congress enacted quota system limiting immigration African Americans Slavery was foundation of southern colonies’ plantation system 400,000 forcibly transported to US Filth, disease, and suicide killed many No control over their lives Declaration of Independence did not apply “American Dilemma” Democratic society’s denial of basic rights and freedoms to an entire category of people African Americans Resolution of the dilemma African Americans defined as naturally inferior and undeserving of equality 13th Amendment outlawed slavery 14th Amendment granted citizenship to all people born in the U.S. 15th Amendment gave the right to vote Jim Crow Laws Institutionalized discrimination that segregated U.S. society into two racial castes 20th century brought dramatic changes African Americans 1950s and 1960s National civil rights movement Black Power Movement Gave African Americans sense of pride and purpose Despite gains, continue to occupy a lower social position in the U.S. Black unemployment twice as high as white unemployment Factory jobs vital to central cities lost to other countries Remarkable educational progress since 1980 African Americans Political clout has greatly increased People of African ancestry have struggled for social equality for 400 years Discrimination is illegal; research documents longterm decline in prejudice against African Americans Racial hierarchy persists Society: The Basics, 10th Edition by John Macionis Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Asian Americans Category marked by enormous cultural diversity 4.5% of U.S. population Commands attention and respect as high achievers “Model minority” stereotype Misleading because it hides the differences in class standards and poverty found among their ranks Asian Americans Chinese Americans Immigration began in 1849 with the gold rush Economic hard times led to prejudice and discrimination “Yellow Peril” Laws passed to bar from many occupations Chinese men outnumbered Chinese women 20 to one High demand of Chinese women led to their loss of their submissiveness Racial hostility Moved East to urban China towns Traditions and kinship networks (clans) Asian Americans WWII need for labor led to end of ban on Chinese immigration By 1950, many experienced upward social mobility Hold high-prestige positions Science and information technology Despite success, Chinese Americans still deal with subtle and sometimes blatant prejudice and discrimination Poverty still high among those socially isolated in Chinatowns Japanese Americans Immigration began slowly in the 1860s As number of immigrants increased to California, white hostility increased Differed from Chinese immigrants in three ways Fewer Japanese, so they escaped some of the hostility directed at the Chinese Japanese knew more about the U.S. than the Chinese, so assimilated better Japanese preferred rural farming which made them less visible Japanese Americans Japanese faced their greatest crisis after Pearl Harbor Rage directed at the Japanese living in the U.S. Detained in military camps by executive order Internment was criticized Targeted an entire group of people Two-thirds of those imprisoned were nisei (U.S. citizens) U.S. also at war with Germany and Italy but no comparable action was taken against people of German and Italian ancestry Japanese Americans Internment led to the economic devastation of Japanese Americans Internment ended in 1944 1988: Congress awarded $20,000 to each victim for compensation In 2006, median income of Japanese Americans was 40% above national average Upward social mobility encouraged cultural assimilation Many abandoned their traditions Some are still caught between two worlds Japanese Americans Japanese closest to having achieved social acceptance Surveys reveal greater prejudice against Asian Americans than against African Americans Many live in Hawaii, California, or New York Incomes are high but so are costs of living Many Asian Americans remain poor Recent Asian Immigrants Koreans, Filipinos, Indians, Vietnamese, Guamanians, and Samoans Many have a strong entrepreneurial spirit Owning a small business is a strategy for dealing with societal prejudice and discrimination. Recent Asian Immigrants Japanese closest to having achieved social acceptance Surveys reveal greater prejudice against Asian Americans than against African Americans Many live in Hawaii, California, or New York Incomes are high but so are costs of living Many Asian Americans remain poor Society: The Basics, 10th Edition by John Macionis Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Hispanic Americans/ Latinos Number of Hispanics in U.S. topped 44 million in 2006 Surpassed number of African Americans Now the largest racial or ethnic minority Hispanics are a cluster of distinct populations Each identify with a particular ancestral nation Median family income is below national average Hispanic Americans/ Latinos Mexican Americans Descendants of people who lived in the part of Mexico annexed by U.S. Most are recent immigrants Today, more immigrants come from Mexico than any other country Still have a high dropout rate and receive less schooling than U.S. adults as a whole Hispanic Americans/ Latinos Puerto Ricans Island became U.S. possession after the Spanish-American war Became citizens in 1917 Most live in New York City Adjusting to cultural patterns is a major challenge Darker skin leads to more prejudice and discrimination–most return to Puerto Rico “Revolving door” pattern limits assimilation Most speak only Spanish which limits economic opportunity Most socially disadvantaged Hispanic minority Hispanic Americans/ Latinos Cuban Americans 400,000 Cubans fled to U.S. after the 1959 revolution Most settled in Miami Many were highly educated business and professional people Median income above that of other Hispanics but still below the national average Cubans are most likely to speak Spanish in their homes Cultural distinctiveness and highly visible communities provokes some hostility Society: The Basics, 10th Edition by John Macionis Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Arab Americans A U.S. minority that is increasing in size The “Arab World” includes 22 nations Not all are Arabs Berber of Morocco; Kurds of Iraq Arab cultures differ from society to society Share widespread use of Arabic alphabet and language Islam is dominant religion Arab Americans “Arab” is an ethnic category “Muslim” is a follower of Islam Majority of people living in Arab countries are Muslim, but some Arabs are Christians or followers of other religions Arab Americans choose to downplay their ethnicity to avoid prejudice and discrimination Arab Americans Terrorist attacks against U.S. and other nations has fueled a stereotype that links being Arab or Muslim with being a terrorist Unfair because it blames an entire category for the actions of a few Explains why social-distance research show students express more negative attitudes toward Arabs that any other racial or ethnic category Explains why Arabs have been the target of hate crimes Explains why many feel they are subject to “ethnic profiling” Threatens their privacy and civil liberties Table 11.6 (p. 327) The Social Standing of Arab Americans, 2006 Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2007) Society: The Basics, 10th Edition by John Macionis Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Arab Americans Many formed supportive residential enclaves Some gained footholds in certain businesses and trades Many still live in traditional working-class neighborhoods Those who prospered gradually assimilated Many descendants now make enough money to live comfortable lives Ethnic heritage is now a source of pride Looking Towards the Future Immigration Debate Affirmative Action Toward A Multicultural Society Looking Towards the Future U.S. has been, and will remain, a land of immigrants New arrivals face the same prejudice and discrimination experienced by those who came before them Recent years have witnessed xenophobia Rising hostility toward foreigners Looking Towards the Future Today’s immigrants try to blend into American society without completely giving up their culture New arrivals still carry the traditional hope that their racial and ethnic diversity can be a source of pride rather than a badge of inferiority What would you do? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ru1F29vuVKI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdEkugIJCfw http://video.foxnews.com/v/4369032/race-relations- declining-in-america?r_src=ramp
