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Computer Engineering
ББК
Авторы: М.Г. Бондарев, А.С. Андриенко, Л.В. Буренко, О.Г. Мельник, Э.А. Сидельник.
Computer Engineering: Издание 2-е (испр. и доп.): Учебное пособие. – М: Изд-во «Флинта»,
2014.– 147 с.
Под общей редакцией Г.А. Краснощековой.
Учебное пособие “Computer Engineering” предназначено для студентов высших
учебных заведений, обучающихся по направлениям «Информатика и вычислительная
техника» (08.03.01); «Автоматизация технологических процессов и производств» (15.03.04);
«Информационные системы и технологии» (09.03.02) и «Системный анализ и управление»
(27.09.03).
Основной целью пособия является формирование и развитие иноязычной
профессиональной
коммуникативной
компетентности
студентов
компьютерных
специальностей на старших курсах технического вуза для осуществления профессионально
ориентированного общения с зарубежными специалистами в интенсивно развивающейся
сфере международного научно-технического содружества.
Изучение материала предлагаемого пособия предоставит возможность студентам
совершенствовать профессиональную компоненту инженерного образования с акцентом на
их профильную специальность, повышать мотивацию к изучению иностранного языка для
профессиональных целей.
Данное учебное пособие также может быть использовано студентами, аспирантами,
специалистами и широким кругом изучающих, имеющих базовый уровень
сформированности компетенций по английскому языку и интересующихся актуальными
проблемами в области развития компьютерных технологий и информационных систем.
«Рекомендовано Учебно-методическим объединением по образованию в
области лингвистики Министерства образования и науки Российской
Федерации в качестве учебного пособия для студентов-бакалавров технических
направлений»
Рецензенты:
К.ф.н., доцент, заведующий кафедрой английского языка ТГПИ Е.В. Полякова.
К.п.н., доцент кафедры иностранных языков ИУЭС ЮФУ О.Н. Черноморова.
© М.Г. Бондарев, А.С. Андриенко,
Л.В. Буренко, О.Г. Мельник, Э.А. Сидельник.
2014.
English for special purposes
Computer Engineering
Предисловие
Практика организации современного учебного процесса, необходимость повышения
качества образования в отечественных высших учебных заведениях технического
профиля актуализирует необходимость изучения дисциплины «Иностранный язык для
профессиональных (специальных) целей» с целью развития и совершенствования
определенного программными документами уровня сформированности иноязычной
коммуникативной профессиональной компетентности студентов. Развитие иноязычной
профессиональной коммуникативной компетентности позволит студентам и будущим
выпускникам осуществлять эффективное профессионально ориентированное общение со
специалистами других стран, участвовать в процессе академической и профессиональной
мобильности в национальном и международном образовательном поликультурном
пространстве на современном этапе интеграции вузов, быть конкурентоспособными на
рынке труда, совершенствовать и приумножать национальные достижения.
Учебное пособие “Computer engineering” разработано с учетом программы обучения
иностранному языку для студентов неязыковых вузов по направлениям «Информатика и
вычислительная техника» (08.03.01); «Автоматизация технологических процессов и
производств» (15.03.04); «Информационные системы и технологии» (09.03.02) и
«Системный анализ и управление» (27.09.03). Аутентичный текстовый материал
тематических разделов пособия и разработанная система упражнений имеют
профессионально ориентированную проблематику. Уровень сложности текстового
материала, представленного в пособии, ориентирован на студентов с уровнем
сформированности лингвистической компетенции в объеме базового курса изучения
дисциплины «Иностранный язык». В вузе данный уровень эквивалентен первому и
второму курсам обучения студентов на образовательном уровне бакалавриата.
Текстовый материал и система заданий учебного пособия могут быть использованы
для групповой и самостоятельной работы студентов в аудитории под руководством
преподавателя, а также для внеаудиторной работы. Организация обсуждения
предложенных в тематических разделах пособия проблем в студенческой аудитории в
форме ролевой игры, диспутов, игр-соревнований, обсуждений «круглого стола»,
проектов, презентаций и других форм общения студентов на иностранном языке
представляется значимой, так как имитирует ситуации естественной языковой
профессионально ориентированной коммуникации.
Пособие “Computer engineering” может быть рассчитано на 150-200 и более часов
аудиторной работы в вузе в зависимости от индивидуального календарного
планирования и, соответственно, структурно-содержательного блока рабочих
программ с учетом специфики обучения студентов в определенном вузе.
Весь предлагаемый материал разбит на 10 разделов (Units), содержащих следующие
проблемы для обсуждения: “Computer & Computing”, “Software”, “Portable computers”,
“Programming languages”, “Computer networking”, “Computer graphics”, “Multimedia”,
“Telecommunications”, “Virtual reality”, “Computer security”.
Каждый раздел пособия имеет свое тематическое направление. Структура раздела
позволяет студентам снять трудности языкового, речевого и психологического
характера в процессе усвоения учебного материала раздела, легко ориентироваться в
структурно-содержательном блоке текстовых заданий и упражнений. Каждый раздел
имеет в своей структуре следующие типы заданий:
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Computer Engineering
Lead In – знакомство с предлагаемой проблемой раздела, выполнение предтекстовых
заданий с целью предварительного обсуждения представленной проблемы с опорой на
фоновые знания студентов.
Pronunciation – имеет целью проведение фонетического тренинга блока основных
лексических единиц раздела.
Word Study – содержит дефиницию лексического материала по проблеме раздела с
целью дальнейшей эффективной работы с текстом.
Word Building – знакомство с особенностями словообразования.
В задании Grammar Focus – представлена грамматическая проблема для изучения
студентами, исходя из специфики конкретного тематического раздела пособия. Снять
грамматические трудности и изучить грамматический материал, представленный на
русском языке более подробно можно в секции Grammar Files, которая находится в конце
пособия после тематических разделов.
Specialist Reading – включает в себя аутентичный текстовый материал по проблеме
раздела.
Vocabulary in Use – предлагает задания лексического характера с опорой на
прочитанный текстовый материал.
Comprehension Check – представляет систему заданий с целью выявить степень
понимания прочитанного текстового материала.
Ряд следующих заданий: Writing, Get Real, Speaking, по мнению разработчиков пособия,
заслуживает особого внимания студентов, так как данные задания имеют целью не
только интенсивное совершенствование всех видов речевой деятельности студентов,
но и эффективное развитие творческого мышления и индивидуального подхода
студентов к рассмотрению проблемы раздела в процессе подготовки.
Разделы Writing и Speaking содержат задания, имеющие целью развитие творческого
мышления и индивидуальной точки зрения студентов, которые мотивируют обучаемых
к дальнейшему изучению и критическому видению предлагаемой проблемы,
дополнительному использованию различных информационных источников по изучаемой
теме.
Writing – в разделе представлена система письменных заданий.
Speaking – раздел включает в себя систему заданий с целью развития
коммуникативной
компетенции
студентов
в
процессе
профессионально
ориентированного общения.
Get Real – в данном разделе даны ссылки на Интернет сайты, работа с которыми
поможет студентам творчески использовать дополнительный материал по
проблематике всех разделов пособия (особенно в ходе выполнения заданий разделов
Writing и Speaking) наиболее полно реализовать профессиональные интересы, проявить
индивидуальность и креативность в процессе подготовки к занятию. Использование
предлагаемых информационных источников поможет студентам в процессе выполнения
творческих заданий, составления докладов и подготовки презентаций. Возможность
использования видеоматериалов по выбору студентов с учетом их профессиональных
предпочтений приблизит атмосферу занятия к реальной языковой среде, сделает его
более информативным.
Применение на занятии информационных технологий в обучении, использование
студентами компьютерных средств и информационных источников сети Интернет в
аудитории и во внеаудиторное время способствуют повышению уровня
профессиональной компетентности, развитию современного взгляда на технические
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Computer Engineering
науки, формированию профессионального мышления средствами иностранного языка,
повышению мотивации к изучению дисциплины «Иностранный язык для
профессиональных (специальных) целей».
Supplementary Reading Section – содержит дополнительный текстовый материал по
проблеме тематических разделов пособия.
Word List – в данном разделе дан тезаурус языка для специальных целей “Computer
Engineering”. Список предлагаемых для изучения лексических единиц структурирован по
тематическим разделам пособия.
Система упражнений каждого тематического раздела пособия была разработана с
целью интенсивного вовлечения студентов в дискуссию, позволяющую анализировать
предложенную в разделе проблему с элементами обобщения и оценки, аргументировано
выражать собственную точку зрения.
Учебное пособие может быть предложено студентам, магистрантам, специалистам
и всем желающим изучать английский язык с целью развития и совершенствования
иноязычной профессиональной коммуникативной компетентности в процессе
обсуждения проблем профессионально ориентированной тематики, а также может
быть использовано преподавателями английского языка в учебном процессе в качестве
основного и дополнительного практического пособия по направлению “Computer
Engineering”.
Авторы надеются, что специфика структурно-содержательной организации
материала и разработанная система упражнений поможет преподавателю в выборе
адекватных методов и приемов в процессе планирования занятия по дисциплине.
Авторы пособия выражают благодарность заведующей кафедрой иностранных
языков Инженерно-технологической академии Южного федерального университета,
доктору педагогических наук, профессору Г.А.Краснощековой за ценные замечания и
плодотворное обсуждение идей, представленных в пособии; также авторы благодарны
рецензентам и коллегам кафедры иностранных языков ИТА ЮФУ за поддержку и
методические рекомендации в процессе практической работы над пособием.
Авторы с благодарностью примут все замечания, предложения и пожелания и учтут
их в дальнейшей работе. Официальный сайт ЮФУ: http://tti.sfedu.ru.
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Computer Engineering
Map of the book
Word building
Grammar
Reading A
1. Computer &
Computing p. 8
Useful suffixes
Present Tenses
and Voices
What’s a computer
2. Software
p. 18
Useful prefixes 1
Conditionals
Software
3. Portable computers
p. 28
Useful prefixes 2
Comparing &
Predicting
Portable Computers
4. Programming
languages
p. 38
5. Computer
networking
p. 48
Up- & -up verbs
Past tenses
Programming
Language
Abbreviations
Relative clauses
with a participle
Computer
Networking
6. Computer graphics
p. 58
Noun suffixes
-ing forms
Computer Graphics
7. Multimedia
p. 68
Useful prefixes 3
Participle II
Multimedia
8. Telecommunication
p. 77
Suffixes -able, ize
Passive infinitives
Telecommunication
9. Virtual reality
p. 86
-ed/-ing
adjectives
Noun attributes
Virtual Reality
10. Computer Security
p.96
Word building
revision
Infinitive
Constructions
Malicious software
Unit/page
Grammar files p.107
Appendix p.120
Supplementary reading p.122
English for special purposes
Computer Engineering
Word list p.136
Reading B
Writing
Typical PC
hardware
Computer
development
Map of the book
Speaking
Operating system Computer OS
development
Supplementary
reading
Computer history & Famous people in
evolution
computer tech
development. CPU.
Computer systems Unix
Tablet computers
Tablet computers
vs. laptops
Predictions for the
future
The future of
Portable computers
History of
Programming
Languages
TCP/IP vs. PPP
Practical application
of computer
languages
LAN (WLAN)
description
Universal
programming
language
Computer
networking
JAVA
Computer
animation
Computer graphics
technologies
Computer graphics
branches
The concept of
computer graphics
Multimedia Web
Design
Summary
Multimedia
applications
Rich media features
Satellite services
Summary
The role of
telecommunication
Telecommunications
save lives. Inosphere.
Head mounted
display
technology
Virtual reality
devices &
applications
Virtual reality
products
Shadow dexterous
hand
Network security
management
Computer crimes
prevention
Computer security
Phishing
Global networking
infrastructure for the
21st century
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Computer Engineering
Unit 1 Computer & Computing
Useful suffixes Present Tenses and Voices What’s a computer Typical PC hardware Introducing a problem
LEAD-IN: Computer evolution
1. Focus on the following stages of computer inventions’ development. Try to give the names of inventors
and denote the period of time when these inventions appeared.








analytical engine
abacus
ENIAC*
transistor
mechanical calculator
punch card
analog computer
digital computer
*Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
Will you add more information concerning the unit problem and give your opinion on further evolution in
computer development from abacus to modern and future-planned devices.
PRONUNCIATION
2. Make sure you pronounce the following words properly:
hardware
['hɑːdwɛə]
keyboard
['kiːbɔːd]
software
['sɔftwɛə]
application
[æplɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n]
device
[dɪ'vaɪs]
circuitry
['sɜːkɪtrɪ]
embedded
[ɪm'bedɪd]
semiconductor
[semɪkən'dʌktə]
computer
[kəm'pjuːtə]
chassis
['ʃæsi:]
punch card
[pʌnʧ] [kɑːd]
access
['æksəs]
communicate
[kə'mjuːnɪkeɪt]
data
['deɪtə]
technology
[tek'nɔləʤɪ]
digitization
[dɪʤɪtaɪ'zeɪʃ(ə)n]
WORD STUDY
3. Translate the following definitions and memorize the terms:
English for special purposes
Computer Engineering
hardware (n) - the machines, wiring and other physical components of a computer
or other electronic system: processing hardware, storage
hardware;
integrated circuit (n) - an electronic circuit formed on a small piece of semiconducting
material: circuit board, circuit diagram, printed circuit (board);
computer (n) - an electronic device (machine) which is used for storing data,
organizing and finding words, numbers and pictures, for doing
calculations and for controlling other machines;
central processing unit (n) - the part of a computer in which operations are controlled and
executed;
input device (n) - a piece of computer equipment such as a keyboard which enables
you to put information into a computer;
memory-storage device(n) - the part of a computer in which data or program instructions can
be stored for retrieval;
bus (n) - a distinct set of conductors carrying data and control signals within
a computer system, to which pieces of equipment may be
connected in parallel;
mainframe (n) - a large high-speed computer, especially one supporting numerous
workstations or peripherals;
software (n) - the collection of computer programs and related data that provide
the instructions telling a computer what to do: system software,
application software;
operating system (n) - the system software that allows all the hardware and software
components to work together. It consists of a set of programs that
manages all the computer's resources, including the data in main
memory and in auxiliary storage.
chassis (n) - the frame, base of a device, equipment or a vehicle onto which the
metal covering is fixed;
semiconductor (n) - a material, such as silicon, which allows electricity to move through
it more easily when its temperature increases, or an electronic
device made from this material;
digitization (n) - the process of putting information into digital form, usually so that
it can be processed by a digital computer.
4. Match the following words with their synonyms (A, B) and the Russian equivalents (C, D):
A
technology
data
software
screen
main memory
chassis
device
communicate
B
system unit
monitor
exchange information
facility
ways to perform tasks
RAM
programs and data
information
C
input device
application
keyboard
digitization
output device
access
hardware
embedded
D
встроенный
аппаратное обеспечение
доступ
оцифровка
устройство ввода
клавиатура
устройство вывода
приложение
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Computer Engineering
5. Match a verb in A with a noun in B:
A
connect
perform
store
transmit
push
surf
calculate
computerize
B
the net
a button
the system
data
signals
the expenses
specific tasks
two computers together
6. Complete the puzzle using the clues.
a small hand-held device which is moved across a mat or flat
surface to move the cursor on a computer screen
e
a panel of keys that operate a computer or
typewriter
b
a device with a screen on which words or
pictures can be shown
d
o
a connection technology for attaching peripheral
devices to a computer, providing fast data exchange
a computer input device containing
different touch-sensitive areas
t
permanent software programmed into a
read-only memory
f
b
h
r
m
k
WORD BUILDING: “-wares”
The suffix -ware refers to products of
the same type. In computing,
software refers to programs executed
by a computer, as opposed to
hardware which concerns physical
devices on which programs run. It is
commonly used to form jargon terms
for different classes of software.
7. Match the words with their definitions.
freeware
shareware
malware
spyware
designed to infiltrate or damage a computer (e.g. viruses, Trojan horses)
devised to display advertisements; some includes spyware
available free of charge, but protected by copyright: it differs from 'free software", which
can be changed and distributed subject to license
enables a group of people connected to a network to work on the same project
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Computer Engineering
adware
groupware
distributed similarly to freeware, except that it requires payment after a trial period
designed to monitor the actions of your computer and send this data via the Net
Consult your dictionary to find more “-wares”.
GRAMMAR FOCUS : Present Tenses: Simple and Continuous (Active & Passive Voice)
8. Underline the correct form of the verb and translate the sentences. If you need help use GRAMMAR
FILES 1 (p. 107).
1. When one computer system is set up / sets up / set up to communicate with another
computer system, connectivity becomes / become an important system element.
2. People are the most important component / is the most important component of the
computer system: they create / creates / are created the computer software
instructions and respond to the procedures that those instructions present.
3. Computer uses / is used / are using to convert data into information and to store
information in the digital form.
4. Nowadays computer development is rapidly progressing / rapidly progresses.
5. Researchers are currently developed / are currently developing microchips called
digital signal processors (DSPs).
6. Data feed / is feeding / is fed into the computer's memory.
7. The main memory holds / is holding / is held the instructions and data which are
being processed / are processed / are processing by the CPU.
8. Peripherals include /are including / are included storage devices and input/output
devices.
9. Disk drives are used / is used / are using to read and write data on disks.
10. Input devices enable / are enabled / were enabled data to go into the computer’s
memory.
SPECIALIST READING A: What is a computer?
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9. Before starting, answer the following questions.
This kind of information is well known and you will
deal easily with the quiz.
COMPUTER-quiz
Who founded Microsoft
corporation?
Who set up Apple
Computers’ Corporation?
Who invented a tabulating
machine using punched
cards for computation?
Who designed the
“analytical engine”?
Who developed logical
algebra?
Charles Babbage
Herman Hollerith
Bill Gates
George Boole
Steven Jobs and
Stephen Wozniak
10. These phrases and sentences have been
removed from the text.
1. There are two different types of computers –
analog and digital.
2. People are the most important component of
the computer system…
3. The most common form of computer in use
today is the embedded computer.
4. In addition, hardware devices can include
external components...
5. An incredible important contribution in
computer technology development …
6. IBM made punch-card office machinery…
7. …Hardware, Software, People, Procedures, and
Data.
8. This process is called digitization.
Read the text quickly and fill in the gaps with
the suitable phrases or sentences to form a
logically correct text. Mind that one extra
sentence you don’t have to use is given.
Ch.Babbage
H.Hollerith
English for Special Purposes
J. Atanasoff
C. Berry
The term computer is used to describe a device made
up of a combination of electronic and electromechanical
components. Computer has no intelligence by itself and
is referred to as hardware which is the computer's
physical electronic and mechanical parts. A computer
system can be viewed as consisting of five most vital
elements: _____________________________________
______________. When one computer system is set up
to communicate with another computer system,
connectivity becomes the sixth system element of the
total computer system.
______________________________________________
_________________: they create the computer
software instructions and respond to the procedures
that those instructions present.
The basic job of the computer is the processing of
information. Computers accept information in the form
of instruction called a program and characters called
data to perform mathematical and logical operations,
and then give the results. The data is raw material while
information is organized, processed, refined and useful
for decision making. Computer is used to convert data
into information. Computer is also used to store
information in the digital form.
______________________________________________
________________________. Analog computers solve
problems by using continuously changing data
(temperature, pressure, voltage) rather than by
manipulating discrete binary digits (1s and 0s) as digital
computers do. In current usage, the term computer
usually refers to digital computers. Hybrid computers
combine elements of both types. Digital computers are
generally more effective than analog computers for
three principal reasons: they are not as susceptible to
signal interference; they can convey data with more
precision; and their coded binary data are easier to store
and transfer than are analog signals.
Such computers can represent any type of data, from
numbers and letters to musical notes._________
__________________________________________.
A vague image of modern computer was first outlined
in 1833 by British mathematician Charles Babbage. His
design of an “analytical engine” contained all the
necessary elements of a modern computer: input
devices, a store (memory), a mill (computing unit), a
control unit, and output devices.
Computer Engineering
The design called for more than 50,000 moving parts in
a steam-driven machine as large as a locomotive. Most of
its actions were executed through the use of perforated
cards: a method that was already used to control
automatic silk-weaving machines called Jacquard looms
by the name of the inventor. It was one of the first
programmable devices.
In the 1880s Herman Hollerith developed a calculating
machine able to count, collate, and sort information
stored on punch cards. His “tabulator” quickly
demonstrated the efficiency of mechanical data
manipulation. In 1896 Hollerith founded the Tabulating
Machine Company to produce similar machines. In 1924
the company changed its name to IBM. The most popular
of operating systems – which are used to run
mainframes, built by the industry leader IBM – include
1
2
3
MVS , DOS/VSE , and VM .______________________
___________________________ the dominant business
information system until the late 1960s.
From 1939 to 1942, American physicists John V.
Atanasoff and Clifford Berry built a computer based on
the binary numbering system. Their ABC (Atanasoff-Berry
Computer) is often credited as the first electronic digital
computer. Furthermore, George Boole, a British
mathematician, had already devised a complete system
of binary algebra that could be applied to computer
circuits. Boolean algebra, developed in 1848, bridged the
gap between mathematics and logic by symbolizing all
information as being either true or false.
_______________________________________________
______________ is made by Steven Jobs and Stephen
Wozniak, the founders of the Apple II computer. It is also
worth mentioning William Henry Gates III, (known as Bill
Gates), the father of Microsoft Company. The first devices
that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th
century (1940–1945). Early electronic computers were
the size of a large room. Modern computers are based on
tiny integrated circuits and are millions to billions of
times more capable while occupying a fraction of the
space. _________________________________________
__________________. Embedded computers are small,
simple devices that are used to control other devices - for
example; they may be found in machines ranging from
fighter aircraft to industrial robots, digital cameras, and
children's toys.
The dominant operating system is the disk operating
system (DOS) developed by Microsoft Corporation. Also
popular is Microsoft's Windows NT, an adjunct to DOS
that provides enhanced computer graphics.
Comments:
1
IBM MVS (Multiple Virtual Storage) - множественное
виртуальное хранилище, операционная система,
разработанная IBM (1974).
2
DOS/VSE (Virtual Storage Extended) – дисковая
операционная система с расширенной виртуальной
памятью.
3
VM (Virtual Machine) — операционная система для
мэйнфреймов фирмы IBM. Первая версия была
выпущена в 1972 году для семейства компьютеров
IBM System/370.
VOCABULARY IN USE
11. Replace the italicized words with the
equivalents from the box:
modern
plain
invented
consider kept
productivity
different kinds
tiny
information
presented
give commands to
1. Software consists of the programs that instruct
the hardware to perform tasks.
2. Varieties of types of integrated circuitry are
used in contemporary supercomputers.
3. Embedded computers are small, simple
devices, which are used to control other
devices.
4. Herman Hollerith, an American inventor,
fabricated a calculating machine able to count
information stored on punch card.
5. A
device
called
“tabulator”
quickly
demonstrated the efficiency of mechanical
data manipulating.
6. IBM introduced its Personal Computer in 1981.
English for Special Purposes
13
14
Computer Engineering
COMPREHENSION CHECK
12. Put the facts in the logical order as they are given in the text:
№


Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniak, his engineer partner, founded a company
named Apple Computer, Inc.
Hollerith founded the Tabulating Machine Company to produce similar
machines.
Bill Gates founded Microsoft.

IBM introduced its Personal Computer (PC).

American physicists John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry built a computer
based on the binary numbering system.

13. Mark the following statements as “true” or “false”, correct the false ones. Find information in the text if
necessary.
True False
1. A computer has an artificial intellect.
2. Connectivity can be viewed as an important element of a computer system.
3. The basic job of a computer is to encode algorithms written in a programming
language.
4. Hybrid computers have elements of both analog and digital computers.
5. Hardware is used to store data.
6. American mathematician Charles Babbage was the first to outline a vague
image of a modern computer.
7. The ABC Computer was the first image of the first electronic digital computer.
8. Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniak were the founders of the Apple II computer.
9. The dominant operating system was developed by Apple Computer Company.
10. Nowadays DOS is not the prevailing operating system.
SPECIALIST READING B: Typical PC hardware
14. Read the text and underline the information to prove the following statements:
1. Software is not a part of hardware.
2. The term” motherboard” is the point of argument.
3. External Bus Controllers are used to connect to external peripherals.
15. Say if the text touches upon the following points (tick them) and put the information in the correct
order:
X
№
X
RAM description
information about CAE software
power supply features
central processing unit functions
external components of a computer
networking connections description
history of computer-aided engineering (CAE)
the definition of the term “mouse”
typical personal computer case
keyboard usage
English for Special Purposes
№
Computer Engineering
1) A personal computer is made up of multiple
physical components of computer hardware, upon
which can be installed an operating system and a
multitude of software to perform the operator's desired
functions. Typical personal computers consist of a case
or chassis in a tower shape (desktop) and the following
parts:
2) Motherboard is the "body" or mainframe of the
computer. The term “motherboard” is the point of
argument in the USA even at Court level. It was even
proposed to use the term “mainboard” not to give any
privileges to male or female belonging of the word.
3) Central processing unit (CPU) performs most of
the calculations which enable a computer to function;
sometimes it is referred to as the "brain" of the
computer.
4) Computer fan is used to lower the temperature
of the computer; a fan is almost always attached to the
CPU, and the computer case will generally have several
fans to maintain a constant airflow.
1
5) Random Access Memory (RAM ) is also known as
the physical memory of the computer. Fast-access
memory that is cleared when the computer is powered
down. RAM attaches directly to the motherboard, and
is used to store programs that are currently running.
2
Firmware is loaded from the Read only memory ROM
run from the Basic Input-Output System (BIOS) or in
newer systems Extensible Firmware Inter-face (EFI)
compliant.
6) Internal Buses are connections to various internal
3
components: PCI, PCI-E, USB, Hyper Transport, CSI , and
AGP (being phased out).
7) External Bus Controllers are used to connect to
external peripherals, such as printers and input devices.
These ports may also be based upon expansion cards,
attached to the internal buses.
8) Controllers for hard disk, CD-ROM and other
drives for a PC are IDE/ATA; the controllers sit directly
on the motherboard or on expansion cards, such as a
Disk array controller. IDE is usually integrated, unlike
SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) which can be
found in some servers. The floppy drive interface is a
4
legacy MFM interface, which is now slowly
disappearing. All these interfaces are gradually being
5
phased out to be replaced by SATA and SAS .
9) Video display controller produces the output for
the visual display unit. This will either be built into the
motherboard or attached in its own separate slot (PCI,
PCI-E, PCI-E 2.0, or AGP), in the form of a Graphics Card.
10) Internal storage encompasses hardware that
keeps data inside the computer for later use and
remains persistent even when the computer has no
power (hard disk – medium-term storage of data; solidstate drive – a device similar to hard disk, but
containing no moving parts; disk array controller – a
device to manage several hard disks to achieve
performance or reliability improvement).
11) Sound card enables the computer to output
sound to audio devices, as well as accept input from a
microphone. Most modern computers have sound
cards built-in to the motherboard, though it is common
for a user to install a separate sound card as an
upgrade.
12) Networking connects the computer to the
Internet and/or other computers (modem is used for
dial-up connections, network card – for DSL/Cable
internet, and/or connecting to other computers, direct
cable connection – use of a null modem, connecting
two computers together using their serial ports or a Lap
link cable, connecting two computers together with
their parallel ports).
13) Hardware devices can include external
components of a computer system. The following are
either standard or very common including various input
and output devices, usually external to the computer
system.
14) Keyboard is used to input text and characters by
depressing buttons (referred to as keys), similar to a
typewriter. The most common English-language key
layout is the QWERTY layout. Mouse is a pointing device
that detects two dimensional motions relative to its
supporting surface. Webcam is a low resolution video
camera used to provide visual input that can be easily
transferred over the internet. Microphone - an acoustic
sensor that provides input by converting sound into
electrical signals. Printer is a machine that can be
connected to a computer in order to make copies on
paper of documents or other information held by the
computer. Monitor is a screen which displays an image
generated by a computer. Computer speakers, or
multimedia speakers, are external speakers, commonly
equipped with a low-power internal amplifier. The
standard audio connection is a 3.5mm (1/8 inch) stereo
jack plugs often colour-coded lime green (following the
PC 99 standard) for computer sound cards.
English for Special Purposes
15
16
Computer Engineering
Comments
1
RAM – запоминающее устройство с произвольной выборкой (ЗУПВ).
ROM – постоянное запоминающее устройство (ПЗУ).
3
CSI – высокоскоростная шина Common Systems Interconnect - последовательный точка-точка интерфейс.
4
MFM – устаревшая ныне шина для подключения жестких дисков. Использовалось два шлейфа – один для
управляющих сигналов, другой – для обмена данными. Один из шлейфов был очень похож на шлейф для FDD.
5
SAS – компьютерный интерфейс, разработанный для обмена данными с такими устройствами, как
жёсткие диски, накопители на оптическом диске и т. д. для замены параллельного интерфейса SCSI и
обеспечения более высокой пропускной способности. SAS совместим с интерфейсом SATA, поддерживает
передачу информации со скоростью до 3 Гбит/с (в перспективе до 10 Гбит/с).
2
WRITING: Computer development
16. What are in your opinion on the most
urgent computer problems? Could you
give the ways of future computer
development? Give characteristics of your
own computer components and try to
describe a model of a Computer of the
Future. Do you consider that the future of
human development belongs to the
computer? Prove your ideas. Use links
from Get Real to help you.
● Get Real
Check these websites to find out more
additional computer history facts and
the latest computer evolution
achievements:
http://www.accessscience.com
http://science news.org
English for Special Purposes
Computer Engineering
SPEAKING: Computer history and evolution
17. Work in pairs or in groups with your partner(s) to discuss the following problems: “What type of
computer in your opinion is the most suitable for home and office use, for specific engineering tasks: for
Computer Aided Design (CAD), for instance, or other engineering fields?” “What are the most important
characteristics and the functions of main memory, I/O devices, storage devices, CPU?” “What peculiar facts
can you give about different computer programs and data, about CPU, the heart of the computer? (The
Supplementary Reading Section may help you).” “What will future computer technology development
result in”? Could you create a presentation on the problems, marked above? Role-play the discussion
problems in the form of a conference.
The following discourse markers may help you:
Introducing a
problem
I would like to present you (to touch upon) a problem; I’d like to state (maintain) the
importance of this problem, to say that this problem is very vital and extremely popular;
I’d like to mention that I have studied and used a lot of information from the following
(different) sources.
Carving the
main idea
I’d like analyze the main facts; It’s worth mentioning; I’d like to give my opinion on the
problem, which concerns…; I share the authors opinion (I agree/disagree)
Summing up
the presented
information
on a problem
Now I’d like to draw a conclusion; I’d like to conclude; summing up; as I’m running out of
time I’d like to summarize
English for Special Purposes
17
18
Computer Engineering
Unit 2 Software
Useful prefixes 1
Conditionals
Software
Operating system
LEAD-IN: Operating Systems
1. Study the following list of Operating Systems. What other Operating Systems could you name? Will you
characterize them? What are the main functions of OS?
• Slax
• Open SUSE
• React OS
• Mona OS
• MINIX3
• Haiku
• Ubuntu
• Symbian OS
PRONUNCIATION
2. Make sure you pronounce the following words properly:
amount
[ə'maunt]
commercially [kə'mɜːʃ(ə)lɪ]
require
[rɪ'kwaɪə]
schedule
['ʃedjuːl ];
extensively
[ek'sten(t)sɪvlɪ]
sequence
['siːkwən(t)s]
function
['fʌŋkʃ(ə)n]
subroutine
['sʌbruːˌtiːn]
fundamental
[fʌndə'ment(ə)l]
total
['təut(ə)l]
laboratory
[lə'bɔrət(ə)rɪ]
typing
['taɪpɪŋ]
provide
[prə'vaɪd]
instruction
[ɪn'strʌkʃ(ə)n]
WORD STUDY
3. Translate the following definitions and memorize the terms:
software (n) - the collection of computer programs and related data that provide
the instructions telling a computer what to do: system software,
application software;
operating system (n) - the system software that allows all the hardware and software
components to work together; a set of programs that manages all
the computer's resources;
bug (n) - an error in a computer program or system;
computer programmer (n) - a person whose job involves writing programs for computers;
English for Special Purposes
Computer Engineering
debugging (n) - the process of identifying and removing errors from computer
hardware or software;
disk operating system (n) - a computer operating system that controls and manages files and
programs stored on disk; DOS is a shorthand term for several
closely related operating systems (MS-DOS, PC DOS, DR-DOS, etc.)
that dominated the IBM PC compatible market;
flowchart (n) - a graphical representation of a computer program in relation to its
sequence of functions;
graphical user interface (n) - a visual way of interacting with a computer using items such as
windows, icons, and menus, used by most modern operating
systems;
LINUX (n) - an operating system modeled on Unix, whose source code is
publicly available at no charge;
program (n) - a set of instructions that a computer follows in order to perform a
particular task;
schedule (n) - a plan for carrying out a process or procedure, giving lists of
intended events and times;
eliminate (v) - completely remove or get rid of something;
file (n) - holder, cover, case, box, etc. for keeping data;
server (n) - a computer or computer program which manages access to a
centralized resource or service in a network;
UNIX (n) - a computer operating system developed in 1969 by K. Thompson
and D. Ritchie; today is used to describe any operating system that
conforms to Unix standards, meaning the core operating system
operates the same as the original Unix operating system;
4. Match the following words with their synonyms (A, B) and the Russian equivalents (C, D):
A
acquaint
coder
series
bug
expel
schedule
execute
operation
version
efficiency
B
error
introduce
eliminate
programmer
time-table
performance
sequence
edition
carry out
procedure
C
restore
paging file
task manager
kernel
calculation
flowchart
debug
sequence
provide
amount
D
удалять ошибки
последовательность
ядро
количество
восстанавливать
диспетчер задач
обеспечивать
блок-схема
вычисление
файл подкачки
English for Special Purposes
19
20
Computer Engineering
5. Match a verb in A with a noun in B:
A
B
store
conform
solve
load
embed
eliminate
access
follow
a computer
mistakes
data
the instructions
to standards
a problem
software
the files
6. Complete the puzzle using the clues.
a set of rules to be followed in calculations or other
problem-solving operations, especially by a computer
a
a graphical representation of a computer
program in relation to its sequence of functions
r
l
c
a program that controls the operation of a
device such as a printer or scanner
i
an open-source version of the UNIX
operating system
the simultaneous execution of more
than one task by a single CPU
m
t
n
i
k
WORD BUILDING: Useful prefixes 1
A prefix is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning. These are
some prefixes used in English for Computer Engineering. You can find more detail or
precision for each prefix in a dictionary. The origins of words are extremely complicated.
You should be very careful, because what often appears to be a prefix is not a prefix at all.
7. Match the prefixes with their meanings in the box. Two of them have the same meaning.
again
repredisun-
not (negative)
before
means ______________________________________________________________
means ______________________________________________________________
means ______________________________________________________________
means ______________________________________________________________
8. Write a prefix in front of each word (some of them can take more than one prefix).
English for Special Purposes
g
Computer Engineering
___ write
___ do
___ like
___ agree
___ view
___ titled
___ appear
___ format
___ finish
___ start
GRAMMAR FOCUS : Conditionals
9. Underline the correct form of the verb and translate the sentences. If you need help you can use
GRAMMAR FILES 2 (p. 108).
1. If system software were not / was not / is not a permanent component of the computer, it wouldn’t /
does not / will not control its fundamental function.
2. If a database system won’t include / doesn’t include / didn’t include programs, it isn’t possible /
wasn’t possible / won’t be possible to allow multiple users to access the files concurrently.
3. If we manage / can manage / managed to store endless amounts of data, probably, it wouldn’t be
necessary to have such hard storage devices we have now.
4. Even if a program works / will work / worked correctly it will have bugs.
5. If the name “UNIX” wasn’t / weren’t / isn’t a trademark of The Open Group, it wouldn’t license it for
use with any operating system.
6. If operating system was not responsible / were not responsible / is not responsible for the
management and coordination activities of the computer, it wouldn’t serve as an interface between
Hardware and User.
10. Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. If you (bring) __________ your digital video camera, we can make a movie on my PC.
2. You won't be able to play those video files if you (not have) __________ the correct plug-in.
3. If the marketing manager (have) __________ PowerPoint, she could make more effective
presentations.
4. If I could afford it, I (buy) __________ a new game console.
5. If I had the money, I (invest) __________ in some new multimedia software.
SPECIALIST READING A: Software
English for Special Purposes
21
22
Computer Engineering
11. Before starting, answer the following questions.
This kind of information is well known and you’ll
deal easily with the quiz:
COMPUTER-quiz
What is the purpose of a device driver?
What are apps?
What is the difference between Notepad and
WordPad?
What functions does Adobe Reader perform?
What is DOS?
12. Read the text and study the information about
processes called ‘alpha testing,’ ‘GUI-based
software’, UNIX OS, a version of UNIX called Linux
and debugging. Be ready to find out more
information about these problems and to discuss
them.
English for Special Purposes
Two types of software instruct a computer to
perform its tasks — systems software and applications
software.
Systems software is a permanent component of the
computer that controls its fundamental functions.
Different kinds of applications software are loaded
into the computer as needed to perform specific tasks
for the user, such as word processing. Applications
software requires the functions provided by the
systems software.
Modern operating systems provide a graphical user
interface (GUI) to make the applications software
easier to use.
A GUI allows a computer user to work directly with
an application program by manipulating text and
graphics on the monitor screen through the keyboard
and a pointing device such as a mouse rather than
solely through typing instructions on command lines.
The Apple Computer company's Macintosh computer,
introduced in the mid-1980s, had the first
commercially successful GUI-based software.
Another example of systems software is a database
system. A database system works with the file system
and includes programs that allow multiple users to
access the files concurrently. Computers that use disk
memory-storage systems are said to have disk
operating systems (DOS). Popular operating systems
for PCs are MS-DOS and Windows, developed by the
Microsoft Corporation in the early 1980s and 1990s,
respectively. Workstations, servers, and some
mainframe computers often use the UNIX OS
originally designed by Bell Laboratories in the late
1960s. A version of UNIX called Linux gained
popularity in the late 1990s for PCs.
Software is written by professionals known as
computer programmers. Most programmers in large
corporations work in teams, with each person
focusing on a specific aspect of the total project.
Computer programs consist of data structures and
algorithms. Data structures represent the information
that the program processes. Algorithms are the
sequences of steps that a program follows to process
the information. For example, a payroll application
program has data structures that represent personnel
Computer Engineering
information, including each employee's hours worked
and pay rate. The program's algorithms include
instructions on how to compute each employee's pay
and how to print out the paychecks.
Generally, programmers create software by using the
following development process:
1) Understand the software's requirements, which is
a description of what the software is supposed to do.
Requirements are usually written not by programmers
but by the people who are in close contact with the
future customers or users of the software.
2) Create the software's specifications, a detailed
description of the required tasks and how the
programs will instruct the computer to perform those
tasks. The software specifications often contain
diagrams known as flowcharts that show the various
modules, or parts, of the programs, the order of the
computer's actions, and the data flow among the
modules.
3) Write the code – the program instructions
encoded in a particular programming language.
4) Test the software to see if it works according to
the specifications and possibly submit the program for
alpha testing, in which other individuals within the
company independently test the program.
5) Debug the program to eliminate programming
mistakes, which are commonly called bugs. (The term
bug was coined in the early 1940s, when programmers
looking for the cause of a mysterious malfunction in
the huge Mark I computer discovered a moth in a vital
electrical switch. Thereafter the programmers referred
to fixing programming mistakes as debugging.)
6) Submit the program for beta testing, in which
users test the program extensively under real-life
conditions to see whether it performs correctly.
7) Release the product for use or for sale after it has
passed all its tests and has been verified to meet all its
requirements.
These steps rarely proceed in a linear fashion.
Programmers often go back and forth between steps
3, 4, and 5. If the software fails its alpha or beta tests,
the programmers will have to go back to an earlier
step. Often the most difficult step in program
development is the debugging stage. A program is
considered to have bugs if it is slower or less efficient
than it should be.
23
VOCABULARY IN USE
13. Replace the italicized words with the
equivalents from the box:
hard get rid of
stable
big
contain
parts
explanation
order
1. System software is a permanent component of
the computer that controls its functions.
2. Most programmers in great corporations work
in teams.
3. Often the most difficult step in a program
development is the debugging stage.
4. When you debug the program you eliminate
programming mistakes.
5. The program’s algorithms include instructions.
6. Algorithms are the sequences of steps that a
program follows to process the information.
7. Software specifications are a detailed
description of the required tasks.
8. Large programs consist of dozens of modules
broken up into smaller units.
14. Complete the following sentences with the
appropriate words:
encoded interface instructions programmers
loaded programs sequences eliminate bugs
1. Applications are ________ into the computer as
needed to perform specific tasks for the user.
2. Modern operating systems provide graphical
user ________ to make the applications
software easier to use.
3. A database system includes ________ that
allow multiple users to access the files
concurrently.
4. Software is written by ________
5. The code is the program instructions ________
in a particular programming language.
6. To debug the program is to ________ mistakes,
which are called ________
7. Algorithms are the ________ of steps that a
program follows to process the information.
8. The program algorithms include a set of
________
English for Special Purposes
24
Computer Engineering
PROBLEM SOLVING
15. Which IT professionals are described here? Complete these definitions with jobs from the box.
software engineer
computer security specialist
blog administrator help desk technician
DTP operator
hardware engineer network administrator
webmaster
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
A _________________________ designs and develops IT devices.
A _________________________ writes computer programs.
A _________________________ edits and deletes posts made by contributors to a blog.
A _________________________ uses page layout software to prepare electronic files for network.
A _________________________ manages the hardware and software that comprise a publication.
A _________________________ designs and maintains websites.
A _________________________ works with companies to build secure computer systems.
A _________________________ helps end-users with their computer problems in person, by email
or over the phone.
COMPREHENSION CHECK
16. Give definitions to the following notions:
algorithm
instruction
specification
requirement
module
17. Mark the following statements as “true” or “false”, correct the false ones. Find information in the text if
necessary.
True False
1. A database system is another example of systems hardware.
2. LUNIX is another reimplementation of UNIX.
3. UNIX-like systems was run in the early 1990s and was applied for PCs.
4. The Macintosh Computer company had the first commercially successful GUIbased software.
5. Algorithms are the sequences of steps that a program follows to process the
information.
18. Answer the following questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Why is it so important to understand the software requirements?
What does it mean “to write the code”?
For what purpose should programmers debug the program?
What is an “algorithm”?
When did The Apple Computer Company’s Macintosh computer appear?
English for Special Purposes
Computer Engineering
25
SPECIALIST READING B: Operating system
19. Read the text quickly and say if it touches upon
the following ideas.
Yes
No
The description of operating systems.
The versions of Microsoft Windows family.
Some facts of microchips development.
The structure of integrated circuit.
The history of languages of programming.
Characteristic of UNIX-like family.
The history of Mac OS.
The description of operating systems.
20. Find in the text and mark the information to
prove the following statements:
1. the Unix-like family is a diverse group of
operating systems with several major subcategories;
2. software is not a part of hardware;
3. UNIX-like systems run on a wide variety of
machine architectures;
4. Microsoft Windows versions are a family of
proprietary operating systems.
An operating system (commonly abbreviated as either
OS or O/S) is an interface between hardware and user.
An OS is responsible for the management and
coordination of activities and the sharing of the
resources of the computer.
The operating system acts as a host for computing
applications run on the machine. One of the purposes of
an operating system is to handle the details of the
operation of the hardware.
Operating systems offer a number of services to
application programs and users. Applications access
these services through application programming
interfaces (APIs) or system calls. By invoking these
interfaces, the application can request a service from the
operating system, pass parameters, and receive the
results of the operation. Users may also interact with the
operating system with some kind of software user
interface (SUI) such as typing commands by using
command line interface (CLI) or using a graphical user
interface (GUI, commonly pronounced “gooey”). For
hand-held and desktop computers, the user interface is
generally considered part of the operating system. On
large multi-user systems like Unix and Unix-like systems,
the user interface is generally implemented as an
application program that runs outside the operating
system. Whether the user interface should be included
as a part of the operating system is now a point of
contention.
Common contemporary operating system families
include BSD, Darwin (Mac OS X), GNU/Linux, SunOS
(Solaris/Open Solaris), and Windows NT (XP/Vista/7/10).
While servers generally run Unix or some Unix-like
operating system, embedded system markets are split
amongst several operating systems.
Dave Cutler developed the VMS operating system for
Digital Equipment Corporation for Microsoft. Steve Jobs,
a co-founder of Apple Inc., started NeXT Computer Inc.,
which developed the Unix-like NEXTSTEP operating
system. NEXTSTEP would later be acquired by Apple Inc.
and used, along with code from FreeBSD as the core of
Mac OS X.
Minix, an academic teaching tool which could be run
on early PCs, would inspire another reimplementation of
Unix, called Linux. Started by computer science student
Linus Torvalds with cooperation from volunteers over
the Internet, an operating system was developed with
the tools from the GNU Project.
English for Special Purposes
26
Computer Engineering
The Berkeley Software Distribution, known as BSD, is
the UNIX derivative distributed by the University of
California.
Microsoft Windows is a family of proprietary operating
systems that originated as an add-on to the older MSDOS operating system for the IBM PC. Modern versions
are based on the newer Windows NT kernel that was
originally intended for OS/2. Windows runs on x86, x8664 and Itanium processors.
The Unix-like family is a diverse group of operating
systems with several major sub-categories including
System V, BSD, and Linux (be acquainted with
supplementary reading text of the Unit). The name
"UNIX" is a trademark of The Open Group, which licenses
it for use with any operating system that has been shown
to conform to their definitions. "Unix-like" is commonly
used to refer to the large set of operating systems, which
resemble the original Unix.
Unix-like systems run on a wide variety of machine
architectures. They are used heavily for servers in
business, as well as workstations in academic and
engineering environments. Free Unix variants, such as
GNU, Linux and BSD, are popular in these areas.
Some Unix variants like HP's HP-UX and IBM's AIX are
designed to run only on that vendor's hardware. Others,
such as Solaris, can run on multiple types of hardware,
including x86 servers and PCs. Apple's Mac OS X, a hybrid
kernel-based BSD variant derived from NEXTSTEP, Mach,
and FreeBSD, has replaced Apple's earlier (non-Unix) Mac
OS.
Unix interoperability was sought by establishing the
POSIX standard. The POSIX standard can be applied to
any operating system, although it was originally created
for various Unix variants.
Mac OS X is a line of partially proprietary, graphical
operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by
Apple Inc., the latest of which is pre-loaded on all
currently shipping Macintosh computers. Mac OS X is the
successor to the original Mac OS, which had been Apple's
primary operating system since 1984. The most recent
edition is Mac OS X v10.6, which was first made available
on August 28, 2009. Releases of Mac OS X are named
after big cats; the current version of Mac OS X is
nicknamed "Snow Leopard".
Mac OS X Server includes work group management and
administration software tools that provide simplified
access to key network services, including a mail transfer
agent, a Samba server, an LDAP server, a domain name
server, and others.
English for Special Purposes
Minix – MINIX is a Unix-like computer operating
system based on microkernel architecture.
Andrew S. Tanenbaum wrote the operating
system to be used for educational purposes;
MINIX also inspired the creation of the Linux
kernel. Its name is a portmanteau of the words
minimal and Unix.
Samba – is a free software re-implementation of
SMB/CIFS networking protocol, originally
developed by Australian Andrew Tridgell. As of
version 3, Samba provides file and print services
for various Microsoft Windows clients and can
integrate with a Windows Server domain, either
as a Primary Domain Controller (PDC) or as a
domain member. It can also be part of an Active
Directory domain.
LDAP – Lightweight Directory Access Protocol is
an application protocol for querying and
modifying directory services running over TCP/IP.
Domain name server – DNS, domain name server,
the system that automatically translates Internet
addresses to the numeric machine addresses that
computers use.
21. Summarize the main ideas of the text using the
following phrases:
This text concerns the problem of…
Currently under development is…
It is worth mentioning that…
The main idea of this text is…
We can draw a conclusion that…
Computer Engineering
WRITING: Computer OS development
22. Try to give your own ideas on the
following questions. What are in your
opinion the most urgent OS problems?
Could you give you opinion on the ways of
future
OS
development?
Give
characteristics of your own OS on your
computer. Prove your ideas.Use links from
Get Real to help you.
● Get Real
Check these websites for useful
information:
www.coolwebmasters.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/
SPEAKING: Computer systems
23. Think of the computer system that will meet the needs of office users (software engineers, web
designers, computer security specialists, gamers etc.), complete the diagram, describe it and give reasons
for your choice. Study supplementary reading material and Internet sources in order to get useful
information.
PC
Software
OS
Applications
Hardware
CPU
Memory
RAM
Peripherals
ROM
Input
Output
Storage
_____
_____
_____
English for Special Purposes
27
28
Computer Engineering
Unit 3 Portable computers
Useful prefixes 2 Comparing & Predicting
Portable Computers
Tablet computers
Contrasting
LEAD-IN: Computer evolution
1. Read the lines from descriptions of some portable computers (B) and guess the type of a computer (A)
then match them with pictures below (1-5). Justify your guess. Give more details about each type. What
other types of portable computers are popular nowadays?
A
B
 The personal digital assistant
(PDA)
 …with handsfree interface, and usually some voice capability (speech
recognition and speech synthesis)…
 The pocket computer
 …it has a flat panel display and a keyboard, requiring a seated position and
both hands …
 …it is something between a laptop and a PDA. They have a full keyboard
(often in reduced size), 11-13’ screens and usually no internal optical drive…
 …it is a small calculator-sized handheld programmable computer…
 …usually held in one hand and operated with the other, can be used as an
organizer, a diary, a ‘to do’ list…
 The laptop
 The wearable computer
 The Netbook
2
1
4
3
PRONUNCIATION
2. Make sure you pronounce the following words properly:
ultra-mobile
['ʌltrə 'məubaɪl]
typical
palmtop
['pɑːmtɔp]
configuration [kənfɪgju'reɪʃ(ə)n]
wearable
['wɛərəbl]
thickness
['θɪknəs]
designed
[dɪ'zaɪnd]
weigh
[weɪ]
dimension
[daɪ'men(t)ʃ(ə)n]
weight
[weɪt]
augment
['ɔːgmənt]
behavioral
[bɪ'heɪvjərəl]
optimize
['ɔptɪmaɪz]
stylus
['staɪləs]
prosthetic
[prɔs'θetɪk]
isometric
[ˌɪsə'metrik]
majority
[mə'ʤɔrətɪ]
companion
[kəm'pænjən]
WORD STUDY
3. Translate the following definitions and memorize the terms:
English for Special Purposes
['tɪpɪk(ə)l]
5
Computer Engineering
portable (adj) - having the ability to run on a variety of computers (portable software) without
reference to a particular type of hardware; small and lightweight, able to be
easily carried or moved (hardware);
chipset (n) - a highly integrated circuit on the motherboard of a computer that controls
many of its data transfer functions;
docking station (n) - a device used to connect one appliance to another, esp. a portable computer
and a desktop computer, to make use of its external power supply, monitor,
and keyboard, esp. to enable the transfer of data between the machines;
pen computing (n) - a computer system employing a user-interface using a pointing device plus
handwriting recognition as the primary means for interactive user input;
smartphone (n) - a mobile telephone with computer features that may enable it to interact with
computerized systems, send e-mails, and access the web;
touchscreen (n) - a visual display unit screen that allows the user to give commands to the
computer by touching parts of the screen instead of using the keyboard;
omit (v) - to neglect to do or include;
stylus (n) - an electronic input device that is used to draw or write on the screen;
slot (n) - or expansion slot, a spare space on the system board of a computer to which
expansion boards can be fitted;
performance (n) - the action or process of carrying out or accomplishing an action, task, or
function;
general-purpose (adj) - having a range of uses or applications; not restricted to one function;
optical disc (n) - an inflexible disc on which information is stored in digital form by laser
technology;
consistency (n) - agreement or harmony between parts of something complex; compatibility;
configuration (n) - the particular choice of hardware items and their interconnection that make
up a particular computer system;
pointing stick (n) - an isometric joystick used as a pointing device. It was invented by research
scientist Ted Selker and now it is present on many brands of laptops;
flip (adj) - an electronics form factor which is in two or more sections that fold via a
hinge.
4. Complete the puzzle using the clues and the words from exercises 2 and 3.
to work at several different tasks
simultaneously
able to be carried or moved easily,
especially by hand
t
k
p
denoting a computer system that is small
enough to be used at a desk
a computer input device in the form of a small
panel containing different touch-sensitive areas
to modify something in order to achieve maximum
efficiency
k
t
p
h
p
z
English for Special Purposes
29
30
Computer Engineering
5. Match the following words with their synonyms:
A
B
trackpad
housing
omit
portable
compatibility
A
neglect
mobile
touchpad
consistency
case
B
traditional
utilize
run
dimension
enhance
size
operate
conventional
improve
use
6. Match A and B to make up phrases often used to speak about portable computers and then give their
Russian equivalents (C):
A
B
housing
recognition
mode
battery life
station
resolution
battery
device
panel
display
docking
voice
high
keyboard
longer
pointing
rechargeable
portrait
C
WORD BUILDING : Useful prefixes 2
Prefix
Examples
Meaning
macro-/mega-
large or great in size or duration
macroeconomics, megabyte
micromultisemidecdereultra-
very small
many or much
half
ten
remove/reduce
again/back
very/extremely
microprocessor
multi-access
semiconductor
decimal
decode
reboot
ultramodern
7. Fill in the gaps with the correct prefix from the list.
re- de- dec- semi- ultra-
mega-
micro-
multi-
1. Portable computers, by their nature, are _____computers.
2. A _____byte equals approximately one million bytes.
3. Once you finish your program, you will have to test it and _____bug it to remove all the mistakes.
4. The introduction of _____conductor technology revolutionized the computer industry.
5. If a computer system has two or more central processors which are under common control, it is called a
_____processor system.
6. The _____imal system is a number system with a base of 10.
7. The _____chargeable battery of a laptop is charged from an AC adapter and typically stores enough
energy to run the laptop for 2 to 3 hours in its initial state.
8. _____portables typically weigh less than four pounds and, when closed, are 1.5" thin or thinner.
English for Special Purposes
Computer Engineering
GRAMMAR FOCUS : Comparing & predicting
8. Translate the following sentences paying
attention to the comparing techniques. If you need
help use GRAMMAR FILES 3 (p. 109).
1. Many computers in this class cost as much as two
desktop computers with similar specifications.
2. Netbooks typically have less powerful hardware
than larger laptop computers.
3. The capabilities of an analog computer are not as
great as those of a digital one.
4. The smaller the computer the faster it operates.
5. Convertible tablets are by far the most popular
form factor of tablet PCs.
6. Typical battery life for standard laptops is two to
five hours of light-duty use, but may drop to as little
as one hour when doing power-intensive tasks.
7. The memory effect happens when one does not
use a battery to its fullest extent then recharges it.
9. Choose the correct variant to complete the
sentences.
1. Some notebooks achieve a (further; more
further) portability improvement by omitting an
optical drive.
2. Portable computers will become much
(commonly; more commonly) available.
3. A bit is (a small; the smallest) unit of information.
4. What is (the good; the best) way to compile a
program?
5. Newer laptops come with LED based screens
offering a (less; least) power consumption and
(wider; more wider) viewing angles.
6. Much (fewer; less) details are necessary for the
new model.
7. (Higher; high) mathematics is a basic subject.
10. Complete the sentences using the verbs in
brackets in the correct form. All sentences refer to
the Future. If you need help use GRAMMAR FILES 4
(p. 111).
1. Portable computers __________ certainly
__________ (be going to) become more powerful
and they
__________ also __________ (get)
cheaper. 2. It’s likely computers __________ (be
integrated) with other devices. 3. You __________
(be able to) talk to your computer to control it without using a keyboard. 4. Mobile phones may
__________ (replace) computers as the commonest way to access the Internet. 5. If the market for
portable computers __________ (grow), prices __________ (be reduced) even more next year. 6. The size
of a general-purpose computer will ultimately be limited by the input and output method used. If a screen
__________ (be) too small, it either __________ (not display) enough information, or the information
displayed __________ (be) too small to read easily.
11. Link these words to make predictions using predicting techniques. Express the level of certainty as you
see it. You can make all the necessary changes. If you need help use GRAMMAR FILES 4 (p. 111).
Example: computer teaching/ be used/ much. – I think computer teaching will probably be used more.
1) computers / write / own software.
2) a body chip / correct / poor vision.
3) computer teaching / replace / courses.
4) very small devices / be built into clothing.
5) computers / be implanted into the human brain.
6) people / vote in elections online.
English for Special Purposes
31
32
Computer Engineering
SPECIALIST READING A: Types of portable computers
12. Read the text quickly, ignoring the gaps and find
out:
 what similar characteristics a laptop and a
desktop computer have;
 what operating systems subnotebooks run;
 what characteristics netbooks optimize for;
 what PDAs are commonly used for;
 what main features wearable computers have.
13. Read the text again and choose from the phrases
(a-k) the one which fits each gap (1-11). There is
one extra phrase you do not need to use.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
…retains the performance of a standard notebook;
…the configuration and power management of the
computer;
…that are larger than a laptop;
…general computing and accessing Web-based
applications;
…predates the use of a mouse and graphical display;
…they may be paired with a docking station;
…to sit on a person's lap while in use;
…lie flat on the keyboard housing;
…by taking notes, holding contacts, and connecting;
…general-purpose desktop operating systems;
…constant interaction between the computer and
user;
…solid-state storage devices.
English for Special Purposes
Though the term portable computer has recently
been used almost exclusively to refer to portable
computers (1) _____, and usually do not run on
batteries, smaller portable computers are also known as
mobile computers. They are referred to by their more
specific terms: laptops, subnotebooks, hand-held
computers, palmtops, and wearable computers.
A laptop is a personal computer designed for mobile
use and small and light enough (2) _____. A laptop
integrates most of the typical components of a desktop
computer, including a display, a keyboard, a pointing
device (a touchpad, also known as a trackpad, and/or a
pointing stick), speakers, and often including a battery,
into a single unit. The rechargeable battery (if present) is
charged from an AC adapter and typically stores enough
energy to run the laptop for 2 to 3 hours in its initial
state, depending on (3) _____.
Laptops are usually shaped notebook with
thicknesses between 18-38 mm and dimensions ranging
from 27x22cm, 13" display to 39x28cm, 17" display and
up. Modern laptops weigh 1.4 to 5.4 kg. Most laptops
are designed in the flip form factor to protect the screen
and the keyboard when closed. Modern tablet laptops
have a complex joint between the keyboard housing and
the display, permitting the display panel to swivel and
then (4) _____.
A subnotebook (ultraportable) is a laptop designed
with an emphasis on portability (small size, low weight
and longer battery life) that (5) _____. They are usually
smaller and lighter than standard laptops, weighing
between 0.8 and 2 kg; the battery life can exceed 10
hours.
To achieve the size and weight reductions,
ultraportables use high resolution 13" and smaller
screens (down to 6.4"), have relatively few ports,
employ expensive components designed for minimal
size and best power efficiency, and utilize advanced
materials
and
construction
methods.
Some
subnotebooks
achieve
a
further
portability
improvement by omitting an optical/removable media
drive; in this case (6) _____ that contains the drive and
optionally more ports or an additional battery.
The term "subnotebook" is usually reserved to laptops
that run (7) _____ such as Windows, Linux or Mac OS X,
rather than specialized software such as Windows CE,
Palm OS or Internet Tablet OS.
Netbooks are a branch of subnotebooks, a category of
Computer Engineering
small, lightweight, and inexpensive laptop computers
suited for (8) _____. They are often marketed as
"companion devices", i.e., to augment a user's other
computer access.
At their inception in late 2007 — as smaller notebooks
optimized for low weight (about 1 kg.) and low cost —
netbooks omitted certain features (e.g., the optical
drive), featured smaller screens and keyboards, and
offered reduced specification and computing power.
Some netbooks do not have a conventional hard drive
and use (9) _____ instead, as these require less power,
are faster, lighter, and generally more shock-resistant,
but with much less storage capacity.
A personal digital assistant (PDA) is a mobile device,
also known as a palmtop computer. Their weight is less
than 1 pound. PDAs are used to organize a person's life
(10) _____ to the Internet. They commonly have colour
screens and audio capabilities, enabling them to be used
as mobile phones (smartphones), web browsers or
portable media players. Many PDAs can access the
Internet, intranets or extranets via Wi-Fi or Wireless
Wide Area Networks (WWANs).
A typical PDA has a touchscreen, a memory card slot,
and IrDA, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi. However, some PSAs may not
have a touch screen, using softkeys, a directional pad,
and a numeric keypad for input; this is typically seen on
telephones that are incidentally PDAs.
Wearable computers are computers that are worn on
the body. This type of wearable technology has been
used in behavioral modeling, health monitoring systems,
information technologies and media development.
Wearable computers are especially useful for
applications that require computational support while
the user's hands, voice, eyes, arms or attention are
actively engaged with the physical environment.
One of the main features of a wearable computer is
consistency. There is a (11) _____, i.e. there is no need to
turn the device on or off. Another feature is the ability to
multi-task. It is not necessary to stop what you are doing
to use the device; it is augmented into all other actions.
These devices can be incorporated by the user to act like
a prosthetic. It can therefore be an extension of the
user’s mind and/or body.
Portable computers have been increasing in popularity
over the past decade, as they do not restrict the user in
terms of mobility as a desktop computer would. Wireless
Internet, extended battery life and more comfortable
ergonomics have been factors driving this increase in
popularity.
33
FUNCTIONAL LANGUAGE: Prepositions
14. Complete the sentences with the prepositions
from the box. One preposition is not used in any
sentences. Consult the APPENDIX (p. 120).
of
to
by in
for
on
1. Because ___ the additional requirements, laptop
components are usually of inferior performance
compared ___ similar desktop parts.
2. Laptop motherboards do not conform ___ a
desktop form factor.
3. There is a wide range of CPUs designed ___
laptops available.
4. A battery's performance gradually decreases
with time, leading ___ an eventual replacement
in 1-3 years, depending ___ the charging and
discharging pattern.
5. Higher-end laptops and desktop replacements
___ particular often come with dedicated
graphics processors on the motherboard or as an
internal expansion card.
6. There are also some week points in relation ___
ergonomics.
7. ___ addition, the users will need to move their
arms constantly while writing.
8. With primary focus given to web browsing and emailing, netbooks rely heavily ___ the Internet
for remote access to web-based applications.
9. Netbooks have their internal storage in the form
of solid-state drives and not hard disks, which are
essential ___ installing many programs.
10. Tablets, ___ general, were expected to replace
standard laptops starting this year and, for the
most part, that isn't happening.
English for Special Purposes
34
Computer Engineering
COMPREHENSION CHECK
15. Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true (T) or false (F), correct the false
ones:
True
False
1.
The term “portable computer” is now almost exclusively used to refer to portable computers
that are larger than a laptop and do not run on batteries.
2. Laptops can only run on AC power and need to be plugged in.
3. The weight of early models of laptops was more than 5.4 kg.
4. Tablet PCs are designed in the flip form factor to protect the screen and the keyboard when
closed.
5. Despite the size and weight reductions, ultraportables retain the performance of a standard
notebook.
6. The battery life of subnotes is typically 10 hours.
7. Subnotebooks run specialized software such as Windows CE, Palm OS or Internet Tablet OS.
8. Low cost and low weight are the main advantages of netbooks over other computers of that
kind.
9. Although solid-state storage devices are less power consuming their storage capacity is also
little
10. A typical PDA has softkeys, a directional pad, and a numeric keypad rather than a touchscreen
for entering data.
11. Unlike a laptop or a palmtop, wearable computer is constantly turned on and interacts with
the real-world task.
12. All types of portable computers use standard motherboards or backplanes providing plug-in
slots for add-in cards.
16. Read the text again and complete the summary.
Portable computers are small and __________
enough to be __________. Laptops, __________,
__________, __________ and wearable computers can
be classified as portables.
A laptop has most of the typical components of a
__________ including a __________, a __________, a
__________ device, speakers and a __________ which
usually __________ enough energy to run the laptop
for 2 or 3 hours in its initial state.
A subnotebook is a class of laptop computers that
are smaller and lighter than typical notebooks.
However, subnotebooks retain the performance of a
standard notebook. The savings in size and weight are
usually achieved partly by __________ ports or having
removable media or optical __________. Many can be
paired with __________ to compensate. They generally
run full desktop __________ such as Windows or Linux.
Netbooks are a category of small, lightweight, and
__________ laptop computers marketed as
__________ and usually used for general computing
and accessing __________ applications. They usually
English for Special Purposes
do not have __________ disk or __________ drive and
offer reduced specification and __________.
PDAs or __________ computers are small
enough to fit into the palm of a hand and used to
__________ a person's life. PDAs feature __________
screens, __________ capabilities and are used as
__________
(smartphones),
__________
or
__________ media players. They can access the
Internet, intranets or extranets via __________ or
__________
Networks.
Many
PDAs
employ
__________ technology.
__________ computers are computers that
are worn on the body. They provide the user with the
__________ support while his hands, voice, eyes, arms
or attention are actively engaged with the __________.
The main features of wearable computers are
__________ and the ability to __________ providing
constant __________ between the computer and
__________. The popularity of portable computers has
been __________ over the past decade as they do not
__________the user in terms of __________.
Computer Engineering
35
SPECIALIST READING B: Tablet Computers
17. Scan the text, identify different parts and entitle
them.
title
from… – to…
…
18. Read the text and decide whether these points
are discussed in it.
Yes
differences between two types of tablets
examples of computers of both types
pros and cons of tablet computers
development prospects of tablet computers
tablet computers in everyday life
common form factors of tablets
OS used in tablet computers
latest versions of tablets
No
Two distinctly different types of "tablet computers"
should be named.
A tablet personal computer (tablet PC) is a portable
personal computer equipped with a touch-screen as a
1
primary input device. It is x86 based and uses a slightly
modified personal computer OS (Windows or Ubuntu
Linux) which supports touch-screen, (instead of a
traditional display, mouse and keyboard). A typical
tablet personal computer needs to be "stylus driven",
because operating the typical desktop based OS requires
a high precision to select "Widgets", such as the close
window button.
A "tablet computer", or simply "tablet", is a complete
computer contained entirely in a flat touch screen that
uses a stylus, digital pen or fingertip as the primary input
device instead of a keyboard or mouse which may or
may not be included. It is not x86 based and uses a RISC
2
(ARM or MIPS) CPU instead, that earlier was only used
in portable equipment like MP3 players and cell phones,
but has become powerful enough for most
contemporary computing tasks, such as browsing the
Internet, light production work and gaming, tasks that
historically have been done on x86 based Personal
computers. The tablet computer and the associated
special operating software is an example of pen
computing technology.
Tablet computers come in a range of sizes. Tablet
personal computers tend to be as large as laptops and
often are the largest usable size for mobile tablet
computing while the new generation of tablet
computers can be much smaller and in size can border
on PDAs .
Booklet computers are dual screen tablet computers
that fold like a book. Typical booklet computers are
3
equipped with multi-touch screens and pen writing
recognition capabilities. They are designed to be used as
digital day-planners, internet surfing devices, project
planners, music players, and displays for video, live TV
and e-reading.
Slate computers are tablet computers without a
dedicated keyboard. For text input, users rely on
handwriting recognition via an active digitizer, touching
an on-screen keyboard using fingertips or a stylus, or
using an external keyboard that can usually be attached
via a wireless or USB connection. Convertible tablets
have a base body with an attached keyboard. They
more closely resemble modern laptops, and are usually
English for Special Purposes
36
Computer Engineering
heavier and larger than slates.
Typically, the base of a convertible attaches to the
display at a single joint called a swivel hinge or rotating
hinge. The joint allows the screen to rotate through 180°
and fold down on top of the keyboard to provide a flat
writing surface. This design, although the most common,
creates a physical point of weakness on the notebook.
Convertibles are by far the most popular form factor of
tablet PCs, because they still offer the keyboard and
pointing device (usually a trackpad) of older notebooks,
for users who do not use the touchscreen display as the
primary method of input.
The iPad is a tablet computer designed and developed
by Apple. It is particularly marketed as a platform for
audio and visual media such as books, periodicals,
movies, music and games, as well as web content. At
about 1.5 pounds (680 grams), its size and weight are
between those of most contemporary smartphones and
laptop computers. Apple released the iPad in April 2010,
and sold 3 million of the devices in 80 days.
The iPad runs the same operating system as the earlier
iPod Touch and iPhone and is controlled by a multi-touch
display – break from most previous tablet computers,
which used a pressure-triggered stylus.
The iPad's touchscreen display is a 9.7 inch (25 cm)
LCD (1024 × 768 pixels) with scratch-resistant glass. Like
the iPhone, the iPad is designed to be controlled by bare
fingers; normal gloves and styli that prevent electrical
conductivity may not be used, although there are special
gloves and capacitive styli designed for this use.
The display responds to two other sensors: an ambient
light sensor to adjust screen brightness and a 3-axis
accelerometer to sense iPad orientation and switch
between portrait and landscape modes. The iPad built-in
applications support screen rotation in all four
orientations, meaning that the device has no intrinsic
"native" orientation; only the relative position of the
home button changes.
The iPad uses a Wi-Fi data connection to browse the
Internet, load and stream media, and install software.
Some models also have a 3G wireless data connection.
The device uses an internal rechargeable lithium-ion
polymer battery that can provide up to 10 hours of video,
140 hours of audio playback, or one month on standby.
iPad's not a perfect tablet computer, but the very
implementation of the iPhone OS and its clever dataentry scheme – virtual keyboard, multi-touch gestures
and all – turns the iPad into an immeasurably more
usable device than any other tablet PC.
English for Special Purposes
Comments:
1
The term x86 refers to a family of instruction set
architecture based on the Intel 8086 CPU.
2
ARM – Acorn RISC Machines - семейство процессоров
ARM для встраиваемых и мобильных систем.
Представляет собой некоторый конструктор, с
помощью которого заказчик набирает себе те
возможности, которые ему нужны. Линейка
продуктов фирмы ARM состоит из базовых
процессорных ядер и их "дочек", в которых
реализованы
различные
дополнительные
возможности.
3
multi-touch — технология,
которая
способна
одновременно обнаруживать и
определять
координаты
минимум 3 точек касания.
19. Answer the questions:
1. What are the differences between Tablet PC and
Tablet Computer?
2. Where was RISC CPU most exclusively used
before the advent of tablet computers?
3. How big can tablet computers be?
4. What are booklet computers used for?
5. What input devices do the users of slates rely
on?
6. What form factor of Tablet PC is the most
popular? Why is it so popular?
7. What is the weakest point of convertible tablets?
8. What common features do the iPad and iPhone
have? What makes them different?
9. The iPad has no intrinsic "native" orientation,
doesn’t it? Explain what opportunities this property
gives to the user.
10. What special features does the iPad have in
comparison to other tablet PCs?
Computer Engineering
WRITING: Tablet computers vs. typical laptops
20. Write two paragraphs on a) or b).
Paragraph 1:
compare
the
advantages and disadvantages of a)
tablet
computers
versus
conventional laptops; b) portable
computers
versus
desktop
computers.
Paragraph 2: describe which of
the two is more usable in this or that
field.
While writing try to apply
different comparing techniques. If
you need help consult GRAMMAR
FILES 2 (p….).
SPEAKING: Predictions for the Future
21. Role play. Work in pairs. Play the parts of an IT expert and an interviewer. Make up a conversation
predicting the further developments of portable computers.
You can use the Supplementary reading section text “Predictions for the Future”.
The following discourse markers may help you:
Contrasting
But; Although/ though; however
Study the following examples:
The tablet PC is clearly coming but it is more an evolution of the
user interface right now than a true replacement for the existing
laptop computer.
The tablet PC is clearly coming. However, it is more an evolution of
the user interface right now than a true replacement for the existing
laptop computer.
Although (Though) the tablet PC is clearly coming, it is more an
evolution of the user interface right now than a true replacement
for the existing laptop computer.
Although is more
typical of formal
speech or writing.
The clause with
although can come
at the beginning.
Though is used
like although in
informal speech or
writing.
English for Special Purposes
37
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Computer Engineering
Unit 4 Programming Languages
Up- & -up verbs Past tenses Programming Language History of Programming Languages Good presentation
LEAD-IN
1. Study the following words, think what unites them and continue this list.
Russian
symbolic
body
spoken
written
C#
mnemonic
FORTRAN
dot-and-dash
finger
PRONUNCIATION
2. Make sure you pronounce the following words properly:
algorithm
[’ælgərið(ə)m]
error
[’erə]
artificial
[ɑːti’fiʃ(ə)l]
machine
[mə’ʃiːn]
ambiguous
[æm’bigjuəs]
precision
[pri’siʒ(ə)n]
automatically [ɔːtə’mætik(ə)li]
programming ['prəugræmɪŋ]
completeness [kəm’pliːtnəs]
execute
['eksɪkjuːt]
diversity
[daɪ'vɜːsɪtɪ]
dominant
[’dɒminənt]
WORD STUDY
3. Translate the following definitions and memorize the terms:
artificial language (n) - an invented language, especially one intended as an international
medium of communication or for use with computers;
specification (n) - a detailed description of the criteria for the constituents, construction,
performance, etc., of a material, apparatus or of the standard of
workmanship required in its manufacture;
abstraction (n) - the process of formulating generalized ideas or concepts by extracting
common qualities from specific examples;
modification (n) - a small change or adjustment;
programming language (n) - a simple language system designed to facilitate the writing of
computer programs;
syntax (n) - a systematic statement of the rules governing the grammatical
arrangement of words and morphemes in a language;
semantics (n) - the study of the relationships between signs and symbols and what
English for Special Purposes
Computer Engineering
they represent;
concept (n) - a general idea or notion that corresponds to some class of entities and
that consists of the characteristic or essential features of the class;
context (n) - the conditions and circumstances that are relevant to an event, fact,
etc.;
novice (n) - a person who is new to or inexperienced in a certain task, situation,
etc.;
convergence (n) - the combining of different forms of electronic technology, such as data
processing and word processing converging into information
processing;
predictability (n) - the state of knowing what something is like, when something will
happen, etc.
4. Match the following words with their synonyms (A, B) and the Russian equivalents (C, D):
A
artificial
perform
specify
mode
predate
field
intent
alter
meet
context
B
precede
satisfy
sphere
simulated
modify
detail
setting
execute
purpose
style
C
automated looms
batch process
figuratively speaking
machine-readable
precisely defined
scripting language
dominant implementation
external behavior
fall into disuse
human intervention
D
машинно-считываемый,
точно определённый,
автоматический ткацкий станок,
образно выражаясь,
язык сценариев,
процесс пакетной обработки
внешнее поведение
выйти из употребления
вмешательство человека
основное применение
5. Jumbled words. Rearrange the letters in A to make words and match them with definition in B.
A
eanualgg
_______________
iiiaarfclt
_______________
nstcrtnuiio
itcompexly
mrrrmpogae
sestmy
topucerm


B
a part of a program consisting of a coded command
to the computer to perform a specified function;
a group or combination of interrelated, interdependent,
or interacting elements forming a collective entity;
a person who writes a program so that data may be
processed by a computer;
a system for the expression of thoughts, feelings, etc., by
the use of spoken sounds or conventional symbols;
a device, usually electronic, that processes data
according to a set of instructions;
_______________

_______________

_______________

_______________
 the state or quality of being intricate or complex;
_______________
 non-natural.
English for Special Purposes
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40
Computer Engineering
WORD BUILDING: UP- and -up verbs
6. Complete these sentences with the appropriate form of the verbs from the list:
back up
build up
catch up
keep up
set up
start up
free up
update
upgrade
upload
1. To avoid losing data, you should __________ your files regularly.
2. You can __________ your PC by adding a new motherboard.
3. Delete some files to __________ space on your hard disk.
4. A Data is __________ from regional PCs to the company's mainframe each night.
5. The operating system boots when you __________ your computer.
6. She's taking a course to __________ her knowledge of computing.
7. He __________ a website to advertise his travel company.
8. You can __________ with developments by reading PC magazines.
9. If you miss a class, you can study the hand-outs to __________
10.The image in a digital camera is __________ from a red, green and blue image.
GRAMMAR FOCUS : Past Tenses (Active & Passive)
7. Put the verbs in brackets into correct past tense form active or passive. If you need help use GRAMMAR
FILES 1 (p. 107).
1. While the experiment with a new computer _______________ (carry out) nobody left the laboratory.
2. A new type of computing equipment _______________ (produce) at our University last year.
3. At that time scientific work _______________ (do) mostly by large groups of researchers.
4. The business letter _______________ (receive) before you came.
5. An interesting research in the field of communication _______________ (do) at our University two years
ago.
6. We _______________ (look) for a more simple method of solution but could not find it.
7. Prospects of using smiles _______________ (understand) already by everybody by the end of previous
millennium.
8. Our engineers _______________ (develop) a new type of electronic devices.
9. Before starting the project the students _______________ (discuss) the advantages of net
communications.
10.Programming languages _______________ (can use) to create programs that specify the behavior of a
machine.
English for Special Purposes
Computer Engineering
41
SPECIALIST READING A: Programming Language
8. Read the heading and determine what this text is
about.
9. Scan the text and make up the plan of the main
content.
1. …
2. …
Programming language theory (commonly known
as PLT) is a branch of computer science that deals
with the design, implementation, analysis,
characterization, and classification of programming
languages and their individual features. It is a
multi-disciplinary field, both depending on and, in
some cases, affecting mathematics, software
engineering, linguistics, and even the cognitive
sciences. It is a well-recognized branch of computer
science, and as of 2009, an active research area,
with results published in numerous journals
dedicated to PLT, as well as in general computer
science and engineering publications.
A programming language is a machine-readable
artificial
language
designed
to
express
computations that can be performed by a machine,
particularly a computer. Programming languages
can be used to create programs that specify the
behavior of a machine, to express algorithms
precisely, or as a mode of human communication.
Many programming languages have some form
of written specification of their syntax and
semantics, since computers require precisely
defined instructions. Some are defined by a
specification document (for example, an ISO1
Standard), while others have a dominant
implementation (such as Perl2).
A programming language provides a structured
mechanism for defining pieces of data, and the
operations or transformations that may be carried
out automatically on that data. A programmer uses
the abstractions presented in the language to
represent the concepts involved in a computation.
These concepts are represented as a collection of
the simplest elements available (called primitives).
Programming languages differ from most other
forms of human expression in that they require a
greater degree of precision and completeness.
When using a natural language to communicate
with other people, human authors and speakers
can be ambiguous and make small errors, and still
expect their intent to be understood. However,
English for Special Purposes
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Computer Engineering
figuratively speaking, computers "do exactly what
they are told to do", and cannot "understand" what
code the programmer intended to write. The
combination of the language definition, a program,
and the program's inputs must fully specify the
external behavior that occurs when the program is
executed, within the domain of control of that
program.
Programs for a computer might be executed in a
batch process (the input data are collected into
batches of files and are processed in batches by the
program) without human intervention, so all input
data is preselected through scripts or command-line
parameters, or a user might type commands in an
interactive session of an interpreter. In this case the
"commands" are simply programs, whose execution
is chained together. When a language is used to
give commands to a software application (such as a
shell) it is called a scripting language.
Many languages have been designed from
scratch, altered to meet new needs, combined with
other languages, and eventually fallen into disuse.
Although there have been attempts to design one
"universal" computer language that serves all
purposes, all of them have failed to be generally
accepted as filling this role. The need for diverse
computer languages arises from the diversity of
contexts in which languages are used.
Programs range from tiny scripts written by
individual hobbyists to huge systems written by
hundreds of programmers.
Programmers range in expertise from novices
who need simplicity above all else, to experts who
may be comfortable with considerable complexity.
Programs must balance speed, size, and
simplicity on systems ranging from microcontrollers
to supercomputers.
Programs may be written once and not change
for generations, or they may undergo nearly
constant modification.
Finally, programmers may simply differ in their
tastes: they may be accustomed to discussing
problems and expressing them in a particular
language.
English for Special Purposes
Comments:
1
International
Standards
Organization
–
Международная организация по стандартизации.
2
Practical Extraction and Report Language – язык для
практического извлечения данных и составления
отчётов,
свободно
распространяемый
интерпретируемый язык, текущая версия - Perl 5.
VOCABULARY IN USE
10. Complete the following text using suitable
words and word combinations:
algorithm ; to communicate instructions; created;
computer; the theory of computation; interaction;
external devices; execution; data structures;
programming language
A ________ is a language used to write _______
programs, which involve a computer performing some
kind of computation or _______ and possibly control
______ such as printers, robots, and so on. Programming
languages differ from natural languages in that natural
languages are only used for ______ between people,
while programming languages also allow humans
_______ to machines. Some programming languages are
used by one device to control another. For example
PostScript programs are frequently ______ by another
program to control a computer printer or display.
Programming languages may contain constructs for
defining and manipulating _______ or controlling the
flow of ______. ______ classifies languages by the
computations they are capable of expressing. All Turing
complete languages can implement the same set of
algorithms. ANSI/ISO SQL and Charity are examples of
languages that are not Turing complete, yet often called
programming languages.
Computer Engineering
COMPREHENSION CHECK
11. Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true (T) or false (F), correct the false
ones:
True
False
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PLT is a branch of mathematics.
A programming language is a man-made language designed to express computations.
Programming languages can’t be used as a kind of human communication.
Programming language is like other forms of human expressions.
A programmer provides the abstractions presented in the language to represent the
concepts involved in a computation.
6. Computers "do exactly what they are told to do", and cannot "understand" what
code the programmer planned to write.
7. Programs for a computer might be performed in a batch process with no human
interaction.
8. The need for diverse computer languages arises from the range of contexts in which
languages are used.
9. It is impossible to operate a program without human intervention.
10.“Universal” computer language isn’t a dream any more.
12. Write the summary of the text using the following words and expressions:
programming languages
…………
multi- disciplinary field
cognitive sciences
machine-readable
artificial
express computations
written specification
precisely defined
structured mechanism
a batch process
human interaction
the diversity of contexts
The following words and phrases may help you to make a summary:
The paper attempts to provide…
… are discussed briefly.
The author considers…
Details are given…
The consequence of development …
… briefly surveys …
… is wide ...
In conclusion…
To sum up...
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Computer Engineering
SPECIALIST READING B: History of Programming languages
13. Scan the text and match the headings (a-c) with
the paragraphs (1-3)
a. Consolidation and growth
b. Early developments
c. Refinement
14. Read the text and answer the questions.
1. What was the first a programming language
or a modern computer?
2. When and where were the first electrically
powered digital computers created?
3. What generation are Assembly languages
referred to?
4. What was the format and use of the early
programming languages heavily influenced
by?
5. When were the major language paradigms,
which are now in use, developed?
6. What problem was widely discussed in
1960s and 1970s?
7. What were the 1980s marked by?
8. What trend in language design was an
important one during the 1980s?
9. What are the current directions of the
programming language evolution?
1._______________________
The first programming languages predate the modern
th
computer. The 19 century had "programmable" looms
and player piano scrolls which implemented what are
today recognized as examples of domain-specific
programming languages. By the beginning of the
twentieth century, punch cards encoded data and
directed mechanical processing. In the 1930s and 1940s,
the formalisms of Alonzo Church's lambda calculus and
Alan Turing's Turing machines provided mathematical
abstractions for expressing algorithms; the lambda
calculus remains influential in language design.
In the 1940s, the first electrically powered digital
computers were created. The first high-level
programming language to be designed for a computer
was Plankalkül, developed for the German Z3 by Konrad
Zuse between 1943 and 1945.
Programmers of early 1950s computers, notably
UNIVAC I and IBM 701, used machine language
programs, that is, the first generation language (1GL).
1GL programming was quickly superseded by similarly
machine-specific, but mnemonic, second generation
languages (2GL) known as Assembly languages or
1
Assembler . Later in the 1950s, assembly language
programming, which had evolved to include the use of
macro instructions, was followed by the development of
"third generation" programming languages (3GL), such
as FORTRAN, LISP, and COBOL. 3GLs are more abstract
and are "portable", or at least implemented similar on
computers that do not support the same native machine
code. Updated versions of all of these 3GLs are still in
gen e ral u s e , an d ea ch h a s s tro n g ly influenced the
development of later languages. At the end of the 1950s,
2
the language formalized as Algol 60 was introduced,
and later programming languages are, in many respects,
descendants of Algol. The format and use of the early
programming languages was heavily influenced by the
constraints of the interface.
2._______________________
The period from the 1960s to the late 1970s brought the
development of the major language paradigms now in
use, though many aspects were refinements of ideas in
the very first Third-generation programming languages.
3
APL introduced array programming and influenced
functional programming. PL/I (NPL) was designed in the
early 1960s to incorporate the best ideas from FORTRAN
and COBOL.
English for Special Purposes
Computer Engineering
4
In the 1960s, Simula was the first language designed
to support object-oriented programming; in the mid1970s, Smalltalk followed with the first "purely" objectoriented language. C was developed between 1969 and
1973 as a systems programming language. Prolog,
designed in 1972, was the first logic programming
language. In 1978, ML built a polymorphic type system on
top of Lisp, pioneering statically typed functional
programming languages. Each of these languages
spawned an entire family of descendants, and most
modern languages count at least one of them in their
ancestry.
The 1960s and 1970s also saw considerable debate
over the merits of structured programming, and whether
programming languages should be designed to support it.
New techniques reduced the footprint of a program as
well as improved productivity of the programmer and
user. The card deck for an early 4GL was a lot smaller for
the same functionality expressed in a 3GL deck.
3._______________________
The 1980s were years of relative consolidation. C++
combined object-oriented and systems programming.
The United States government standardized Ada, a
systems programming language intended for use by
defense contractors. In Japan and elsewhere, vast sums
were spent investigating so-called "fifth generation"
languages that incorporated logic programming
constructs. The functional languages community moved
to standardize ML and Lisp. Rather than inventing new
paradigms, all of these movements elaborated upon the
ideas invented in the previous decade.
One important trend in language design during the
1980s was an increased focus on programming for largescale systems through the use of modules, or large-scale
organizational units of code. Modula-2, Ada, and ML all
developed notable module systems in the 1980s,
although other languages, such as PL/I, already had
extensive support for modular programming.
The rapid growth of the Internet in the 1990s created
opportunities for new languages. Perl, originally a Unix
scripting tool first released in 1987, became common in
dynamic Web sites. Java came to be used for server-side
programming. These developments were rather
refinements to existing languages and paradigms, and
largely based on the C family of programming languages.
Programming language evolution continues, in both
industry and research. Current directions include security
and reliability verification, new kinds of modularity
(mixings, delegates, aspects), and database integration.
45
Comments:
1
Assembler – Ассемблер, машинно-ориентированный
язык программирования низкого уровня. Так как
каждый тип процессоров имеет собственный набор
машинных команд, то под него создаётся и
уникальный, платформно-зависимый ассемблер.
2
Algorithmic Language – Алгол, примитивный
процедурный язык высокого уровня, оказал большое
влияние на развитие процедурных языков (блочная
структура, рекурсия, БНФ). В 1960-70-х годах был
общепризнанным языком научных публикаций.
Дальнейшее развитие Алгола-60 - Алгол-68, из-за
своей
сложности
не
получил
широкого
распространения.
3
A Programming Language – созданный К. Айверсоном
процедурный язык сверхвысокого уровня. Требует
специальной клавиатуры. Дальнейшее развитие
языка - APL2.
4
Simula – язык моделирования сложных систем,
разработанный Оле Далом и Кристеном Нугардом.
Первый
объектно-ориентированный
язык,
основанный на более раннем языке моделирования
дискретных событий Simula 1 и языке Algol. Впервые
введены
понятия
класса,
наследования
и
динамического связывания. Развитие - Simula-67
English for Special Purposes
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Computer Engineering
WRITING: Practical application of programming languages
15. Study the information about the following programming languages given below. Write an
argumentative essay explaining what language would be the most appropriate to use for each of these
situation:
1. A schoolteacher wants his young pupils to learn some basic mathematics by controlling a simple robot.
2. The owner of a small business wants to create a simple database program to keep track of his stock.
3. An engineer wants to develop a program for calculating the stresses in a mechanical device.
4. A student wants to create web pages for a personal website.
5. A systems programmer wants to add some new modules to an operating system.
6. A programmer working for the US army wants to create a program for controlling a new type of weapon.
7. A finance company needs to process data from its branch offices on its mainframe computer.
8. A website designer wants to enable the data on his website to be easily processed by different programs.
9. A student studying artificial intelligence wants to write some programs for a course project.
10. A college lecturer wants his students to learn the principles of programming.
11. A professional programmer wants to create and sell a program for use in language learning.
12. A website designer wants to password-protect a section of a website.
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES BOX
Java is developed by Sun Microsystems in 1990s and
used for developing interactive applications for the
Internet.
Ada, named after Countess Ada Lovelace (one of the
first programmers), is a superset of Pascal. Ada is a
structured language developed and used by the US
Department of Defense.
Log© is an easy-to-use language that is primarily used
to teach children how to program.
LISP stands for LISt Processor and is designed to
process non-numeric data – that is, symbols such as
characters or words. It is used to develop applications in
the field of artificial intelligence.
FORTRAN stands for FORmula TRANslator; it was
designed in 1954 and is oriented toward manipulating
formulas for scientific, mathematical, and engineering
problem-solving applications.
HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language; it is a
page-description language used to prepare a text for
display in a browser program.
Perl (Practical Report and Extraction Language) first
appeared in 1987 as a Unix-based tool for producing
reports but is now widely used for creating interactive
webpages.
Prolog stands for PROgramming LOGic; it is used to
English for Special Purposes
develop applications in the field of artificial intelligence. It
is a popular tool for natural-language programming.
XML stands for extensible Markup Language; it is a
metalanguage for creating webpages with meaningful
data that can be used by a variety of programs.
C++ is an object-oriented superset of С which
combines the best features of a structured high-level
language and an assembly language that uses computer
resources efficiently and is easy to code. С was originally
designed to write systems software but is now considered
a general-purpose language.
Visual Basic (BASIC) stands for Beginners' All-purpose
Symbolic Instruction Code; it is a simple-to-use language
that has a graphical interface. It makes it particularly easy
for an inexperienced programmer to create database
programs.
Pascal, named after the mathematician Blaise Pascal,
was created primarily to fill the need for a teaching
vehicle that would encourage structured programming. It
is often used in college computing courses.
COBOL Stands for COmmon Business-Oriented
Language; it has been around for a long number of years
but is still an important transaction-processing language
used to process the records of large organizations on
mainframe computers.
Computer Engineering
SPEAKING: Universal programming language
16. Get ready to create and present your own “universal” programming language paying attention to its
purposes, peculiarities and advantages over other kinds of visual programming and languages for web.
The following discourse markers may help you to create a good presentation; you can also visit the site
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZj70Rv5K8M
How do I
start?
You could introduce your talk or presentation formally.
Today I'm going to talk about...
In this presentation, I'd like to tell you a little bit about...
Alternatively, you could grab your audience's attention by starting with a question or a
challenging statement. Use pictures or objects.
So, how much do you know about ___________?
Have you ever asked yourself why ... ?
What I'm going to tell you about today will change the way you think about...
Pass around the picture/object. What do you think it is?
How do I
organize the
presentation?
Make it short. Write down the points you want to make, edit them down to, say, four,
then decide which order you are going to make them in. Introduce each point with an
expression from the list below.
The first/key thing to say about __________ is...
The main point to make about __________ is...
What you really need to know about__________ is ...
Now let's look at...
Let's turn to/move on to ...
Another interesting thing to say about__________ is ...
Finally, I'd like to say a few words about...
What do I
say?
After introducing the point, add information briefly in two, three, or, at the most, four
sentences. Use markers like the ones below to construct long, well-balanced sentences.
Anyway,...; Naturally,...; Of course,...
Similarly, ... ; Surprisingly, ,.,; Remarkably, ...
Despite,...; However, ...; Although,...; Whereas...
Consequently, ... ; In addition,..; Moreover,...; Furthermore, ...
Incidentally, ... ; By the way, ... ; It's worth noting that...
Conclude the presentation by briefly summarizing what you have said, or the points you
have made. You could end by asking for comments or questions.
In conclusion,...; To sum up,...
So, remember that…is all about…,and.
So, there are three things to remember about…
Does anybody have any questions?
How do I
finish?
English for Special Purposes
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Computer Engineering
Unit 5 Computer networking
Abbreviations
Relative clauses with a participle
Computer Networking
TCP/IP vs. PPP
LEAD-IN
1. Think about the basic components of a typical computer network (a file server, a bridge, a router, a
backbone, a LAN, a gateway, a modem…), try to explain their functions.
PRONUNCIATION
2. Make sure you pronounce the following words properly:
route
[ruːt]
wireless
[’waɪələs]
router
[’ruːtə]
flow
[fləu]
technology
[tek’nɔləʤi]
conduct
[kən’dʌkt]
converge
[kən'vɜːʤ]
hierarchical [ˌhaɪə'rɑːkɪk(ə)l]
authentication [ɔːˌθentɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n]
multinational [mʌlti’næʃ(ə)nəl]
transceiver
[træn’si:və]
asynchronous [eɪ'sɪŋkrənəs]
WORD STUDY
3. Translate the following definitions and memorize the terms:
networking (n) - the interconnection of two or more networks in different places;
specification (n) - a detailed description of the criteria for the construction,
appearance, performance, etc., of a material, apparatus, standard
etc.;
peer-to-peer (adj.) - (P2P) designed so that computers can send information directly to
one another without passing through a centralized server;
Point-to-Point Protocol (n) - (PPP), a data link protocol commonly used to establish a direct
connection between two networking nodes. It provides
connection authentication and transmission encryption privacy;
High-Level Data Link Control (n) - (HDLC) a bit-oriented synchronous data link layer protocol
developed by the ISO. HDLC provides both connection-oriented
and connectionless service and can be used for point to
multipoint connections, but is now used almost exclusively to
connect one device to another;
English for Special Purposes
Computer Engineering
frame relay (n) - a standardized wide area network technology that specifies the
physical and logical link layers of digital telecommunications
channels using a packet switching methodology;
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (n) - (ATM) an electronic digital data transmission technology that is
implemented as a network protocol and was first developed in the
mid 1980s to transport real-time video, audio, image files, text;
sensitive information (n) - confidential data;
intranet (n) - an internal network that makes use of internet technology;
extranet (n) - an intranet that is modified to allow outsiders access to it, esp.
one belonging to a business that allows access to customers;
precursor (n) - a person or thing that precedes and shows or announces someone
or something to come;
coaxial cable (n) - a cable consisting of an inner insulated core of stranded or solid
wire surrounded by an outer insulated flexible wire braid, used
esp. as a transmission line for radio-frequency signals.
4. Match the following words with their synonyms (A, B) and the Russian equivalents (C, D):
A
specifications
conduct
hub
deploy
converge
interconnect
sensitive
precursor
drive
significant
B
spread out
motivate
privileged
carry out
predecessor
considerable
detailed description
join
centre
interrelate
C
routing protocol
practical application
exchange data
peer-to-peer network
Point to Point Protocol
coaxial cable
optical fiber
twisted-pair cable
content provider
packet switched network
D
обмениваться информацией
протокол канала связи с непосредственным соединением
поставщик онлайновой информации
оптоволокно
витая пара (два скрученных изолированных провода)
практическое применение
сеть с пакетной коммутацией
одноранговая сеть (без иерархии и выделенных серверов)
протокол маршрутизации
коаксиальный кабель
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Computer Engineering
5. Jumbled words. Rearrange the letters in A to make words and match them with definition in B.
A
kiertnnwgo
xrnaette
essniivet
ntrntiea
eourrt
lipaponcait
loechyntog
B
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
 confidential;
 a device that allows packets of data to be moved
efficiently between two points on a network;
 the act of applying to a particular purpose;
 an intranet that is modified to allow outsiders access to
it;
 the application of practical sciences to industry or
commerce;
 the interconnection of two or more networks in
different places;
 an internal network that makes use of internet
technology.
WORD BUILDING: Abbreviations
An abbreviation (from Latin brevis, meaning short) is a shortened form of a word or
phrase. Usually it consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the word or
phrase. Abbreviations can be pronounced differently:
 as individual letters, such as TCP/IP [ˌtisi:pi:ˈaɪpi:];
 as a word, such as WAN [wæn], LAN [læn];
 as a word or names of letters, depending on speaker or context, such as FAQ
[fæk ] or [ˌefeɪˈkju:];
 as a combination of letter names and words, such as JPEG [ˈdʒeɪpɛɡ] and MSDOS [ˌɛmɛsˈdɒs];
Always check your dictionary or the Internet if you are not sure.
6. Do you know what these well-known abbreviations stand for?
OS, GUI, PDA, LAN, WAN, WWAN, BASIC, HTTP, COBOL, IBM, WP, IP, FTP, Wi-Fi, MMS, ADSL, SONET
7. Match the abbreviations with their definitions to know more terms on the theme.
Telnet
VoIP
FTP
ARPANET
HTTP
JPEG
SONET
FAQ
 The method by which web pages are transferred from a website to your PC.
 A standardized multiplexing protocol that transfers multiple digital bit streams over optical fiber using
lasers or LEDs.
 The network developed in the early 70s by the US Department of Defense.This was the precursor to
the Internet.
 A file or web page containing answers to questions asked by internet users or visitors to a website.
 A standard network protocol used to transfer files from one host to another over a TCP-based
network. It is built on a client-server architecture and utilizes separate control and data connections
between the client and server.
 A protocol and a program which is used to log directly into remote computer systems. This enables
you to run programs kept on them and edit files directly.
 An Internet protocol which allows you to make phone calls using the Internet instead of the regular
phone lines.
 A standard for compressing and decompressing image files.
English for Special Purposes
Computer Engineering
GRAMMAR FOCUS : Relative clauses with a participle
Preview:
Relative clauses with a participle are often used in
technical descriptions. They allow you to provide a
lot of information about a noun using as few words
as possible.
Study these examples.
1. The technology needed to set up a home
network.
2. PCs equipped with Ethernet adapters.
3. Network modem allowing clients to access the
Internet simultaneously.
4. Data line linking client to server.
We can use the passive participle as in sentences 1
and 2.
1. The technology needed to set up a home
network. = technology which is needed.
2. PCs equipped with Ethernet adapters = PCs which
are equipped.
We can use an active participle as in sentences 3
and 4.
3. Network modem allowing clients to access the
Internet simultaneously = modem which allows
clients to access the Internet simultaneously.
4. Data line linking client to server = data line which
links client to server.
8. Complete these definitions with the correct participle (active or passive) of the verb given in brackets. If
you need help use GRAMMAR FILES 5 (p. 112).
1. A gateway is an interface __________ (enable) dissimilar networks to communicate.
2. A bridge is a hardware and software combination __________ (use) to connect the same type of
networks.
3. A backbone is a network transmission path __________ (handle) major data traffic.
4. A router is a special computer __________ (direct) message when several networks are linked.
5. A network is a number of computers and peripherals __________ (link) together.
6. A LAN is a network __________ (connect) computers over a small distance such as within a company.
7. A server is a powerful computer __________ (store) many programs (share) by all the clients in the
network.
8. A client is a network computer __________ (use) for accessing a service on a server.
9. A thin client is a simple computer __________ (comprise) a processor and memory, display, keyboard,
mouse and hard drives only.
10. A hub is an electronic device __________ (connect) all the data cabling in a network.
9. Link these statements using a relative clause with a participle.
1. The technology is here today. It is needed to set up a home network.
2. You only need one network printer. It is connected to the server.
3. Her house has a network. It allows basic file-sharing and multi-player gaming.
4. There is a line receiver in the living room. It delivers home entertainment audio to speakers.
5. Eve has designed a site. It is dedicated to dance.
6. She has built in links. They connect her site to other dance sites.
7. She created the site using Netscape Composer. It is contained in Netscape Communicator.
8. At the centre of France Telecom's home of tomorrow is a network. It is accessed through a Palm Pilotstyle control pad.
9. The network can simulate the owner's presence. This makes sure vital tasks are carried out in her
absence.
10. The house has an electronic door-keeper. It is programmed to recognize you. This gives access to family
only.
English for Special Purposes
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Computer Engineering
SPECIALIST READING A: Computer Networking
10. Scan the text and say which paragraph tells us
about:
a. types of networks;
b. history of network development;
c. what computer networking is.
11. Now study the text and decide where the following
sentences go in the text.
a. …the data is transferred over sets of radio
transceivers;
b. A peer-to-peer network is where each client
shares their resources with other workstations
in the network;
c. …the switching capabilities they perform;
d. …a sub-discipline of telecommunications,
computer science, information technology
and/or computer engineering;
e. …human users by carrying instructions between
them;
f. …the set of subnets, and aggregates of subnets;
g. some form of communications security
mechanism;
h. …to connect and communicate through and
between them.
English for Special Purposes
Computer networking is the engineering discipline
concerned with communication between computer
systems or devices. Networking, routers, routing
protocols, and networking over the public Internet have
their specifications defined in documents called RFCs.
Computer networking is sometimes considered
1)_____________________. Computer networks rely
heavily upon the theoretical and practical application of
these scientific and engineering disciplines.
A computer network is any set of computers or
devices connected to each other with the ability to
exchange data. Local area network (LAN) is a network
that spans a relatively small space and provides services
to a small number of people. The first LAN was invented
by a Law Doctor in 1978. Depending on the number of
people that use a Local Area Network, a peer-to-peer or
client-server method of networking may be
used. 2)_____________________. Examples of peer-topeer networks are small office networks where resource
use is minimal and a home network. A client-server
network is where every client is connected to the server
and each other. Client-server networks use servers in
different capacities. These can be classified into two
types: single-service servers, where the server performs
one task such as file server, print server, etc.; while
other servers can not only perform in the capacity of file
servers and print servers, but they also conduct
calculations and use these to provide information to
clients (Web/Intranet Server). Computers linked via
Ethernet Cable, can be joined either directly or via a
network hub that allows multiple connections.
Wide area network (WAN) is a network where a wide
variety of resources are deployed across a large
domestic area or internationally. An example of this is a
multinational business that uses a WAN to interconnect
their offices in different countries. The largest and best
example of a WAN is the Internet, which is a network
comprised of many smaller networks. The Internet is
considered the largest network in the world. The PSTN
(Public Switched Telephone Network) also is an
extremely large network that is converging to use
Internet technologies, although not necessarily through
the public Internet. A Wide Area Network involves
communication through the use of a wide range of
different technologies. These technologies include
Point-to-Point WANs such as Point-to-Point Protocol
(PPP) and High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC), Frame
Computer Engineering
Relay, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and Sonet
(Synchronous Optical Network). The difference between
the
WAN
technologies
is
based
on
3)______________________ and the speed at which
sending and receiving bits of information (data) occur.
Wireless LANs and WANs (WLAN & WWAN) are basically
the same as a LAN or a WAN but there are no wires
between hosts and servers. 4)_____________________.
These types of networks are beneficial when it is too
costly or inconvenient to run the necessary cables.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network that is
too large for even the largest of LAN's but is not on the
scale of a WAN. It also integrates two or more LAN
networks over a specific geographical area (usually a city)
so as to increase the network and the flow of
communications. The LAN's in question would usually be
connected via "backbone" lines.
All networks are interconnected to allow
communication with a variety of different kinds of media,
including twisted-pair copper wire cable, coaxial cable,
optical fiber, and various wireless technologies. The
devices can be separated by a few meters (e.g. via
Bluetooth) or nearly unlimited distances (e.g. via the
interconnections of the Internet).
Informally, the Internet is the set of users, enterprises,
and content providers that are interconnected by
Internet Service Providers (ISP). From an engineering
standpoint, the Internet is 5)_____________________,
which share the registered IP address space and
exchange information about the reachability of those IP
addresses using the Border Gateway Protocol. Typically,
the human-readable names of servers are translated to IP
addresses, transparently to users, via the directory
function of the Domain Name System (DNS).
Over the Internet, there can be business-to-business
(B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C) and consumer-toconsumer (C2C) communications. Especially when money
or
sensitive
information
is
exchanged,
the
communications are apt to be secured by
6)_____________________.
Intranets and extranets can be securely superimposed
onto the Internet, without any access by general Internet
users, using secure Virtual Private Network (VPN)
technology.
Before the advent of computer networks that were
based upon some type of telecommunications system,
communication
between
calculation
machines
and
early
computers
was
performed
by
7)_____________________.
53
Many of the social behavior seen in today's Internet
was demonstrably present in nineteenth-century
telegraph networks, and arguably in even earlier
networks using visual signals.
In September 1940 George Stibitz used a teletype
machine to send instructions for a problem set from his
Model K at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire to his
Complex Number Calculator in New York and received
results back by the same means. Linking output systems
like teletypes to computers was an interest at the
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) when, in
1962, J.C.R. Licklider was hired and developed a working
group he called the "Intergalactic Network", a precursor
to the ARPANet.
In 1964, researchers at Dartmouth developed the
Dartmouth Time Sharing System for distributed users of
large computer systems. The same year, at MIT, a
research group supported by General Electric and Bell
Labs used a computer (DEC's PDP-8) to route and
manage telephone connections.
Throughout the 1960s Leonard Kleinrock, Paul Baran
and Donald Davies independently conceptualized and
developed network systems which used datagrams or
packets that could be used in a packet switched network
between computer systems.
1965 Thomas Merrill and Lawrence G. Roberts
created the first wide area network (WAN).
The first widely used PSTN switch that used true
computer control was the Western Electric 1ESS switch,
introduced in 1965.
In 1969 the University of California at Los Angeles, SRI
(in Stanford), University of California at Santa Barbara,
and the University of Utah were connected as the
beginning of the ARPANet network using 50 kbit/s
circuits. Commercial services using X.25, an alternative
architecture to the TCP/IP suite, were deployed in 1972.
Computer networks and the technologies needed
7)_____________________, continue to drive computer
hardware, software, and peripherals industries. This
expansion is mirrored by growth in the numbers and
types of users of networks from the researcher to the
home user.
Today, computer networks are the core of modern
communication. All aspects of the PSTN are computercontrolled, and telephony increasingly runs over the
Internet Protocol. The scope of communication has
increased significantly in the past decade and this boom
in communications would not have been possible
without the progressively advancing computer network.
English for Special Purposes
54
Computer Engineering
VOCABULARY IN USE
12. Complete the following text using suitable words and word combinations:
term
computer
distinct
signifies
arrangement
network
layout
characteristics
logical
hierarchical
1)____________ networks may be classified according to the 2) ____________ topology upon which the
network is based, such as bus network, star network, ring network, mesh network, star-bus network, tree
or 3) ____________ topology network. Network topology 4) ____________ the way in which devices in the
network see their logical relations to one another. The use of the 5) ____________ "logical" here is
significant. That is, network topology is independent of the "physical" 6) ____________ of the network.
Even if networked computers are physically placed in a linear 7) ____________, if they are connected via a
hub, the network has a Star topology, rather than a bus topology. In this regard the visual and operational
8) ____________ of a network are 9) ____________; the 10) ____________ network topology is not
necessarily the same as the physical layout.
COMPREHENSION CHECK
13. Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true (T) or false (F), correct the false
ones:
True
1. Computer networking is the engineering discipline concerned with communication
between computer systems or people.
2. A computer network is a number of computers or devices connected to each other.
3. Methods of networking depend on programming language.
4. Computers are linked via Ethernet Cable, can be joined either directly (one computer
to another), or via a network centre that allows multiple connections.
5. The largest and best example of a LAN is the Internet.
6. All networks are interrelated to allow communication.
7. The main function of the Domain Name System (DNS) is to send messages.
8. The Dartmouth Time Sharing System distributes users of large computer systems.
9. Commercial services using X.25, an alternative architecture to the TCP/IP suite, were
spread out in 1972.
10. The communication has grown tremendously in the past decade thanks to the
progressively advancing computer network.
14. Define the following abbreviations:
LAN;
WAN;
PSTN;
PPT;
IP;
DNS;
WWAN;
HDLC;
B2B;
ISP;
B2C;
C2C; ARPA.
English for Special Purposes
False
Computer Engineering
55
SPECIALIST READING B: TCP/IP vs. PPP
15. Skim through the text and find explanations to
the abbreviations given in the titles. Then read the
text thoroughly and do the tasks below.
16. Read the text and mark the equivalents for the
following Russian words and phrases:
 несовместимый;
 проверка целостности данных;
 перемешивать;
 приводить в действие;
 подпрограмма;
 подключаться;
 узел;
 назначение;
 поиск данных;
 последовательное подсоединение;
 нуль-модемный кабель;
 система соединения типа точка-точка;
 пропускная способность;
 входящее соединение;
 одновременно;
 последовательный порт;
 авторизация.
TCP/IP
By the mid-1970s, many government agencies
were on the ARPA net, but each was running or
network developed for their specific project. All
were capable networks, but all spoke different
languages. What was clearly needed to make things
work smoothly was a set of networking protocols
that would tie together disparate networks and
enable them to communicate with each other. The
solution was found in 1982.
TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol; IP
is the abbreviation for Internet Protocol. With the
advent of TCP/IP, the word Internet - which is a
portmanteau word for interconnected networks entered the language.
The TCP portion of the TCP/IP provides data
transmission verification between client and server.
If data is lost or scrambled, TCP triggers
retransmission until the errors are corrected.
Package of subroutines that provide access to
TCP/IP protocols is called a socket.
The IP portion of TCP/IP moves data packets
from node to node. It decodes addresses and rout
data to designated destinations. The Internet
Protocol (IP) is what creates the network networks,
or Internet, by linking systems at different levels. It
can be used by small computers communicate
across a LAN (Local Area Network) in the same
room or with computers networks around the
world. Individual computers connected via a LAN
(either Ethernet or token ring) share the LAN setup
with both TCP/IP and other network protocols, such
as Novell or Windows for Workgroups. One
computer on the LAN then provides the TCP/IP
connection to the outside world.
TCP/IP has been ported to most computer
system including personal computers, and has
become the new standard in internetworking. It is 1
protocol set that provides the infrastructure for the
Internet today. TCP/IP comprises over 100 different
protocols. It includes services for remote logon, file
transfers, and data indexing and retrieval, among
others.
English for Special Purposes
56
Computer Engineering
PPP
One of the most widely used protocols is the
Point to Point Protocol. PPP is a mechanism for
creating and running IP and other network protocols
over a serial link – be that a direct serial connection
(using a null-modem cable), over a telnet
established link, or a link made using modems and
telephone lines (and of course ISDN).
Using PPP, you can connect your PC to a PPP
server and access the resources of the network to
which the server is connected as if you were directly
connected to that network. You can also set up your
PC as a PPP server, so that other computers can dial
into your computer and access the resources on
your local PC and/or network. You can also use PPP
on two PCs to link together two networks (or a local
network to the Internet), creating a Wide Area
Network (WAN).
One major difference between serial based
PPP and an Ethernet connection is of course speed
– a standard Ethernet connection operates at 10
Mbs or 100 Mbs maximum theoretical throughput,
whereas an analogue modem operates at speeds up
to 56 kbps. Also, depending on the type of PPP
connection, there may be some limitations in usage
of some applications and services.
PPP is strictly a peer to peer protocol; there is
(technically) no difference between the machine
that dials in and the machine that is dialed into.
However, for clarity's sake, it is useful to think in
terms of servers and clients. When you dial into a
site to establish a PPP connection, you are a client.
The machine to which you connect is the server.
When you are setting up a box to receive and
handle dial-in PPP connections, you are setting up a
PPP server. Any PC can be both a PPP server and
client - even simultaneously if you have more than
one serial port (and modem if necessary).
The machine that initiates the call as the CLIENT,
whilst the machine that answers the telephone,
checks the authentication of the dial in request is
referred to as the SERVER. The use of PPP as a client
to link one or more machines at a location into the
Internet is, probably, the one in which most people
are interested.
English for Special Purposes
17. Reread the text and answer the following
questions
1. What determined the necessity of creating a set
of networking protocols?
2. What is the role of the TCP portion of the TCP/IP
protocol?
3. What is a socket?
4. What does the IP portion do?
5. What is a function of a LAN?
6. How many protocols does TCP/IP comprise?
7. What is the PPP used for?
8. In what way does it differ from the Ethernet
connection?
9. How can you apply client server relations in the
PPP?
10. Explain the term “peer-to-peer system”.
Computer Engineering
WRITING: LAN (WLAN) description
18. Write a description of a LAN or WLAN (wireless local area network). Don’t forget to mention these
points: general information, specifications, performance parameters, special features. Visit
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/computer-networking to get some useful information.
…………
SPEAKING: Computer Networking
19. Report. Find some information about these scientists who influenced greatly computer networking
development and get ready to report back to the group. Don’t forget to mention these points: background,
achievements, contributions etc.
 George Robert Stibitz

 Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider
 Leonard Kleinrock
 Paul Baran
 Donald Watts Davies
English for Special Purposes
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Computer Engineering
Unit 6 Computer Graphics
Noun suffixes
-ing forms
Computer Graphics
Computer animation
Details & examples
LEAD-IN: Computer graphics application
1. Study the list of CG applications and comment on how they can be used:














Computational biology
Computational physics
Computer-aided design
Computer simulation
Digital art
Education
Graphic design
Infographics
Information visualization
Rational drug design
Scientific visualization
Video Games
Virtual reality
Web design
PRONUNCIATION
2. Make sure you pronounce the following words properly:
synthesize
['sɪnθəsaɪz]
exterior
[ɪk'stɪərɪə]
aesthetic
[i:s'θetɪk]
spatial
['speɪʃl]
visualization
[vɪzυǝlaɪ'zeɪʃn]
procedurally
[prəυ 'si:dʒrǝli]
although
[ɔ:l'ðəυ]
finite
['faɪnaɪt]
differentiate
[dɪfə'renʃɪeɪt]
representation [reprɪzen'teɪʃn]
WORD STUDY
3. Translate the following definitions and memorize the terms:
content (n) - information resources (entry) or filling of web servers;
dimension (n) - a measurement of the size of something in a particular direction,
such as the length, width, height, or diameter Syn. measurement;
encompass (v) - to enclose within a circle; surround Syn. include;
manipulate (v) - to handle or use, esp with some skill, in a process or action;
differentiate (v) - 1) to serve to distinguish between ;
2) to perceive, show, or make a difference (in or between);
discriminate;
application (n) - 1) a computer program that is written and designed for a specific
English for Special Purposes
Computer Engineering
discrete (adj) setting (n) -
approximation(n) sample (n) manifold (adj) -
conjunction (n) mesh (n) via (prep) standalone (adj) -
need or purpose;
2) applying to a particular purpose or use;
separate or distinct in form or concept;
1) the surroundings in which something is set; scene;
2) the scenery, properties, or background, used to create the
location for a stage play, film, etc;
the process or result of making a rough calculation, estimate, or
guess;
a small part of anything, intended as representative of the whole;
specimen;
1) of several different kinds; multiple: manifold reasons;
2) having many different forms, features, or elements: manifold
breeds of dog;
1) the act of joining together; combination; union;
2) simultaneous occurrence of events; coincidence;
a network; net;
by way of; by means of; through;
(of a device or system) capable of operating independently of any
other device or system.
4. Match the following words with their synonyms (A, B) and the Russian equivalents (C, D):
A
mesh
foundation
standalone
define
finite
shape
conjunction
encompass
differentiate
similar
B
C
content
issue
boundary
polygonal
spatial
temporal
fluid
capture
data-driven
keyframing
single
limited
combination
distinguish
basis
include
determine
alike
net
form
D
жидкость
захват изображения
временной
проблема; дело; тема; пункт
пограничный
определение ключевых кадров
содержание
многоугольный
местный
компьютерно управляемый
5. Guess the jumbled words by their definition:
tnilioluamin
sgcrpahi
rrxietoe
ecsruaf
lmeod
_______________
 a source of light;
 the process or art of drawing
_______________
with mathematical principles;
_______________
_______________
_______________
in
accordance
 a part, surface, or region that is on the outside;
 the boundary of a solid figure;
 a representation of a structure.
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WORD BUILDING: Noun suffixes
Suffixes change the class of the root word. Suffixes can help you tell if a word is a noun, an
adjective or a verb. Common noun suffixes are:
-er, -or, -ion, -tion, -ation, -ment, -ness, -ity, -ant, - logy, -ing, -y, -ure, -sion
! When using suffixes, always check in your dictionary to see if you need to change any other
letters.
scan – scanner (double n)
6. Complete these sentences with the word in brackets and one of the noun suffixes. Use a dictionary to
help you.
1. Kodak is a (manufacture) ____________ of photographic and imaging equipment.
2. To avoid red eyes, use the camera's red eye (reduce) ____________ feature.
3. (Crop) ____________ a photograph means cutting out the parts of an image you don't need.
4. The (sharp) ____________ of a photograph is a combination of resolution and acutance - the ability
to represent clear edges.
5. Digital (techno) ____________ is evolving so rapidly that some cameras have a resolution of 12
megapixels – that's 12 million pixels.
6. Computer graphics are pictures and (draw) ____________ produced by computer.
7. The (sharp) ____________ of an image depends on the (dense) ____________ of pixels, or (resolute)
____________.
8. Paint and photo−editing programs like Adobe Photoshop focus on the (manipulate) ____________ of
bitmaps.
9. (Composite) ____________ is combining parts of different images to create a single image.
10. Graphic artists and (design) ____________ use drawing programs to create freehand drawings and
(illustrate) ____________ for books or for the Web.
11. Business people use (present) ____________ graphics to make information more interesting
visually.
12. CAD is used in aerospace, (architect) ____________ and industrial sectors.
13. Designers fill the surfaces to give the (appear) ____________ of a 3−d solid object with volume.
14. The process of adding paint, colour and filters is called (texture) ____________.
15. (Govern) ____________ agencies use GIS to understand geographic data and then plan the use of
land or predict natural disasters.
GRAMMAR FOCUS : -ing forms
7. Say to what part of speech these -ing forms belong. Translate the sentences. If you need help use
GRAMMAR FILES 6 (p. 113).
1. Our aim is solving this complex problem.
2. They succeeded in obtaining good results working with this computer.
3. In testing the devices they found some serious faults.
4. The growing importance of satellite services in telecommunications attracts worldwide attention.
5. Russian scientists played a great role in the spreading of the satellite television in Russia.
6. The scientist published his experiments proving the existence of radio waves in space.
7. Using the new method it is possible to increase accuracy and speed of computational results.
8. Thousands of scientists, using the most modern equipment, are studying this phenomenon.
9. These new devices are replacing their older equivalents.
English for Special Purposes
Computer Engineering
10. Computers occupy one of the leading places among the greatest achievements of modern engineering.
11. Developing the new method they achieved good results.
12. Our space exploration develops much faster than that of the other developed countries,
including the USA.
8. Write out the numbers of the sentences with a participle, a gerund or a noun to complete the following
chart.
participle
gerund
noun
…
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
By adding memory to a computer we increase its performance.
It is necessary to complete the experiment without destroying the substance.
Showing the technical difficulties of the scheme is the object of the paper.
We have heard of his starting a very important experiment in your laboratory.
No changes can be made in that branch of industry without introducing the most up-to-date
technology.
6. The possibility of chemical energy being transformed into electric energy is evident.
7. Proper measurement is of great importance for getting the necessary data.
8. There is no hope of our getting a complete analysis within 10 days.
9. Having used all the information available, the scientist suggested a new interesting method of
analysis.
10. Each scanning from top to bottom transmits one complete picture.
11. Having been adjusted the equipment operated properly.
12. Having carried on many experiments and tests a scientist published many articles on computer
science.
13. These principles are exactly the same as in the case of ships, each control having its code signal.
14. Several points of disagreement are evident when comparing the results obtained.
15. There is almost no limit to the speed at which the counting can be carried.
16. The program downloading from the Internet should be installed.
17. Scanning is the only practical method of converting a picture with its hundreds of thousands of tiny
details into a form suitable for transmission.
18. PCs generate graphics by performing mathematical calculations on data.
19. Businesspeople use graphics to make information more interesting visually.
20. Graphs and diagrams can be more effective ways of communicating with clients than lists of figures.
9. Correct the mistakes in these sentences. There are seven mistakes in total.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Computer animation is the process of create objects which move across the screen.
Texturing involves add paint, colour and filters to drawings and designs.
You can open the colour palette by click on the corresponding icon.
CAD programs are very fast at to perform drawing functions.
A lot of time and money is saved by test a car design before to make the product.
To render refers to the techniques used to make realistic images.
10. Find the examples of the -ing forms in the following text and define their part of speech.
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SPECIALIST READING A: Computer graphics
11. Scan the text and name:
a) the applications of CG mentioned in the text;
b) four subfields of CG.
12. Match the following word combinations:
1. computer
a) processing
2. light
b) review
3. visual
c) science
4. image
d) provider
5. physical
e) developer
6. modeling
f) transport
7. software
g) simulation
8. content
h) content
9. product
i) tool
The Lagrangian, L, of a dynamical system is a
function that summarizes the dynamics of the system.
It is named after Joseph Louis Lagrange. The concept of
a Lagrangian was originally introduced in a
reformulation of classical mechanics known as
Lagrangian mechanics. In classical mechanics, the
Lagrangian is defined as the kinetic energy, T, of the
system minus its potential energy, V. In symbols,
L=T−V.
The Euler angles were developed by Leonhard Euler
to describe the orientation of a rigid body (a body in
which the relative position of all its points is constant)
in 3-dimensional Euclidean space. To give an object a
specific orientation it may be subjected to a sequence
of three rotations described by the Euler angles. This is
equivalent to saying that a rotation matrix can be
decomposed as a product of three elemental rotations.
English for Special Purposes
Computer graphics is a subfield of computer
science which studies methods for digitally
synthesizing and manipulating visual content.
Although the term often refers to the study of
three-dimensional computer graphics, it also
encompasses two-dimensional graphics and image
processing.
Computer graphics studies the manipulation of
visual
and
geometric
information
using
computational techniques. It focuses on the
mathematical and computational foundations of
image generation and processing rather than purely
aesthetic issues. Computer graphics is often
differentiated from the field of visualization,
although the two fields have many similarities.
Applications of computer graphics include:
 Special effects
 Video games
 Visual effects
 Digital art
There are four major subfields in computer
graphics.
The subfield of geometry studies the
representation of three-dimensional objects in a
discrete digital setting. Because the appearance of
an object depends largely on its exterior, boundary
representations are most commonly used. Two
dimensional surfaces are a good representation for
most objects, though they may be non-manifold.
Since surfaces are not finite, discrete digital
approximations are used. Polygonal meshes are by
far the most common representation, although
point-based representations have become more
popular recently. These representations are
Lagrangian, meaning the spatial locations of the
samples are independent. Recently, Eulerian surface
descriptions (i.e., where spatial samples are fixed)
such as level sets have been developed into a useful
representation for deforming surfaces which
undergo many topological changes (with fluids being
the most notable example).
The subfield of animation studies temporal
descriptions for surfaces (and other phenomena),
i.e., how they move and deform over time.
Computer Engineering
Historically, most work in this field has focused
on parametric and data-driven models, but recently
physical simulation has become more popular as
computers have become more powerful
computationally.
Rendering generates images from a model.
Rendering may simulate light transport to create
realistic images or it may create images that have a
particular artistic style in non-photorealistic
rendering. The two basic operations in realistic
rendering are transport (how much light passes
from one place to another) and scattering (how
surfaces interact with light).
Transport describes how illumination in a scene
gets from one place to another. Visibility is a major
component of light transport. Models of scattering
and shading are used to describe the appearance of
a surface. Descriptions of this kind are typically
expressed with a program called a shader.
3D computer graphics are often referred to as 3D
models. The model describes the process of forming
the shape of an object. The two most common
sources of 3D models are those originated on the
computer by an artist or engineer using some kind
of 3D modeling tool, and those scanned into a
computer from real-world objects. Models can also
be produced procedurally or via physical simulation.
Before objects are rendered, they must be
placed (laid out) within a scene. This is what defines
the spatial relationships between objects in a scene
including location and size. Popular methods include
keyframing, inverse kinematics, and motion capture,
though many of these techniques are used in
conjunction with each other. As with modeling,
physical simulation is another way of specifying
motion.
There are a multitude of websites designed to
help educate and support 3D graphic artists. Some
are managed by software developers and content
providers, but there are standalone sites as well.
These communities allow for members to seek
advice, post tutorials, provide product reviews or
post examples of their own work.
VOCABULARY IN USE
13. Replace the italicized words with the
equivalents from the box.
foundations
conjunction
meshes
differentiated
encompasses
1. The term Computer Graphics includes 3D CG,
2D CG and image processing.
2. Computer Graphics is distinguished from
visualization.
3. Polygonal nets are the most common
representation of surfaces.
4. CG focuses on the mathematical and
computational basis of image generation and
processing.
5. Popular methods include keyframing, inverse
kinematics, and motion capture, though many
of these techniques are used in combination
with each other.
14. Complete the sentences as in the text using
the words from the box.
simulation
setting
visibility
samples
content
approximations
1. Computer graphics studies methods of digitally
synthesizing visual _____.
2. The subfield of geometry studies the
representation of three-dimensional objects in
a discrete digital _____.
3. Since surfaces are not finite, discrete digital
_____ are used.
4. The Lagrangian representations mean that the
spatial locations of the _____are independent.
5. Recently _____ has become more popular.
6. _____ is a major component of light transport.
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COMPREHENSION CHECK
15. Mark the following statements as “true” or “false”, correct the false ones. Find information in the text if
necessary.
True False
1. Computer Graphics focuses on purely aesthetic issues.
2. Computer Graphics differs completely from visualization.
3. Animation describes the changes of an object over the time.
4. Fluids are the most notable examples of Lagrangian representation.
5. Physical simulation has become more popular than data-driven models nowadays.
6. Visibility is a major component of light transport.
7. The model describes the shape of an object.
8. 3D graphics artist can find help in the Internet.
9. Rendering generates images from the real world.
10. Keyframing, inverse kinematics, and motion capture can’t be used together.
16. Answer the questions:
1. What does Computer Graphics study?
2. How many subfields does it include?
3. What techniques does the subfield of geometry use?
4. What does the appearance of an object depend on?
5. What is the drawback of two dimensional surfaces?
6. Why are discrete digital approximations used?
7. What are the most common representations?
8. What subfield studies the movement or deformation of surfaces?
9. What are the two basic operations in rendering?
10. What are the most common sources of 3D modeling?
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65
SPECIALIST READING B: COMPUTER ANIMATION
17. Look through the text and find the sentences
describing:
 the target of the animation;
 how the illusion of movement is created;
 the rates perceivable by eyes and brain;
 skeletal animation;
 methods for generating the Avar values;
 an open challenge in computer animation.
18. Read the text and make a list of the key words
that would help you summarize the text.
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
___________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
Computer animation is the art of creating
moving images with the use of computers. It is a
subfield of computer graphics and animation.
Increasingly it is created by means of 3D
computer graphics, though 2D computer graphics
are still widely used for stylistic, low bandwidth,
and faster real-time rendering needs. Sometimes
the target of the animation is the computer itself,
but sometimes the target is another medium,
such as film. It is also referred to as CGI
(computer-generated imaging).
To create the illusion of movement, an image
is displayed on the computer screen and
repeatedly replaced by a new image that is
similar to the previous image, but advanced
slightly in the time domain (usually at a rate of 24
or 30 frames/second). This technique is identical
to how the illusion of movement is achieved with
television and motion pictures.
Computer animation is essentially a digital
successor to the art of stop motion animation of
3D models and frame-by-frame animation of 2D
illustrations. For 3D animations, objects (models)
are built on the computer monitor (modeled) and
3D figures are rigged with a virtual skeleton. For
2D figure animations, separate objects
(illustrations) and separate transparent layers are
used, with or without a virtual skeleton. Then the
limbs, eyes, mouth, clothes, etc. of the figure are
moved by the animator on key frames. The
differences in appearance between key frames
are automatically calculated by the computer in a
process known as tweening or morphing. Finally,
the animation is rendered.
To trick the eye and brain into thinking they
are seeing a smoothly moving object, the pictures
should be drawn at around 12 frames per second
(frame/s) or faster. With rates above 70 frames/s
no improvement in realism is perceivable. At
rates below 12 frame/s most people can detect
jerkiness which detracts from the illusion of
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Computer Engineering
realistic movement. Conventional hand-drawn
cartoon animation often uses 15 frames/s, but
this is usually accepted because of the stylized
nature of cartoons.
Computer animation demands higher frame
rates to reinforce the realism. In most 3D
computer animation systems, an animator creates
a simplified representation of a character's
anatomy, analogous to a skeleton. The position of
each segment of the skeletal model is defined by
animation variables, or Avars. In human and
animal characters, many parts of the skeletal
model correspond to actual bones, but skeletal
animation is also used to animate other things,
such as facial features(though other methods for
facial animation exist).
There are several methods for generating the
Avar values to obtain realistic motion.
Traditionally, animators manipulate the Avars
directly. Rather than set Avars for every frame,
they usually set Avars at strategic points (frames)
in time and let the computer interpolate or
'tween' between them, a process called
keyframing.
One open challenge in computer animation is a
photorealistic animation of humans. Currently,
most computer-animated movies show animal
characters (A Bug's Life, Finding Nemo,
Ratatouille, Ice Age), fantasy characters (Monsters
Inc., Shrek), anthropomorphic machines (Cars,
Robots) or cartoon-like humans (The Incredibles,
Up). The movie Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within is
often cited as the first computer-generated movie
to attempt to show realistic-looking humans.
However, due to the enormous complexity of the
human body, human motion, and human
biomechanics, realistic simulation of humans
remains largely an open problem.
19. Summarize the text using the key words from
the previous exercise.
English for Special Purposes
Inbetweening (tweening) is the process of generating
intermediate frames between two images to give the
appearance that the first image evolves smoothly into
the second image.
Avar (animation variable) is a variable controlling the
position of part of an animated object, such as a
character. Successive sets of avars control all movement
of the character from frame to frame. In development,
they are used to define the junctions of a stick model.
Later, they are incorporated into a full wire frame model
or a model built of polygons. Finally, surfaces are added,
requiring a lengthy process of rendering to produce the
final scene.
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WRITING: Computer Graphics technologies
20. Write a description of one of
Computer Graphics technologies. Don’t
forget to mention these points:
 general information;
 specifications;
 field of use;
 special features;
 examples of its application.
Use links from Get Real to help you.
● Get Real
Check these websites for the latest
news in Computer Graphics:
http://www.nvidia.com/
http://www.3dnews.ru/
SPEAKING: The branches of computer graphics
21. Choosing graphics software. Work in pairs. Student A chooses a task from the list and describes it.
Student В chooses the most appropriate graphics software for the task and gives reasons for his or her
choice. Swap roles.
Student A
- to edit and retouch photos
- to create illustrations and drawings for a magazine
- to prepare slideshows for training sessions or
conferences
- to make mechanical designs and architectural plans
- to create dynamic simulations and special effects for
- films, TV, advertisements and games
- to analyse geographic data and make maps
Student B
Computer animation software, for example 3-D
Studio Max
GIS software, for example ArcView
Presentation software, for example PowerPoint
A CAD package, for example AutoCAD
Vector graphics software, for example Freehand
A paint and image-editing program, for example
Photoshop
22. Make a report on one of the following topics and discuss them in your group:
3D computer graphics; Cloth modeling; Computer facial animation; Geometry processing; Graphics
processing unit (GPU); Digital geometry; Digital image editing; Painter's algorithm; SIGGRAPH; Stanford
Bunny; Utah Teapot. Use Supplementary reading section text: The concept of computer graphics.
The following discourse markers may help you:
As well as that; another thing is; besides; furthermore; in addition; moreover; in particular
Giving details
Giving
examples
For example; for instance; as an example
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Unit 7 Multimedia
Useful prefixes 3
Participle II
Multimedia
Multimedia Web Design
Adding
LEAD-IN
1. Identify these examples of content forms combined in multimedia and comment on how they can be
used:
PRONUNCIATION
2. Make sure you pronounce the following words properly:
multimedia
[,mʌltɪ'mi:dɪə]
appropriate
[ə'prəυprɪət]
modifiable
['mɒdɪfaɪəbl]
determine
[dɪ'tɜ:mɪn]
blurring
[blɜ:rɪŋ]
advertisement [əd'vɜ:tɪsmənt]
recipient
[rɪ'sɪpɪənt]
content
['kɒntent]
survivability
[sə,vaɪvə'bɪlətɪ]
convergence
[kən'vɜ:dʒǝns]
WORD STUDY
3. Translate the following definitions and memorize the terms:
content (n) - information resources (entry) or filling of web servers;
deliver (v) - to carry (transfer) and distribute (goods, mail, etc.) to several places;
linear (adj) - relating to a line or to length, resembling, represented by, or consisting of a line
or lines, having one dimension;
interactivity (n) - a state allowing or relating to continuous two-way transfer of information
between a user and the central point of a communication system (computer or
television);
enhance (v) - to intensify or increase in quality, value, power, etc.;
convey (v) - to carry, or transport from one place to another, to communicate (a message,
information, etc.);
haptic (adj) - relating to or based on the sense of touch;
feature (n) - a typical quality or an important part of something;
blend (v) - to mix or mingle components together thoroughly;
English for Special Purposes
Computer Engineering
volatile (adj) - inconstant, unsteady, lasting only a short time; (of a memory) not retaining
stored information when the power supply is cut off;
convergence (n) - the combining of different forms of electronic technology, such as data
processing and word processing converging into information processing;
predictability (n) - the state of knowing what something is like, when something will happen, etc.
4. Match the following words with their synonyms:
deliver
demonstration
enhance
improve
convey
entry
display
tactile
feature
characteristic
haptic
supply
content
communicate
simulation
enable
access
incorporate
delay
volatile
convergence
admission
combination
activate
hold-up
include
modeling
unsteady
5. Match the following words with their equivalents in Russian:
predictability
delay
content
blend
bitmap
volatile
self-paced
convergence
survivability
download
plug-in
upload
загружать из удаленного компьютера
предсказуемость
подключаемая (вспомогательная) программа
растровое отображение графического объекта
позволяющий самостоятельно выбирать скорость обучения
совмещение
живучесть
загружать в удалённый компьютер
непостоянный, временный
информационное наполнение
задержка, время пересылки пакета от отправителя к получателю
смешивать
6. Match a verb in A with a noun in B:
A
divide into
convey
develop
blend
reduce
require
A
combine
enhance
require
install
determine
find
B
special effects
information
categories
additional time
techniques
the download time
B
visual experience
multiple forms of content
a new approach
application
the image size
a plug-in
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WORD BUILDING: Useful prefixes 3
A lot of prefixes are used in English for special purposes. Here is a list of prefixes which are useful in helping
you to understand unfamiliar words and terms. Some of them are used with a hyphen. Check in a dictionary
if you're not sure.
prefix
enemdisnonmacromicrointerhyperselfdownupecobireultracodemisoverpost-
meaning
a) put in or on
b) cause to be in a certain condition
a variant of en- before b, m, and p
indicating reversal
indicating negation, exclusion from a
specified class of persons or things
a) large or great in size or duration
b) producing larger than life images
very small
between or among
together, mutually, or reciprocally
above, over, or in excess
of oneself or itself, automatic
towards the end or the lower part
up, upper, higher or upwards
electronic, indicating the involvement
of the internet
mutual, indicating partnership
two, having two, occurring twice
again/back
extremely/beyond
with/together
remove/reduce
wrongly, badly or incorrectly
excessive; beyond a desirable limit
after or later than
example
enclose, enqueue
enable, encode, enhance
embed, empower
connect – disconnect
nonexistent, nonfiction
macroscopic
macrophotography
microprocessor
international
interdependent, interchange
hypertext
self-defence, self-recording
download
upload, upgrade, uplink, upstream
e-business, e-money, e-book,
e-money, e-learning, e-mail
co-author, co-design
bifocal, binary code, bi-directional bus,
retransmit, replace, reboot
ultra-slim, ultraspeed, ulrastable
co-authoring system, co-developer
decode, deactivate, discharge
misconnection, misprint
overvoltage, overdamping, overload
postbyte, postprocessor
7. Use a prefix from the box to form the right word.
hyper-
down-
e-
self-
inter-
dis-
non -
up-
en-(2)
em-(2)
1. An electronic whiteboard is an excellent presentational device with the potential to do much more
- to go beyond display, providing a tool for _____active teaching and learning.
2. A _____linear editing system is a video or audio editing system which can perform random access
on the source material.
3. Most of the courses are _____paced, which means you can enroll any time and finish in less than a
semester or take up to a year.
4. The World Wide Web is a classic example of _____media, whereas a non-interactive cinema
presentation is an example of standard multimedia due to the absence of hyperlinks.
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5. This application offer both internet and gaming acceleration. It can quickly _____hance your
computing experience with a single click of a button.
6. You should know that too many little icons can easily _____tract your website visitors.
7. _____loading usually refers to transfer from a larger "host" system to a smaller "client" system,
and "_____load" usually means to transfer data or files from a peripheral or subordinate system to
a larger or more central one.
8. Is it possible to create a simple image map with _____bedded hyperlinks that I can use online?
9. _____learning is pedagogy _____powered by digital technology.
10. Their aim is to make sure that every home becomes Internet _____abled in the next 10 years.
GRAMMAR FOCUS: Participle II
8. Translate the sentences into Russian and define the functions of Participles. If you need help use
GRAMMAR FILES 7 (p. 114).
1. Multimedia technologies, whether delivered online or offline, offer significant advantages
over alternative communications mediums.
2. Interested users may sign up to receive future information concerning electronically
delivered products via e-mail.
3. A new web based program for MP3 files runs silently in the background and can be
accessed by any machine on your local network.
4. The word “play” suggests different notions to a child, an actor or a footballer, and has in
their speech different meaning. The same applies to the word “track” as used by a
pilot, a sportsman, DJ or the word “keyboard” as understood by a programmer, a musician
or a telephone operator.
5. In the 24-bit mode, the digital data is recorded onto the internal hard drive as 32-bit data,
ensuring even higher recording and playback quality.
6. If used in a computer based training environment, the students’ computer can be
connected to the A input, whilst the teacher computer can be connected to the B input.
7. Computer graphic designs are picture images created and manipulated digitally on
computers.
8. Certain videos are empty when downloaded. Why does it happen?
SPECIALIST READING A: Multimedia
1._______________________
In common usage, the
termfor
multimedia
refers
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to an electronically delivered combination of
media including video, still images, audio, text in
such a way that can be accessed interactively.
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9. Scan the text and match the headings (a – e) with
the paragraphs (1 – 5).
a) Entertainment and fine arts;
b) Structuring information in a multimedia
form;
c) Major characteristics;
d) Terminology;
e) Education.
10. Read the text and answer the questions.
1. What does the term “multimedia” refer to?
2. What is the difference between linear and nonlinear multimedia?
3. Where does multimedia find its application?
4. What applications are called interactive
multimedia?
5. Is multimedia entertainment used in Education?
6. How can you characterize the “on-line writing
style”?
11. Read the text and mark the information
about online multimedia features.
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a popular pastime and are software programs
available either as CD/DVD-ROMs or online.
Some video games also use multimedia features.
Multimedia applications that allow users to
actively participate instead of just sitting by as
passive recipients of information are called
Interactive Multimedia. In the Arts there are
multimedia artists, whose minds are able to
blend techniques using different media that in
some way incorporates interaction with the
viewer. Although multimedia material may be
volatile, the survivability of the content is as
strong as any traditional media.
4._______________________
In Education, multimedia is used to produce
computer-based training courses (CBTs) and
reference books. A CBT lets the user go through
a series of presentations, text about a particular
topic, and associated illustrations in various
information formats. Edutainment is an informal
term used to describe combining education with
entertainment,
especially
multimedia
entertainment. Learning theory in the past
decade has expanded dramatically because of
the introduction of multimedia. The possibilities
for learning and instruction are nearly endless.
The idea of media convergence is also becoming
a major factor in education, particularly higher
education.
5._______________________
Multimedia and the Internet require a
completely new approach to writing. The style of
writing that is appropriate for the “on-line
world” is highly optimized and designed to be
quickly scanned by readers. A good site must be
attractive for visitors. When users view a page,
they can only view one page at a time. As a
result, multimedia users have to create a
“mental model of information structure”. That’s
why users need predictability and structure, with
clear functional and graphical continuity
between the various components and
subsections of the multimedia production.
VOCABULARY IN USE
12. Complete the sentences with suitable words
and word combinations.
1. Modern Interactivity is made possible by
combining multiple forms of media ________.
2. Haptic technology, illusions of taste and smell
________ the multimedia experience.
3. Some multimedia artists often ________
techniques using different media applications.
4. Multimedia content is not ________, it is as
strong as any traditional media.
5. In the ________ multimedia applications are
used to develop special effects in movies and
animations.
6. Multimedia games are ________ as CD/DVDROMs or online.
7. The edutainment possibilities are ________.
8. Nowadays media ________ is an important
characteristic of higher education.
9. Education potential has expanded a lot on
account of ________.
10. Attractiveness, ________ and structure are the
zzzmain features of a good site.
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COMPREHENSION CHECK
13. Reread the text, tick the “false” sentences and
correct them.
 Multimedia represents a combination
of media including video, coded
representation, audio, printed text in
such a way that can be accessed
interactively.
 Linear multimedia is characterized by
the absence of navigational control for
the viewer.
 Online multimedia contains not only
photo galleries with both images and
title user-updated, but also displayonly illustrations, animations and
videos.
 A computer-based training course is a
set of texts, illustrations and
multimedia presentations.
 When users browse through an
Internet page they have to create a
“predictable structure of mental model
of information”.
 The style of writing in the Web is highly
refined and designed to greatly
impress readers.
 Haptic technology enhances the
multimedia experience.
 Being an example of linear content
hypermedia offers users certain
interactivity.
 In Education, reference books are still
produced without any multimedia
content.
 Several multimedia formats are
intended to make it easier and faster to
convey information.
 Any website should be characterized
by distinct continuity between the
elements and subsections of the
multimedia production.
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SPECIALIST READING B: Multimedia Web Design
14. Scan the text, identify different parts and entitle them.
title
from… – to…
15. Read the text and decide whether these points are discussed in it.
Yes No
good multimedia web design characteristics
the main goal of Web advertising
Web content variants
vector graphics features
multimedia web design software products
computer design specifications
streaming multimedia
bitmap images
A good multimedia web design is one that adds
to the overall value of your site. It depends on the
web site design as well as the kind of services you
want to convey. The very last thing you need is to
distract your viewer from the key message on your
web page through multimedia web design.
Multimedia web design products will allow you to
publish two versions of your content. One version is
published strictly with HTML and doesn't include the
rich features of the multimedia project, but it allows
most users to get to the content they want. The
multimedia version will require additional download
time or a plug-in, but the viewer will be able to see,
hear, and interact with the content exactly as it was
intended. Much of multimedia web design software
utilizes compression technology to create the
smallest possible files, thereby reducing the
download time and wait time for the viewer.
You can publish texts, audio, images and
animation to the web as streaming multimedia.
Streaming multimedia means that the user does not
have to wait for the files to download completely
before he can see them. Usually a portion of the
content is downloaded, and the remainder is
downloaded while the content is being viewed.
Adding multimedia design to web site greatly
enhances the visual experience of the visitor.
Multimedia for web design requires the viewer to
install a plug-in or player to view the content.
However, some products employ technology that
Yes
No
is already included with the latest Web browsers.
Computer graphic designs are picture images
created and manipulated digitally on computers.
There are basically two forms in computer graphic
design: bitmaps and vector graphics. Bitmap images
are widely used. The number of pixels in the image
determines the size of these images. They must be
printed or displayed at the same size. Any other size
distorts the image. Vector graphics are a set of
graphical objects stored as coordinates, and
mathematical formulas that determine their shape
and position. These graphical objects are called
primitives. Lines, curves, rectangles, ellipses etc. are
all primitives. These are widely used in computeraided design.
Computer graphic design entails editing and
polishing graphics. 2D or 3D computer graphic design
programs can be used to create animations. One of
the issues in computer graphic design is choosing the
image that will convey the meaning best. The graphic
must complement the text on the website. The
graphic designer must produce a visual
communication product for a specific audience.
Technology gives the tools to create finished
products quickly with a high level of professionalism.
An effective advertising or education campaign does
much more than deliver a message; it also influences
the audience response. There is no point in telling
people how good a product is if we can't make them
start using it.
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WRITING: Summary
16. Summarize the general ideas of text B:
Multimedia Web Design. Follow these
steps:
1. Read the text again.
2. Underline the relevant information in
each paragraph.
3. Make notes about the main points.
Leave out details such as examples.
4. Make sentences from the notes and link
the sentences with connectors (and, but,
because, therefore, etc.).
5. Write your first draft.
6. Improve your first draft by reducing
sentences. For example:
 cut out unnecessary phrases;
 omit qualifying words (adjectives or
modifying adverbs);
 transform relative clauses into -ing
participle clauses
7. Write the final version of your summary.
8. Don't forget to check the spelling and
grammar.
This text goes under the headline...
SPEAKING: Multimedia applications
17. Prepare a report and take part in a round table discussion on the topic “Multimedia applications”.
Pay attention to the following points:
1. Online multimedia.
2. Edutainment applications and CBT courses.
3. Engineering multimedia applications.
4. Multimedia web design software.
5. Rich media components.
Use Supplementary reading section text “Rich media
features” to express your opinion.
The following discourse markers may help you:
adding
These expressions are much more elegant
than the conjunction 'and'. We use them to
add information to what has been said.
moreover (very formal); furthermore
(formal); in addition; as well as that; on
top of that (informal); another thing is;
what is more; besides; in any case
logical
consequence
These expressions show that the second
statement follows logically from the first one.
therefore (formal); as a result (formal);
consequently (formal); so; then
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Unit 8 Telecommunication
Suffixes -able, -ize
Passive infinitives
Telecommunication
Satellite services
Viewpoint adverbs
LEAD-IN: Telecommunication devices
1. Match the telecommunication devices with their implementations:
Cell Phone
 provides information to the viewer
Laptop with internet access
 provides communication as well as access of information and
contribution of information via the internet
Television
 provides information to the listener
Radio
 allows sending and receiving e-mails and SMS with a high level of
security through on-device message encription
BlackBerry
 provides communication between individuals
Two-Way Radio
 provides access of information and contribution of information on the
internet
Dial-up modem
 allows wired communication devices to connect to a wireless network
using Wi-Fi
Wireless access point
 is a device used to connect a computer or ... termination broad band
adapter
A (DSL) modem
 uses the facilities of the public switched telephone network to establish
a dialled connection to an Internet service provider via telephone lines
PRONUNCIATION
2. Make sure you pronounce the following words properly:
transmission
[trænz'mɪʃn]
medium
['mi:dɪəm]
purpose
['pɜ:pəs]
multiple
['mʌltɪpl]
advantage
[əd'vɑ:ntɪdʒ]
allocate
['æləkeɪt]
router
['ru:tə]
recurring
[rɪkɜ:rɪŋ]
standardize
['stændədaɪz]
layer
['leɪə]
WORD STUDY
3. Translate the following definitions and memorize the terms:
access (v) - a) to obtain or retrieve (information) from a storage device;
b) to place (information) in a storage device: direct access, sequential access;
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allocate (v) chunk (n) customize (v) destine (v) encode (v) eventually (adv) handle (v) medium (n) merge (v) regardless (adv) restrict (v) router (n) -
stack (n) -
stream(n) -
to assign or allot for a particular purpose;
a considerable amount: chunk of data;
to modify (something) according to a customer's individual requirements;
to appoint for something, intend, design;
to convert (characters and symbols) into a digital form as a series of impulses;
a) at the very end, finally;
b) (as sentence modifier) after a long time or long delay: Eventually, he arrived.
to deal with or treat in a specified way;
an intervening substance for transmitting data: automated data medium, data
input medium, data medium, interactive medium, transmission medium;
to blend or cause to blend, fuse;
in spite of everything;
to confine or keep within certain often specified limits or selected bounds;
a device that allows packets of data to be moved efficiently between two
points on a network: communications router, router ID, router identifier;
a) an area in a computer memory for temporary storage;
b) a set;
c)data structure: hardware stack, hidden stack, instruction stack;
continuous moving: bit stream, data stream, input stream, output stream;
4. Match the following words with their synonyms (A, B):
A
run
restrict
recurring
allocate
merge
destine
B
limit
periodic
assign
appoint
operate
unite
A
involve
convert
familiar
correct
investigate
purpose
B
change
known
examine
aim
include
proper
5. Match the following words with their equivalents in Russian:
A
packet switching
file sharing
discrete value
layered approach
instant messaging
time division multiplexing
noise resistance
transmission medium
B
многоуровневый подход
временное уплотнение каналов
шумовое сопротивление
передающая среда
пакетная коммутация
дискретное значение
совместное использование файлов
мгновенные сообщения
6. Complete the puzzle using the clues.
a device that allows packets of data to be moved efficiently
between two points on a network
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Computer Engineering
the form in which data is presented for handling by a
particular computer configuration (information transmission)
a software package that enables a user to find and
read hypertext files, esp on the World Wide Web
p
o
a system of interconnected computer systems, terminals, and
other equipment allowing information to be exchanged
a path along which data can be transmitted between a
central processing unit and peripheral devices
r
a
7. Match a verb in A with a noun in B:
A
transmit
encode
allocate
place
block
transfer
restrict
route
B
a segment
in order
a signal
information
information
access
the traffic
data
WORD BUILDING: Suffixes -able, -ize
SUFFIX –ABLE is used to form the adjectives having the necessary power, resources, skill,
time, opportunity, etc., to do something.
SUFFIX –IZE is used to form the verbs with the following meanings
1) to cause to become, resemble, or agree with
2) to become; change into
3) to affect in a specified way;
4) to act according to some practice, principle, policy
8. Form the adjectives from the following verb roots with suffix -able and translate them:
Example: drink – drinkable (пригодный для питья).
Wash, eat, suit, use, note, detect, operate, consume, count, enjoy, read, separate, love.
What do these words mean? Use it can ... or it can't... . Use a dictionary if necessary.
Example: If something is 1) washable, it can be washed.
If something is 2) unbreakable, it …
If something is 3) edible, it …
If something is 4) unusable, …
If something is 5) invisible, …
If something is 6) portable, …
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9. Form the verbs with the help of the suffix −ize and translate them:
Customer – customize – изготовлять по техническим условиям заказчика (делать на заказ)
economy
minimum
maximum
optimum
standard
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
crystal
hypnosis
legal
American
oxide
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
GRAMMAR FOCUS : Infinitive
10. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the Passive Infinitives. If you need help
use GRAMMAR FILES 8 (p. 115).
1. The word "communication" has been used in a very broad sense, it includes all of the procedures by
which one mind may affect another.
2. All kinds of distortions of sound to be conveyed by telephone communication are called noise.
3. In the mathematical theory of communication the word "information" to be used in a special sense must
not be confused with its ordinary usage.
4. The conference to be held in Moscow will discuss questions dealing with communication problems.
5. There are Markoff processes to be widely involved in the theory of communication.
6. The effectiveness problem must have been concerned with the demands of the design.
7. Only one information must have been given at the moment.
8. Zero and one may have been taken symbolically to represent any two choices.
9. This subject will be dealt with in the next chapter.
10. A new type of computing equipment is being produced at our plant.
11. Rewrite these sentences. Instead of using 'somebody' or 'they', write a passive sentence.
1. Somebody has locked the computer. − The computer has been locked.
2. They have postponed the conference. The conference __________________________.
3. Somebody is using the computer at the moment. The computer __________________________.
4. I didn't realize that somebody was recording our conversation. I didn't realize that __________________.
5. When we got to the stadium we found that they had cancelled the game. When we got to the stadium,
we found that __________________________.
6. They are building a new ring road round the city. __________________________.
7. They have built a new hospital near the airport. __________________________.
12. Complete these sentences with one of the following verbs in the correct form: carry cause do
make repair
send spend
wake up. Sometimes you need have (''might have', 'could have' etc.).
1. The situation is serious. Something must be done before it's too late.
2. I haven't received the e-mail. It might _____________________ to the wrong address.
3. A decision will not _____________________ until the next meeting.
4. I told the hotel receptionist that I wanted to _____________________ at 6.30 the next morning.
5. Do you think that less money should _____________________ on equipment?
6. This net is in very bad condition. It should _____________________ a long time ago.
7. The injured man couldn't walk and had to _____________________.
8. It's not certain how the fire started but it might _____________________ by an electrical fault.
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SPECIALIST READING A: Telecommunication
Media
layers
Host layers
13. Scan the text and write out the names of the OSI
layers.
data
a_________n
data
p__________n
data
s_____n
segments
t_______t
packets
n_____k
frames
d__a l—k
bits
p______l
Telecommunication – the word was adapted from
French. It is a compound of the Greek prefix tele- (τηλε-),
meaning 'far off', and the Latin communicare, meaning
'to share'. The word was coined in 1904 by French
engineer and novelist Édouard Estaunié.
Heliograph – an instrument with mirrors and a shutter
used for sending messages in Morse code by reflecting
the sun's rays.
APRANET – Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network (USA).
VOCABULARY IN USE
14. Match the following word combinations:
port
web
network
file
Internet
layered
instant
packet
transmission
discrete
medium
switching
number
value
messaging
administrator
browsing
sharing
approach
chat
Telecommunication is the assisted transmission
of signals over a distance for the purpose of
communication. In earlier times, this may have
involved the use of smoke signals, drums,
semaphore, flags or heliograph. In modern times,
telecommunication typically involves the use of
electronic devices such as the telephone,
television, radio or computer. A basic
telecommunication system consists of three
elements:
• a transmitter that takes information and
converts it to a signal;
• a transmission medium that carries the
signal;
• a receiver that receives the signal and
converts it back into usable information.
Often telecommunication systems are two-way
with a single device acting as both a transmitter
and receiver or transceiver.
Signals can be either analogue or digital. In an
analogue signal, the signal is varied continuously
with respect to the information. In a digital signal,
the information is encoded as a set of discrete
values (ones and zeros). Noise resistance
represents a key advantage of digital signals over
analogue signals.
A network is a collection of transmitters,
receivers and transceivers that communicate with
each other. Digital networks consist of one or more
routers that work together to transmit information
to the correct user.
A channel is a division in a transmission medium
so that it can be used to send multiple streams of
information. One could allocate each channel a
recurring segment of time over which to broadcast
– this is known as time-division multiplexing and is
sometimes used in digital communication.
In 1960s the researchers started to investigate
packet switching – a technology that would allow
chunks of data to be sent to different computers.
This network would become ARPANET which
would eventually merge with other networks to
form the Internet.
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The Internet is a worldwide network of computers
and computer networks that can communicate with
each other using the Internet Protocol. Any
computer on the Internet has a unique IP address
that can be used by other computers to route
information to it. In this way, the Internet can be
seen as an exchange of messages between
computers.
The nature of computer network communication
lends itself to a layered approach where individual
protocols in the protocol stack run more-or-less
independently of other protocols. This allows lowerlevel protocols to be customized for the network
situation while not changing the way higher-level
protocols operate.
At the network layer, things become standardized
with the Internet Protocol (IP) being adopted for
logical addressing. For the world wide web, these
“IP addresses” are derived from the human readable
form using the Domain Name System (e.g.
72.14.207.99 is derived from www.google.com).
At the transport layer, most communication
adopts the Transmission Control Protocol. With TCP,
packets are retransmitted if they are lost and placed
in order before they are presented to higher layers.
The packets carry port numbers with them to
specify what application or process the packet
should be handled by. Because certain applicationlevel protocols use certain ports, network
administrators can restrict Internet access by
blocking the traffic destined for a particular port.
Above the transport layer, there are certain
protocols that are sometimes used and loosely fit in
the session and presentation layers, most notably
the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer
Security (TLS) protocols. These protocols ensure that
the data transferred between two parties remains
completely confidential and one or the other is in
use when a padlock appears at the bottom of your
web browser. Finally, at the application layer, there
are many protocols Internet users would be familiar
with such as HTTP (web browsing), POP3 (e-mail),
FTP (file transfer), IRC (Internet chat), BitTorrent (file
sharing) and OSCAR (instant messaging).
English for Special Purposes
15. Complete the sentences with the following
words: route port number devices encoded
router as in the text.
1. Telecommunication involves the use of
electronic __________.
2. In a digital signal information is __________
as a set of discrete values.
3. Digital networks consist of one or more
__________ that work together.
4. An IP address can be used by other computers
to __________ information to it.
5. The packets carry __________ with them to
specify what application the packet should be
handled by.
16. Complete the sentences with the prepositions
from the box. Consult the APPENDIX (p. 120):
of (in)to with for from to for
1. The traffic is destined _____ a particular port.
2. A basic telecommunication system consists
_____ three elements.
3. Receivers and transceivers communicate
_____ each other.
4. The Internet Protocol is adopted _____ logical
addressing.
5. The “IP addresses” are derived _____ the
human readable form.
6. A transmitter takes information and converts
it _____ a signal.
7. The packets are retransmitted and presented
_____ higher layers.
Computer Engineering
COMPREHENSION CHECK
17. Give definitions to the following notions:
1. Telecommunication –
2. Network –
3. Channel –
4. Internet –
5. Layered approach –
6. Telecommunication system –
7. Transmitter –
8. Receiver –
9. Packet switching –
10. Time-division multiplexing –
18. Mark the following statements as “true” or “false”, correct the false ones.
True
False
1. Mobile phone is an example of two-way communication system.
2. Any computer on the Internet has its unique IP address.
3. Low-level protocols change the operation of higher-level protocols.
4. The Domain Name System is used for the WWW.
5. SSL and TLS don’t provide confidentiality.
6. In an analogue signal the information is encoded as a set of discrete values.
7. Internet access can be restricted by blocking the traffic destined for a particular port.
19. Answer the questions:
1. What means of communication were used in earlier times?
2. What does a basic communication system consist of?
3. What is the main advantage of digital signals?
4. What does a digital network consist of?
5. What kind of investigation was started in 1960’s.
6. What was the forerunner of the Internet called?
7. Why is the layered approach so convenient?
8. What are the port numbers used for?
9. What protocols ensure confidentiality?
10. What protocol is used for Web browsing?
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SPECIALIST READING B: Satellite services
20. Read the text quickly and tick the points that correspond to the context:
 New technologies have made us independent from other people or any events.
 It is difficult to withstand dangers, but humanity has created a system of defensive or offensive actions.
 Thanks to worldwide system of satellites, it is possible to transmit signals into any place on earth.
 There is a convergence between telecommunication and computing technologies.
 We are certain that new communication technologies won’t concern our economic and social life.
 Technical standards of today’s mobile phones allow business travelers use them on international trips.
 Satellite systems will provide us with the information from any part of the globe.
Our world has
become
an
increasingly complex
place in which, as
individuals, we are
very dependent on
other people and on
organizations. An event in some distant part of the
globe can rapidly and significantly affect the quality of
life in our home country.
This increasing dependence on both a national and
international scale, has led us to create systems that
can respond immediately to dangers, enabling
appropriate defensive or offensive actions to be taken.
These systems are operating all around us in military,
civil, commercial and industrial fields.
A worldwide system of satellites has been created,
and it is possible to transmit signals around the globe by
bouncing them from one satellite to an earth station
and thence to another satellite.
Originally designed to carry voice traffic, they are
able to carry hundreds of thousands of separate
simultaneous calls. These systems are being increasingly
adopted to provide for business communications,
including the transmission of traffic for voice, facsimile,
data and vision.
It is probable that future satellite services will
enable a great variety of information services to
transmit directly into the home, possibly including
personalized electronic mail. The electronic computer is
at the heart of many such systems, but the role of
telecommunications is not less important. There will be
a further convergence between the technologies of
computing and telecommunications. The change will be
dramatic: the database culture, the cashless society, the
office at home, the gigabit-per-second data network.
We cannot doubt that the economic and social
impact of these concepts will be very significant.
English for Special Purposes
Already, advanced systems of communication are
affecting both the layman and the technician. Complex
functions are being performed by people using
advanced terminals which are intended to be as easy to
use as the conventional telephone.
The new global satellite-communications systems
offer four kinds of service, which may overlap in many
different kinds of receivers: voice, short messaging
service, low-bandwidth internet access and tracking.
Voice. Satellite telephones provide similar
functionality to terrestrial mobile telephones.
Depending on the architecture of a particular system,
coverage may include the entire Earth, or only specific
regions. That makes them especially useful to remote,
third-world village, explorers and disaster-relief teams.
Internet service satellite phones have notoriously
poor reception indoors, though it may be possible to
get a consistent signal near a window or in the top floor
of a building if the roof is sufficiently thin. The phones
have connectors for external antennas that are often
installed in vehicles and buildings. The systems also
allow for the use of repeaters, much like terrestrial
mobile phone systems.
Messaging. Satellite messagers have the same
global coverage as satellite telephones, but carry text
alone, which could be useful for those with laptop
computers. Equipped with a small screen satellite
messagers also receive short messages.
Tracking. Voice and messaging systems also tell
their users where they are to within a few hundred
meters. Combined with the messaging service, the
location service could help rescue teams to find
stranded adventurers, the police to find stolen cars,
exporters to follow the progress of cargoes, and
haulage companies to check that drivers are not
detouring to the pub. Satellite systems provide better
positioning information to anyone who has a receiver
for their signals.
Computer Engineering
21 .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Make 10 questions to the text using the following constructions:
What is the nature, difference, process, role, importance, etc. of………………………………………?
What is referred to as………………………………………………………………………………………………………...?
What is used as………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….?
Where do we use………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..?
What function do the …… play…………………………………………………………………………………………….?
WRITING: Summary
22. Summarize the main ideas of the text using the following phrases:
1. The text deals with…
2. The development of satellite services has solved…
3. There exist…
4. Of prime interest to the reader will be…
5. In conclusion … is given.
SPEAKING: The Role of Telecommunication
23. Discuss the role of telecommunication in our life using viewpoint adverbs from the box.
Supplementary reading section may help you.
of course
no doubt
without doubt
to be sure
to be certain
true
in fact
in effect
say
suppose
The
It is true that…
It is certain that…
It is beyond doubt that…
to tell the truth
by no means
It is likely that…
It appears likely that…
It is assumed that…
We assume that
as a matter of fact
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Unit 9 Virtual Reality
Adj -ed/-ing
Noun attributes
Virtual Reality
HMD technology
structuring/summing up
LEAD-IN: VR components
1. Study this list of Virtual reality components. Enumerate the fields they might be applied.






a helmet mounted display
data gloves
a stereoscopic display
a haptic system
an omnidirectional treadmill
a Virtual reality visor and eye
glasses
Try to name more Virtual reality components
and their possible application areas.
PRONUNCIATION
2. Make sure you pronounce the following words properly:
breadth
[bredθ]
simultaneously [sɪm,əl'teɪnɪəslɪ]
miniaturized
['mɪnətʃ(ə)raɪzd]
superimposing
[,su:pǝrɪm'pəυzɪŋ]
immersion
[ɪ'mɜ:ʃn]
schematic
[ski:'mætɪk]
multithreading
[,mʌltɪ'θredɪŋ]
awareness
[ə'weənɪs]
innovative
['ɪnəʋveɪtɪv]
telemetry
[tə'lemɪtrɪ]
WORD STUDY
3. Translate the following definitions and memorize the terms:
simulation (n) - the construction of a mathematical model for some process or situation (esp.
using a computer) in order to estimate its characteristics or solve problems
about it in terms of the model; (компьютерное моделирование)
force feedback (n) - the simulation of physical attributes such as weight in virtual reality, allowing
the user to interact directly with virtual objects using touch;
surroundings (n, pl) - the conditions around a person, place, or thing; environment;
hamper (v) - to prevent the progress or movement of smth.;
response (v) - a verbal or written answer, the act of reply or reaction;
involve (v) - to include or contain as a necessary part, to have an effect on smth.;
demand (n) - an urgent or peremptory requirement or request;
multithreading (n) - a technique by which a single set of code can be used by several processors at
different stages of execution;
English for Special Purposes
Computer Engineering
awareness (n) - the state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, objects or
sensory patterns;
extensive (adj) - covering or affecting a large area, large in amount or scale, widespread;
reflective (adj) - capable of sending back (reflecting) heat, light or other radiation, providing a
reflection;
resolution (n) - the degree of detail visible in a photographic, television or display image
wirelessly (adv) - without a wire connection, using a wireless technology: FM technology
broadcasts music wirelessly;
immersion (n) - complete and deep (mental) involvement, the act of immersing or state of
being immersed;
4. Match the following words with their synonyms:
immersion
simulation
surroundings
display
demand
simultaneously
hamper
modeling
show
hinder
at the same time
environment
absorption
request
response
screen
wireless
extensive
couple (v)
involve
mounted
established
over-the-air
answer
connect
vast
implicate
monitor
5. Match the following words with their equivalents in Russian:
force feedback
multithreading
awareness
reflective
imaginary
superimpose
dimension
mapping
helmet
schematic
измерение
отражательный
накладывать (одно на другое)
шлем
схематическое изображение
воображаемый (нереальный)
обратная связь по усилию
информированность (осознание)
многопотоковость
отображение
6. Complete the puzzle using the clues.
a movable part of a helmet that can be
pulled down to cover the face
to place or lay one thing over another,
typically so that both are still evident
the ability of a television or film image
to reproduce fine detail
to show information on
a screen
i
p
e
m
o
e
t
l
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information in response
to an inquiry
the data fed into a computer
from a peripheral device
d
a
n
WORD BUILDING: Participial Adjectives -ed/-ing
PRESENT PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVE -ING
PAST PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVE -ED
serves as an adjective formed from an active serves as an adjective formed from the
verb.
passive form of the verb.
This rod connects one moving part of the This wire is insulated with a nonconductor.
machine to another. (active verb)
(passive verb)
This is a connecting rod. (present participial This is an insulated wire. (past participial
adjective )
adjective )
Present participial adjectives can be used to Past Participial Adjectives can be used to
describe: an ongoing quality, a process or describe a quality or process completed by
someone (state) as well as natural quality or
activity as well as the function of a noun.
state (no agent).
7. Circle the letter of the answer that best completes each of these sentences:
1. A device that has been adjusted for errors is a
__________________.
a) calibrating instrument
b) calibrated instrument
2. A device that adjusts other instruments is a
__________________.
a) calibrating instrument
b) calibrated instrument
3. You may choose any __________________ you
like.
a) viewing device
b) viewed device
4. You can modify the _______________ to add or
remove support for a particular operating system.
a) existing platform
b) existed platform
5. This _______________ is capable of measuring
specific movements of the body with respect to the
data of acceleration.
a) sensing device
b) sensed device
6. A great number of HMDs display only a computer
_______________.
a) generated image
b) generating image
7. A new cooling system for laptop computers has no
_______________.
a) moving parts
b) moved parts
8. A _______________ is a display device worn on the
head.
a) head mounted display
b) head mounting display
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Computer Engineering
GRAMMAR FOCUS: Noun attributes
8. Read and translate the following word combinations paying attention to nouns as attributes. If you need
help use GRAMMAR FILES 9 (p. 117).
computer aided manufacturing
автоматизированное производство
computer simulated environment
…
real time virtual environment
sensory information
discrete sampling system
entertainment application
solid-state devices
resolution measurement
health care professionals training
three-dimensional virtual reality simulation
night vision device
high speed photography industry
thermal imaging data
human hand available
signal sampling system
medium sized objects
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SPECIALIST READING A: Virtual Reality
9. Scan the text and match the headings (a – f) with the
paragraphs (1 – 5). There is one heading you will not need
to use.
a) Interactivity;
b) Implementation & Manufacturing;
c) Applications;
d) Motion tracking;
e) Immersion;
f) Virtual Reality fundamentals.
10. Now study the text to find this information.
Virtual Reality devices
Immersion components
VR computer graphics
languages
VR simulation field of use
Interaction characteristics
VOCABULARY IN USE
11. Complete the following text using suitable words and
word combinations.
immersion design telepresence
simulation
three-dimensional
military environment
data gloves
haptic
VR is the use of computer modeling and _______ that enables
a person to interact with an artificial 3-D visual _______. VR
applications immerse the user in a computer-generated
reality through the use of headsets, _______ or body suits.
The illusion of “being there” or _______ is effected by motion
sensors that pick up the user’s movements and adjust the
view on the screen in real time. _______ distinguishes VR
from other forms of human-computer interaction. _______
computer graphics allow the shape and form of objects to be
perceived. Some virtual worlds provide audio and _______
information. VR is used to create an illusion of reality for
entertainment as well as _______ training. It also enables
medical personnel to practice surgery simulations and
provides a way to experiment with new product _______.
English for Special Purposes
Computer Engineering
1._______________________
Virtual reality is a computer simulated
environment, whether it is a simulation of the real
or imaginary world. Most current virtual reality
environments are primarily visual experiences,
displayed either on a computer screen or through
special stereoscopic displays, but some simulations
include additional sensory information, such as
sound or tactile information (haptic systems), and
are generally known as force feedback. Users can
interact with a virtual environment either through
the use of standard input devices or through
multimodal devices (data gloves, omnidirectional
treadmill).
2._______________________
Immersion is basically a unique experience that is
connected with the world of virtual reality. Exploring
a three dimensional world of virtual reality the user
simply immerses in it as the real world. This
phenomenon is known as telepresence1. Thus the
user gets focused about his newly created identity
inside the Virtual Reality world. Immersion is made
up of two main components: depth and breadth2 of
information. Depth of information includes the
resolution of the display unit, the graphics quality,
the effectiveness of the audio and video etc.
Breadth of information is a number of sensory
dimensions presented simultaneously.
3._______________________
To develop a real time virtual environment a
computer graphics library can be used as embedded
resource coupled with a common programming
language, such as C++, Java etc.
Some of the most popular computer graphics
library/API3/language are OpenGL, Direct3D, Java3D
and VRML4, and their use is directly influenced by
the system demands in terms of performance,
program purpose, and hardware platform. The use
of multithreading can also accelerate 3D
performance and enable cluster computing with
multi-user interactivity.
Virtual reality can serve to new product design,
helping as an ancillary tool for engineering in
manufacturing
processes.
Among
other
examples, we may also quote Electronic Design
Automation, CAD5, FEA6, and Computer Aided
Manufacturing.
4._______________________
Beyond modeling assembly parts, 3D
computer graphics and VR techniques are
currently used in the research and development
of medical devices for innovative therapies,
treatments, patient monitoring. VR also finds
application into health care professionals training
from anatomy instruction to surgery simulation.
3D Virtual reality simulation is becoming widely
used for urban planning and transport projects.
Architects use this technology to create virtual
designs of buildings. Dramatic improvements in
the field of virtual reality are taken place due to
the extensive research and usage of VR in the
military applications where they are applied
almost for flight simulations or combat training.
5._______________________
The element of interaction is the most
important to make the user really feel free to get
involved with the virtual environment.
Interaction is characterized by speed (the rate of
the user’s actions recorded by computer and the
way they are reflected to be realized), range (the
number of results or reactions that can come out
of any user action), mapping (the ability of a
computer system to produce results as good as
the natural world in response to the user
actions). The possibility to move from place to
place inside a virtual environment is a kind of
interactivity. A poorly designed interaction can
hamper immersion to a great extent and the user
may simply stop getting involved in the virtual
environment. The virtual environment is
considered to be well designed and developed if
it responds to the user action in a way it makes
sense.
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Comments:
An omnidirectional treadmill is a device that
allows a person to perform locomotive motion in any
direction. The ability to move in any direction is how
these treadmills differ from their basic counterparts
that permit only unidirectional locomotion.
Omnidirectional treadmills are employed in
immersive virtual environment implementations to
allow unencumbered movement within the virtual
space through user self-motion.
1
виртуальное присутствие, иллюзия нахождения в
виртуальном пространстве;
2
ширина;
3
(Application Programming Interface) интерфейс
прикладного программирования;
4
(Virtual
Reality
Modeling
Language)
язык
моделирования
виртуальной
реальности,
позволяющий описывать трёхмерные сцены,
использовать анимацию и путешествия по Web для
различных проектов в Internet;
5
(Computer-Aided Design) система автоматизированного проектирования, САПР;
6
(Finite Element Analysis) анализ методом конечных
элементов: широко применяемый в САПР метод
моделирования поведения сложных систем путём
разбиения их на множество элементов.
COMPREHENSION CHECK
12. Reread the text and choose the best option to complete the following statements.
1. Almost any modern virtual reality environment
is primarily...
□ force feedback system
□ sound or tactile information
□ visual experience
5. Three-dimensional VR simulations are widely
used by architects for ….
□ building design
□ flight simulations
□ Innovative treatments
2. Exploring a 3D VR environment the user can
immerse in it as the real world that is known as...
□ Interaction
□ Telepresence
□ force feedback
6. Development of virtual reality is caused by its
wide usage…
□ for engineering in manufacturing processes
□ in medical research
□ in military applications
3. Information breadth includes…
7. Interaction mapping is the ability of a
computer system to …
□
□
□
the resolution of the display and the
graphics quality
a number of sensory dimensions presented
simultaneously
the effectiveness of the audio and video
4. The use of VR computer graphics library, API
and language is influenced by…
□
□
□
system performance requirements,
program purpose, hardware platform
embedded resources
multithreading and multi-user interactivity
English for Special Purposes
□
□
□
record the rate of the user’s actions and
reflect them
produce results as good as the natural world
in response to the user actions
produce the number of results or reactions
that can come out of any user action
8. Well designed VR applications must...
□ hamper immersion to a great extent
□ move the user from place to place
□ respond to the user action to make sense
Computer Engineering
93
SPECIALIST READING B: Head-mounted display technology
13. Five sentences have been removed from the
tex t.
1. Low cost HMD devices are available for use
with 3D games and entertainment
applications.
2. An embedded Ethernet interface option
permits direct access to data and
configuration.
3. This can be used to show stereoscopic
images.
4. Some HMDs allow superimposing a CGI
upon a real-world view.
5. However, the pixel density (pixels per
degree or arcminutes per pixel) is also used
to determine visual acuity.
6. Recent applications have included the use
of HMD for paratroopers.
Read the text quickly and put the correct sentence
in each space to form a logical, coherent and
correct text. There is one extra sentence you are
not going to need.
General
A head-mounted display (helmet mounted
display), is a display device, worn on the head or as
part of a helmet, that has a small display optic in
front of one (monocular HMD) or each eye
(binocular HMD). A typical HMD has either one or
two small displays with lenses and semi-transparent
mirrors embedded in a helmet, eye-glasses or visor.
The display units are miniaturized and may include
CRT, LCDs, Liquid crystal on silicon (LCos), or OLED.
Some vendors employ multiple micro-displays to
increase total resolution and field of view.
Most HMDs display only a computer generated
image (CGI), sometimes referred to as a virtual
image. ____________________________________
__________. This is sometimes referred to as
augmented reality or mixed reality. Combining realworld view with CGI is done by projecting the CGI
through a partially reflective mirror and viewing the
real world directly (Optical See-Through method).
The same combination can also be done
electronically by accepting video from a camera and
mixing it electronically with CGI (Video See-Through
method).
Performance parameters
A binocular HMD has the potential to display a
different image to each eye. __________________
______________. Humans have around 180° FOV
(field of view), but most HMDs offer considerably
less than this. Typically, greater field of view results
in greater sense of immersion and better situational
awareness. As for resolution HMDs usually mention
either the total number of pixels or the number of
pixels per degree.
Listing the total number of pixels (1600×1200
pixels per eye) is borrowed from how the
specifications of computer monitors are presented.
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
used to determine visual acuity. 60 pixels/° (1
arcmin/pixel) is usually referred to an eye limiting
resolution, above which increased resolution is not
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Computer Engineering
noticed by people with normal vision. HMDs
typically offer 10 to 20 pixels/°, though advances in
micro-displays help increase this number.
Applications
Major HMDs are increasingly being integrated
into the cockpits of modern helicopters and fighter
aircraft. These are usually fully integrated with the
pilot's flying helmet and may include protective
visors and night vision devices. Military, police and
firefighters use HMDs to display tactical
information such as maps or thermal imaging data
while
viewing
the
real
scene.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________.
Engineers and scientists use HMDs to provide
stereoscopic views of CAD schematics. These
systems are also used in the maintenance of
complex systems, as they can give a technician a
combination of computer graphics (system
diagrams and imagery) with the technician's
natural vision. There are also applications in
surgery, where radiographic data is combined with
the surgeon's natural view of the operation.
________________________________________
_________________________________________.
One of the pioneers in this field was Sony that
released the Glasstron in 1997, which had a
positional sensor permitting the user to view the
surroundings, with the perspective moving as the
head moved, providing a deep sense of immersion.
A HMD system has been developed for Formula
One as a part of an advanced telemetry system to
communicate to the driver wirelessly from the
heart of the race pit.
English for Special Purposes
14. Read the text and put the following points in
order to form a summary of the article.
 Certain HMDs are embedded into the pilot's
flying helmet and include night vision
devices.
 HMDs offer a resolution from 10 to 20
pixels/°.
 Sony was one of the pioneers in the field of
HMDs production.
 Binocular HMDs are able to display
stereoscopic images.
 HMDs are often used in engineering and
science to provide stereoscopic images of
CAD and to maintain complex systems.
 A typical HMD is worn on the head and has
displays embedded in the visor.
 HMD systems are used by F1 pilots and
managers as a part of wireless
communication system.
 Medium-priced HMDs are used with 3D
games and entertainment applications.
 Some HMDs provide mixed reality that
allows superimposing a computer mage
upon a real-world view.
1. _______________________________
2. _______________________________
3. _______________________________
4. _______________________________
5. _______________________________
6. _______________________________
7. _______________________________
8. _______________________________
9. _______________________________
Computer Engineering
WRITING: Virtual reality devices & applications
15. Write a description of a virtual
reality device or application. Don’t
forget to mention these points:
 general information;
 specifications;
 field of use;
 performance parameters;
 special features.
Use links from Get Real to help you.
…………
● Get Real
Check these websites for the latest
VR devices and apps:
http://www.vrealities.com/
http://vrlab.epfl.ch/
SPEAKING: Virtual reality products
16. Role play. Work in pairs. Play the parts of a VR company sales manager and an interviewer. Make up a
conversation presenting the latest VR products. Discuss the following issues:
 fields of application;
 the developer;
 the product advantages/disadvantages;
 specifications and special features.
You can use the description of the virtual reality device or application from ex. 13, the Supplementary
reading section text “Shadow Dexterous Hand” and the links from Get Real.
The following discourse markers may help you:
Structuring
first(ly), first of all, second(ly), third(ly) etc;
lastly, finally; to begin with; to start
with; in the first/ second/ third place; for one
thing; for another thing
Summing up
in conclusion; to sum up; briefly; in short
Note that firstly/ secondly etc are more
formal than first, second etc, and are
more common in British than American
English.
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Unit 10 Computer Security
WB revision
Infinitive Constructions
Malicious software
Network security management
Focusing…
LEAD-IN: Quiz on computer and network security
1. Read the questions of the quiz and think of the answers to them. Work in pairs to discuss the answers.
1. Which three email characteristics can help you to identify hoax
virus warnings?
□ The message is from a trusted source.
□ The message warns of a virus that will infect your computer
by simply reading the message.
□ The message requests that you forward the message to
others.
□ The message was forwarded many times.
2. Which two strategies will help to protect hardcopy information?
□ Shred printouts before disposal.
□ Encrypt all files.
□ Sign all documents.
□ Adopt a "clean desk" policy.
3. Which three types of information should you avoid adding to your instant messaging account details?
□ Addresses.
□ Organization names.
□ Nicknames.
□ Phone numbers.
4. Which three steps are important to perform when you receive instant messages?
□ Verify the source of the message.
□ Verify the size of any attachment sent to you.
□ Verify the purpose of the attachment sent to you.
□ Verify that your security and antivirus updates have been applied before you download or open any
attachment.
5. Which PDA security best practice will help protect the information on your PDA?
□ Clearly identify your PDA with company stickers or logos.
□ Never remove your PDA from your bag for airport security.
□ Store your PDA passwords in a safe location.
□ Synchronize your PDA data regularly.
6. Which two methods will reduce the chances that your password will be compromised?
□ Make your password lower case.
□ Change your password regularly.
□ Use Default passwords.
English for Special Purposes
Computer Engineering
□ Use a passphrase.
7. Which negative outcome can result from hoax virus warnings and malicious spam?
□ Denial of service.
□ Data loss.
□ Reduced account privileges.
□ Credit card fraud.
8. Which three actions can you take to increase the security of your Web browsing? (Choose three.)
□ Learn to recognize common scams.
□ Manage user names and passwords.
□ Only browse secure Web sites.
□ Use caution when downloading.
PRONUNCIATION
2. Make sure you pronounce the following words properly:
virus
['vaɪ(ə)rəs]
legitimate
[lɪ'ʤɪtəmət]
worm
[wɜːm]
nefarious
[nɪ'fɛərɪəs]
piracy
['paɪərəsɪ]
disseminate
[dɪ'semɪneɪt]
hoax
[həuks]
innocuous
[ɪ'nɔkjuəs]
propagate
['prɔpəgeɪt]
piggyback
['pɪgɪbæk]
header
['hedə]
adjust
[ə'ʤʌst]
anomaly
[ə'nɔməlɪ]
subtle
['sʌtl]
WORD STUDY
3. Translate the following definitions and memorize the terms:
computer security (n) - the collective processes and mechanisms by which sensitive and
valuable information and services are protected from publication,
tampering or collapse by unauthorized activities or untrustworthy
individuals and unplanned events respectively;
back up (v) - to store a copy of files on a storage device to keep them safe;
firewall (n) - a combination of hardware and software used to control the data
going into and out of a network;
antivirus program (n) - a computer program or sets of programs used to detect, identify
and remove viruses from a computer system;
infect (v) - affect with a virus;
detect (v) - discover or identify the presence or existence of
payload (n) - the part of the virus that causes the damage;
fraud (n) - wrongful or criminal deception intended to result in financial or
personal gain;
spreading viruses (n) - distributing programs that can reproduce themselves and are
written with the purpose of causing damage or causing a computer
to behave in an unusual way;
salami shaving (n) - manipulating programs or data so that small amounts of money are
deducted from a large number of transactions or accounts and
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denial of service attack (n) mail bombing (n) software piracy (n) shareware (n) -
accumulated elsewhere. The victims are often unaware of the
crime because the amount taken from any individual is so small;
swamping a server with large number of requests;
inundating an email address with thousands of messages, slowing
or even crashing the server;
unauthorized copying of a program for sale or distributing to other
users;
software that is available free of charge and often distributed
informally for evaluation, after which a fee may be requested for
continued use.
4. Match the following words with their synonyms (A, B) and opposites (C, D):
A
damage
replicate
legitimate
backdoor
relay
predetermined
fraud
conceal
B
particular
covert
reproduce
hide
mischief
deception
transmit
authorized
C
legitimate
backdoor
download
malicious
conceal
innocuous
protect
permit
D
destruct
harmless
unauthorized
harmful
ban
public
reveal
remove
5. Match A with B to make a word combination and then find its Russian equivalent in C:
A
executable
compromise
backdoor
informed
malicious
nefarious
host
JUMP
predetermined
copy
key
access control
B
C
модель управления доступом
незаконная деятельность
заранее заданное событие
команда перехода
информированное согласие
основная программа
файл с расширением ".ехе"
скрытая угроза
вредоносные программы
управление ключом
защита от копирования
нарушить безопасность
threat
activity
file
model
protection
management
software
the security
consent
event
program
command
6. There are a variety of different crimes that can be committed in computing, spreading viruses or
software piracy are among them. Complete the puzzle using the clues to know some more examples of
them.
gaining unauthorized access to a
network system
using another person’s identification code or
using that person’s files before logging off
English for Special Purposes
h
p
c
g
g
b
k
g
Computer Engineering
tricking a user into revealing confidential information
such as access code or a credit card number
changing the information shown on
another person’s website
redirecting anyone trying to
visit a certain site elsewhere
h
s
o
d
j
f
g
c
g
k
g
WORD BUILDING: Revision
7. Choose the correct word to complete each sentence. Use a dictionary to help you.
1. An electronic / electronics pen is one example of an input device.
2. The computer is the greatest technological / technologically invention of the twentieth
century.
3. In twenty years’ time some people will live in space, perhaps inside a computerizing /
computerized colony.
4. This computer is considerably / considerable faster than the old one.
5. If you are new to this system, almost everything will have to be explaining / explained.
6. Connectivity / Connection is an important concept in global communications.
7. Those files are not accessive / accessible unless you know the password.
8. If an error occurs, it is important to take correction / corrective action immediately.
9. A computer program / programming is a set of instructions that tell the computer how to do
a specific task.
10. An error or malfunction of a computer program is known as a debug / bug.
11. Programs written in a high-level language require compiler / compilation – that is,
translation into machine code, the language by the processor.
12. Digital TV is a way of transmitting / transmitted pictures by means of digital signals, in
contrast to the analogue signals used by traditional TV.
8. Fill in the gaps with the correct prefix from the following list.
rehyper-
deauto-
emicro-
monomulti-
unin-
imsub-
1. Most people prefer a colour screen to a _____chrome screen.
2. _____script is a character or symbol written below and to the right of a number or letter,
often used in science.
3. By the year 2030 cash will be _____placed by electronic money.
4. Tablet computers typically _____corporate small (8.4–14.1 inches/21–36 centimeters) LCD
screens.
5. Microchips _____planted into our arms will serve as ID cards and contain our medical
records.
6. Futurists predict that smart technology will be incorporated into fabrics so you’ll be able to
_____mail from your coat.
7. _____media is a form of enriched multimedia which allows an interactive and dynamic
linking of visual and audio elements.
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8. This program displays a message when it detects spyware and other _____wanted software
that may compromise your privacy or damage your computer.
9. Digital Terrestrial TV is received via a set-top box, a device that _____codes the signal
received through the aerial.
10. Optical discs are ideal for _____media applications, where images, animation and sound
occupy a lot of disc space.
GRAMMAR FOCUS: Infinitive Constructions
9. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitive Constructions. If you need
help use GRAMMAR FILES 10 (p. 118).
1. Asymmetric ciphers permit the encryption key to be public.
2. A change is so subtle that someone not specifically looking for it is unlikely to notice it.
3. Steganography can be said to protect both messages and communicating parties.
4. Everybody knows a plaintext to be the source of information to be secured.
5. This sequence causes digitized images to be stored in core memory.
6. This process was not expected to be effective.
7. Hackers have been known to do a variety of things to computer systems, including
downloading files and leaking confidential information, hijacking websites, defacing
websites by changing the text and graphics on the webpages etc.
8. A virus may cause a computer to behave in an unusual way.
9. We proved this suggestion to be wrong.
10. Such a threat often turns out to be nothing more than a hoax.
11. This general term is known to be used by computer professionals to mean a variety of
forms of hostile, intrusive or annoying software or program code.
12. There happened to exist some ideas about the system break-in.
13. This problem is not considered to be a major one.
14. People make systems work.
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101
SPECIALIST READING A: Malicious software
10. Read the text quickly and arrange the
paragraphs (a-h) according to the plan. There is one
extra paragraph. What type of malware does it
describe?
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Malware ___
A computer virus ___
Worms ___
Trojan horses ___
Spyware ___
Adware ___
Backdoor ___
11. These phrases and sentences have been
removed from the text. Read the text quickly and fill
in the gaps with the suitable phrases or sentences to
form a logically correct text. There is one extra
sentence you don’t have to use.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
A backdoor may take the form of an installed
program or an …
When the virus has been executed, the host program
is executed in the normal way…
This general term is known to be used by computer
professionals to mean a variety of forms…
…actively or passively gathered and disseminated by
spyware may…
…computer worms may have a "payload" that can
delete…
Spyware is a type of malicious software…
…or by simply not making its presence on a system
known to the user.
When the virus is trigged by a predetermined event…
Rootkits are popular with hackers…
…and are sometimes referred to as “network
viruses”.
a) This software appears to bypass normal
authentication methods, such as a username and
password, and allows unauthorized users to access
and control your computer without your
knowledge. (1) _____ illegitimate modification to a
legitimate program. Trojan horses are a common
kind of such threat.
b) They are programs that scan systems or
monitor activity and relay information to other
computers. The information that may be (2) _____
include passwords, log-in details, account numbers,
personal information or other personal documents.
They may also gather and distribute information
related to your computer, applications running on
your computer, Internet browsing usage or other
computing habits. This kind of malicious software
frequently attempts to remain unnoticed, either by
actively hiding (3) _____. It is likely to be
downloaded from web sites (typically in a
shareware or freeware), email messages, and
instant messengers.
c) It is a self-replicating program often written to
cause damage or mischief by inserting itself into a
software application without leaving any obvious
sign of its presence. This type of malware operates
by replacing the first instruction in the host
program with a JUMP command. This command
changes the normal instruction sequence in a
program, causing the virus instructions to be
executed (processed by the processor) before the
host program instructions. (4) _____. A virus is
loaded into memory when a program it has
attached itself to is run or executed. It then
becomes memory resident i.e. it stays in the
memory until the computer is switched off.
(5) _____, it operates the payload. It is possible for
viruses to have the following parts:
 a misdirection routine that enables it to hide
itself;
 a reproduction routine that allows it to copy
itself to other programs;
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Computer Engineering
 a trigger that causes the payload to be activated
at a particular time or when a particular event
takes place;
 a payload that may be a fairly harmless joke or
may be very destructive.
d) This malicious program seems to be innocuous
or even beneficial (such as a program that you may
have downloaded to remove viruses or spyware),
but conceals other malware that compromise the
security, data, and proper functioning of your
computer. Like a virus it has a payload but doesn’t
have a reproduction routine. Trojan horses spread
via the network (6) _____.
e) Malicious software is designed to secretly
access a computer system without the owner's
informed consent. (7) _____ of hostile, intrusive or
annoying software or program code. Malware
comes in many forms: viruses, worms, Trojan
horses, rootkits, adware, spyware.
f) This type of malware enables delivery of
advertising content to you through its own or
another program’s interface. It can be downloaded
from web sites (typically in a shareware or
freeware), email messages and instant messengers.
g) They hide files or processes running on a
computer, rendering them difficult to detect and
remove. Other forms of malware, like worms, which
gain entry to your computer without your
knowledge or permission are likely to install this
type of malware. (8) _____, who want to hide their
nefarious activities on your computer.
h) Like a virus, it is a self-replicating program,
often written to cause damage or mischief but in
contrast to a virus, it is self-contained and does not
need to become part of another program to
propagate itself. Instead this type of malware
infects the operating system, acts like a program in
its own right, and spreads via the network causing
increased bandwidth. However, (9) _____, encrypt
or email files on the host computer. A very common
payload for a worm is to install a backdoor in the
infected computer to allow the creation of a
"zombie" computer under control of the worm
author.
English for Special Purposes
VOCABULARY IN USE
12. Complete the sentences with the right words
given below.
infected to protect
innocuous
malicious spyware anti-virus
worm
adware replicates
1. Malware (________ software) are programs
designed to infiltrate or damage your computer,
for example, viruses, worms, Trojans and
spyware.
2. A virus can enter a PC via disc drive – if you insert
an ________ disc – or via the Internet.
3. A ________ is self-copying program that spreads
through email attachments; it ________ itself
and sends a copy to everyone in an address
book.
4. A Trojan horse seems to be ________ or even
beneficial program but it may affect data
security.
5. ________ collects information from your
computer without your consent.
6. Most spyware and ________ (software that
allows pop-ups, advertisements that suddenly
appear on your screen) is included with ‘free’
downloads.
7. If you want ________ your PC, don’t open email
attachments from strangers and take care when
downloading files from the Web.
8. Remember to update your ________ software as
often as possible, since new viruses are being
created all the time.
Computer Engineering
COMPREHENSION CHECK
13. Read the text again and decide which type of the malware stands the following descriptions for:
_______________ take control of your computer without your knowledge or permission;
_______________ send your data to an unauthorized recipient;
_______________ cause your computer to attack other computers;
_______________ delete your data;
_______________ a program that has a payload but does not have a reproduction routine;
_______________ delivers advertising content without your knowledge or permission;
_______________ self-contained program which acts like a program in its own right;
14. Decide whether these statements are true (T) or false (F), correct the false ones:
True
False
1.
The term “malware” stands for a variety of forms of software which is hostile, intrusive or
annoying.
2. It is usually easy to detect the presence of a computer virus because it has some main parts: a
misdirection routine, a reproduction routine, a trigger and a payload.
3. The payload of a virus is activated by some predetermined event.
4. Worms can be compared with a computer virus as it exploits computers for personal gain but
it differs from a virus though, because it does not replicate to other computers and usually is
not designed to destroy data.
5. Trojan horse is a technique that involves adding concealed instructions to a computer
programs so that it will still work but will also perform prohibited duties.
6. The purpose of spyware is to take partial control of your computer or to intercept data from
your computer.
7. Neither spyware nor adware can be downloaded to your computer without your personal
concern.
8. Backdoor allows unauthorized users to access computer bypassing general authentication
methods.
9. Rootkits make other forms of malware hide files or processes running on a computer and
render them difficult to be detected and removed.
10. Though all types of malware access a computer system without the owner's informed consent,
only viruses have a payload.
15. Use the chart given below to speak about malicious software.
WORMS
VIRUSES
TROJANS
MALWARE
ROOTKITS
SPYWARE
ADWARE
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SPECIALIST READING B: Network security management
16. Scan the text, identify different parts and entitle
them.
title
from… – to…
…
17. Read the text and decide whether these points
are discussed in it.
Yes
1) some rules to protect hardware and
software protection against viruses
2) data encryption
3) software copy protection techniques
4) control of the physical access
5) the ways to hide the message
6) the ways to conceal the fact of
communication
7) the advantages of steganography over
cryptography
English for Special Purposes
No
The terms network security and information security
are often used interchangeably. Network security is
generally taken as providing protection at the
boundaries of an organization by keeping out intruders.
Information security, however, explicitly focuses on
protecting data resources from malware attack or
simple mistakes by people within an organization by use
of data loss prevention (DLP) techniques. One of these
techniques is to compartmentalize large networks with
internal boundaries.
Network security starts from authenticating the user,
commonly with a username and a password. Since this
requires just one thing besides the user name, i.e. the
password which is something you 'know', this is
sometimes termed one factor authentication. With twofactor authentication something you 'have' is also used
(e.g. a security token, an ATM card), or with three factor
authentication something you 'are' is also used (e.g. a
fingerprint or retinal scan).
Once authenticated, a firewall enforces access policies
such as what services are allowed to be accessed by the
network users. Though effective to prevent
unauthorized access, this component may fail to check
potentially harmful content such as computer worms or
Trojans being transmitted over the network. Anti-virus
software or an intrusion prevention system (IPS) help
detect and inhibit the action of such malware. An
anomaly-based intrusion detection system may also
monitor the network and traffic for unexpected (i.e.
suspicious) content or behavior and other anomalies to
protect resources, e.g. from denial of service attacks or
an employee accessing files at strange times. Individual
events occurring on the network may be logged for
audit purposes and for later high level analysis.
Communication between two hosts using a network
could be encrypted to maintain privacy. Information
security uses cryptography to transform usable
information into a form that renders it unusable by
anyone other than an authorized user; this process is
called encryption. Information that has been encrypted
(rendered unusable) can be transformed back into its
original usable form by an authorized user, who
possesses the cryptographic key, through the process of
decryption. A method of encryption and decryption is
called a cipher. Some cryptographic methods rely on the
secrecy of the algorithms.
There are two classes of key-based algorithms,
Computer Engineering
symmetric (or secret-key) and asymmetric (or public-key)
algorithms. The difference is that symmetric algorithms
use the same key for encryption and decryption (or the
decryption key is easily derived from the encryption key),
whereas asymmetric algorithms use a different key for
encryption and decryption, and the decryption key
cannot be derived from the encryption key.
Symmetric algorithms can be divided into stream
ciphers and block ciphers. Stream ciphers can encrypt a
single bit of plaintext at a time, whereas block ciphers
take a number of bits and encrypt them as a single unit.
Asymmetric ciphers (also called public-key algorithms
or public-key cryptography) permit the encryption key to
be public, allowing anyone to encrypt with the key but
only a proper recipient (who knows the decryption key)
can decrypt the message. The encryption key is also
called the public key and the decryption key the private
key or secret key.
Cryptography is used in information security to protect
information by hiding it from unauthorized or accidental
disclosure while the information is in transit (either
electronically or physically) and while information is in
storage.
Steganography is the art and science of writing hidden
messages and no one, apart from the sender and
intended recipient, suspects the existence of the
message. It is a form of security through obscurity.
The advantage of steganography over cryptography
alone is that messages do not attract attention to
themselves. Plainly visible encrypted messages – no
matter how unbreakable – will arouse suspicion, and
may be incriminating in countries where encryption is
illegal. Therefore, whereas cryptography protects the
contents of a message, steganography can be said to
protect both messages and communicating parties.
It includes the concealment of information within
computer files. In digital steganography, electronic
communications may include steganographic coding
inside of a transport layer, such as a document file,
image file, program or protocol. Media files are ideal for
steganographic transmission because of their large size.
As a simple example, a sender might start with an
innocuous image file and adjust the color of every 100th
pixel to correspond to a letter in the alphabet, a change
is so subtle that someone not specifically looking for it is
unlikely to notice it.
Digital steganography techniques include concealing
messages within the lowest bits of noisy images or sound
105
files. The data to be concealed within encrypted or
random data is first encrypted before being used to
overwrite part of a much larger block of encrypted data
or a block of random data. Messages can also be
concealed in tampered executable files; pictures are
embedded in video material (optionally played at slower
or faster speed).
Content-Aware Steganography hides information in
the semantics a human user assigns to a datagram.
These systems offer security against a non-human
adversary/warden.
In Blog-Steganography messages are fractionalized
and the (encrypted) pieces are added as comments of
orphaned web-logs (or pin boards on social network
platforms). In this case the selection of blogs is the
symmetric key that sender and recipient are using; the
carrier of the hidden message is the whole blogosphere.
In Voice-over-IP conversations messages can be
concealed in delayed or corrupted packets normally
ignored by the receiver, or in unused header fields.
18. Read the text again and find the definitions of
the following terms:
network security ____________________________
__________________________________________
information security _________________________
__________________________________________
one factor authentication _____________________
__________________________________________
two factor authentication_____________________
__________________________________________
three factor authentication ___________________
__________________________________________
cryptography _______________________________
encryption _________________________________
decryption _________________________________
cipher ____________________________________
symmetric algorithm _________________________
__________________________________________
asymmetric algorithm ________________________
__________________________________________
stream cipher ______________________________
block cipher ________________________________
steganography _____________________________
19. Summarize the general ideas of text.
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WRITING: Computer crimes prevention
20. There is a variety of security measures
that can be used to protect hardware and
software, including controlling physical
access to hardware and software, backing
up data and programs, using passwords,
installing firewall, encrypting data, etc.
Many of them have been mentioned in
this unit. Cover the material of Unit 10,
choose a computer crime and work out a
list of measures to prevent this crime. It
can be done in the form of an article with
the title “Ten tips to prevent…”.
Afterwards you can discuss your articles in
class.
Use
the
material
from
Supplementary reading section and the
following discourse markers to help you.
Focusing on the main
problem / issue
Asking for input
Making
recommendations
What is the main problem?
What is the real issue (here)?
(I think) the major problem is . . .
Our primary concern is . . .
(As I see it), the most important thing is . . .
The main problem we need to solve is . . .
We really need to take care of . . .
It all comes down to this: …
What should we do about it?
What needs to be done?
What do you think we should do?
What are we going to do about it?
I recommend that . . .
I suggest that . . .
I would pke to propose that . . .
Why don't we . . .
SPEAKING: Computer security
21. Prepare a report and take part in a round table discussion on the topic “Computer security”. The
Supplementary reading section may help you.
Topics for discussion: History of computer security and cryptography, information theory, number
theory; Data Encryption Standard, Ciphers; Encryption on a network, key management; Access control
models, mechanisms; malicious logic, denial of service, covert channels; Security architecture; Hardware
mechanisms that protect computers and data; Secure operating systems; Secure coding; Computer crimes.
English for Special Purposes
Computer Engineering
Grammar files
1. ACTIVE/PASSIVE VOICE
Active tenses
Present simple
Present continuous
Present perfect simple
Past simple
Past continuous
Past perfect
Future simple
Future continuous
Future perfect
Future perfect continuous
Passive tenses
Present simple
Present continuous
Present perfect simple
Past simple
Past continuous
Past perfect
Future simple
Affirmative sentence
I (you, we, they) load the
computer every day.
She (he, it) loads the
computer every day.
I am loading the
computer.
You (we, they) are loading
the computer.
He (he, it) is loading the
computer.
I (you, we, they) have
loaded the computer.
She (he, it) has loaded the
computer.
I loaded the computer
I will be loading the
computer.
I will have loaded the
computer
I will have been loading
the computer.
Negative sentence
I don’t load the computer
every day.
She doesn’t load the
computer every day.
I am not loading the
computer.
You are not loading the
computer.
He is not loading the
computer.
I have not loaded the
computer.
She has not loaded the
computer.
I did not load the
computer.
I was not loading the
computer.
They were not loading the
computer.
They had not loaded the
computer.
We will not load the
computer.
She will not be loading the
computer.
We will not have loaded
the computer.
They will not have been
loading the computer.
Interrogative sentence
Do you load the computer
every day?
Does she load the
computer every day?
Am I loading the
computer?
Are they loading the
computer?
Is she loading the
computer?
Have you loaded the
computer?
Has he loaded the
computer?
Did you load the
computer?
Was she loading the
computer?
Were you loading the
computer?
Had you loaded the
computer?
Will you load the
computer?
Will they be loading the
computer?
Will she have loaded the
computer?
Will you have been
loading the computer?
Simple sentence
The computer is loaded by
me.
The computer is being
loaded by me.
The computer has been
loaded by me.
The computer was loaded
by me.
The computer was being
loaded by me.
The computer had been
loaded by me.
The computer will be
loaded by me.
Negative sentence
The computer is not
loaded by me.
The computer is not being
loaded by me.
The computer has not
been loaded by me.
The computer was not
loaded by me.
The computer was not
being loaded by me.
The computer hadn’t been
loaded by me.
The computer won’t be
loaded by me.
Interrogative sentence
Is the computer loaded by
me?
Is the computer being
loaded by me?
Has the computer been
loaded by me?
Was the computer loaded
by me?
Was the computer being
loaded by me?
Had the computer been
loaded by me?
Will the computer be
loaded by me?
I (she, he, it) was loading
the computer.
You (we, they) were
loading the computer.
I had loaded the
computer.
I will load the computer.
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Computer Engineering
2. CONDITIONALS
Условные предложения используются для выражения действия, которое может произойти только при
выполнении определенного условия. Части данных предложений могут быть соединены при помощи
союзов if, unless (= if not) и as long as (= provided/ providing (that).
FIRST CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (реальное условие, может быть выполнено в будующем)
If A happens В will happen
(present simple) (will in positive or negative form + verb)
I f you like entertainment, you will love the latest multimedia video games.
Иногда в главном предложении используются модальные глаголы can, must или повелительное
наклонение.
I f you want to create your own MP3 files from your CDs, you must have a CD ripper.
You won't be able to play audio and video on the Web unless you have a plug-in like RealPlayer or
QuickTime. (= if you don't have a plug-in ...)
Вопросительные и отрицательные формы предложения образуются с помощью вспомогательного
глагола will (won’t):
Will the data be saved, if you unload the computer?
If you reset the computer system, perhaps, all data won’t be saved.
Данное правило применяется и к придаточным предложениям времени, которые вводятся
следующими союзами:
when while as soon as after before until.
SECOND CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (нереальные или проблематичные условия)
If A happened В would happen
(past simple) (would in positive or negative form+ verb)
I f you wanted to make a movie on your computer, first you would/you'd need to . . .
Глагол to be имеет форму were для всех лиц и чисел.
I f I were you, I'd get a new MP3 player.
Would (wound’t) употребляется со всеми лицами и числами существительных и местоимений в роли
подлежащего.
Вопросительные и отрицательные формы предложения образуются с помощью вспомогательного
глагола would (wound’t):
If different kinds of applications software weren’t loaded, the computer wouldn’t perform specific tasks for
the user.
THIRD CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (нереальное условие в прошлом)
If A had happened B would have happened
(past perfect)
(would in positive or negative + perfect infinitive)
Would (wound’t) употребляется со всеми лицами и числами существительных и местоимений в роли
подлежащего.
Вопросительные и отрицательные формы предложения образуются с помощью вспомогательного
глагола would (wound’t):
If we had upgraded our computer we wouldn’t have got this problem
Type
If Clause
Conditional Clause
Conditional 1
If we upgrade our computer…
It will work better.
Conditional 2
If we bought new software now…
Our computer would work better.
Conditional 3
If we had upgraded our computer earlier…
We would not have got that problem.
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109
3. COMPARING
В научных текстах часто возникает необходимость сравнивать различные устройства, программы,
языки и т.д. Основная роль при сравнении, безусловно, принадлежит прилагательным и наречиям.
ПРАВИЛА ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ СТЕПЕНЕЙ СРАВНЕНИЯ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ И НАРЕЧИЙ
1. Односложные прилагательные и наречия добавляют суффиксы -er и -est.
Adjectives
(прилагательные)
Absolute
(положительная)
low
large
Comparative
(сравнительная)
lower
larger
Superlative
(превосходная)
lowest
largest
big
bigger
biggest
soon
sooner
soonest
late
later
latest
Adverbs
(наречия)
2. Степени сравнения многосложных прилагательных и наречий образуются при помощи слов more,
most; less, least.
Absolute
Comparative
Superlative
(положительная)
(сравнительная)
(превосходная)
powerful
more powerful
most powerful
Adjectives
(прилагательные)
specific
more specific
most specific
Adverbs
(наречия)
easily
more easily
most easily
highly
more highly
most highly
3. Двусложные прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на -er, -y, -ly, -ow образуют степени сравнения с
помощью суффиксов -er и -est. Наречия, оканчивающиеся на -ly образуют степени сравнения только
при помощи слов more (less) и most (least) (пример см. выше).
-y
Absolute
(положительная)
tiny
speedy
Comparative
(сравнительная)
tinier
speedier
Superlative
(превосходная)
tiniest
speediest
-ly
early
earlier
earliest
-er
clever
cleverer
cleverest
-ow
narrow
narrower
narrowest
4. Степени сравнения некоторых прилагательных и наречий образуются не по правилам:
Absolute
(положительная)
good
well
Comparative
(сравнительная)
better
better
Superlative
(превосходная)
best
best
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bad
badly
worse
worse
worst
worst
much
many
more
more
most
most
little
far
late
less
farther, further
later, latter
least
farthest, furthest
latest, last
УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ СТЕПЕНЕЙ СРАВНЕНИЯ
Положительная степень (Absolute) – это базовая форма, которая чаще всего констатирует данное
количество или качество, например:
The iPad's design is simple, with a minimum number of buttons, ports, etc.
Дизайн компьютера iPad прост, с минимальным количеством кнопок, портов и т.д.
Положительная степень прилагательных и наречий также используются:
1) при сравнении одинаковых качеств. В этом случае используется конструкция as … as, например:
Portable computers are as versatile and reliable as any computer on your desk.
Портативные компьютеры так же многофункциональны и надежны, как любой другой
компьютер на вашем столе.
2) при указании на неравные качества. В этом случае используется конструкция not as … as, например:
Desktop computers are not as portable as laptops.
Настольные компьютеры не такие мобильные как лэптопы.
Сравнительная степень (Comparative) прилагательных и наречий используется:
1) для сравнения двух качеств (состояний). В этом случае после прилагательного или наречия в
сравнительной степени следует слово than:
Subnotebooks are smaller than laptops.
Субблокнотные компьютеры меньше, чем лэптопы.
A laptop is more compact than a desktop computer.
Лэптоп – компактнее, чем настольный компьютер.
2) для передачи зависимости одного качества от другого (в русском языке – чем …тем). В этом случае
перед прилагательными или наречиями в сравнительной степени стоят слова the… the, например:
The smaller the computer the faster it operates.
Чем меньше компьютер, тем быстрее он функционирует.
Превосходная степень (Superlative) употребляется тогда, когда при сопоставлении вещей
подчеркивается их уникальность.
!!! Кроме степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий для сравнения используются следующие
слова и выражения:
эквивалентность
неэквивалентность
as many … as
as much … as
alike
the same … as
the same
similar to
are similar
equal to
is like
similar/ly
equal/ly
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compared to/with
in comparison with
each
either
both
not as …as
…-er than
more…than
fewer…than
less…than
greater …than
not as many
not as much
not equal to
unequally
as unlike
as not the same as
not all
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!!! Слова-усилители (Intensifiers). Для усиления степеней сравнения употребляются следующие слова:
very
очень
too
слишком
rather
довольно
quite
вполне
somewhat
до некоторой степени
a little
немного
fairly
явно, совершенно
a bit
немного, слегка
extremely
чрезвычайно
much
гораздо,
намного
by far
гораздо, намного
This large-capacity main battery should not be confused with the much smaller battery nearly all computers
use to run the real-time clock and to store the BIOS configuration in the CMOS memory when the computer is
off.
Этот аккумулятор большой емкости нельзя путать с гораздо меньшей по объему батарейкой,
расположенной на материнской плате почти всех компьютеров, которая используется для
поддержки работы часов реального времени и сохранения конфигурации БИОС когда компьютер
выключен.
4. PREDICTION
Прогнозируя, мы предполагаем, что произойдет в будущем. Предположения, как правило,
выражают разную степень уверенности.
Certainty
Verbs
Adverbs
Adjectives
will, will not;
be going to
certainly, definitely
certain, sure
likely, unlikely,
most/highly likely
probably,
mostprobably
expected, probable
most/highly probable
possibly, perhaps
possible
improbable, doubtful,
questionable
most/highly
improbable/unlikely
not possible,
impossibility
unlikely,
probably not
most/highly
doubtful/questionable
Probability
MORE
Possibility
can, could,
may(not), might
(not)
Improbability
LESS
Impossible
cannot, could not
Notebook computers will definitely be cheaper
next year.
It is (highly) probable/likely that notebook
computers will be cheaper next year.
Notebook computers may/might be cheaper next
year.
Ноутбуки определенно будут дешевле в
следующем году.
Вполне вероятно, что ноутбуки будут
дешевле в следующем году.
Ноутбуки может быть будут дешевле в
следующем году.
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It is unlikely /doubtful that notebook computers
will be cheaper next year.
It is impossible that notebook computers will be
cheaper next year.
Маловероятно, что ноутбуки будут дешевле
в следующем году.
Этого не может быть, чтобы ноутбуки
стали дешевле в следующем году.
Иногда прогнозирование (предположение) становится предметом определенных условий. В этом
случае используются сложноподчиненные предложения с придаточными условия, которые
состоят соответственно из двух частей: главного предложения (will/won’t; can+ V) и придаточного
(if + Present Simple основного глагола).
I will buy a notebook if the price of notebooks falls next year.
If the price of notebooks falls next year, I will buy one.
Я куплю ноутбук, если цена на них
упадет в следующем году.
Если говорящий не достаточно уверен в том, что какое-либо действие произойдет и стремиться
выразить предполагаемое, возможное, желаемое действие, то в речи используется
сослагательное наклонение, которое также может состоять из двух частей: главного предложения
(would/wouldn’t; might; could + V) придаточного (if + Past Simple основного глагола).
I would buy a notebook if the price of notebooks fell next year.
If the price of notebooks fell next year, I would buy one.
Я бы купил ноутбук, если бы цена
на них упала в следующем году.
5. ATTRIBUTIVE CLAUSES
Придаточные определительные предложения отвечают на вопросы which? what? и
присоединяются к главному предложению бессоюзным способом или при помощи союзных слов –
относительных местоимений и наречий: who; whom; whose,; which, that; when; where; why.
Относительные местоимения whom, whose и which, вводящие придаточное определительное
предложение, могут употребляться с предлогами.
Придаточное определительное предложение относится к какому-либо члену главного
предложения, выраженному именем существительным или местоимением (в основном
неопределенным somebody, anything), а также словами-заместителями: that, those, one.
Придаточное определительное предложение занимает место после того слова, которое оно
определяет в главном предложении.
Придаточные определительные предложения делятся на два типа: описательные
определительные предложения (Descriptive Clauses) и ограничительные определительные
предложения (Limiting Clauses).
Описательные определительные предложения могут быть выделены в отдельное предложение
или вовсе опущены без ущерба для смысла главного предложения. Такое определительное
предложение обычно отделяется от главного запятой:
Programming language theory, which is known as
PLT, is a branch of computer science that …
Теория языков программирования, или PLT, это раздел информатики, который…
Описательное определительное предложение which is known as PLT может быть выделено в
отдельное предложение или вовсе опущено. При этом главное предложение не теряет своего
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смысла.
!!! В описательных определительных предложениях относительное местоимение that не
употребляется и относительные местоимения не могут быть опущены.
Ограничительное определительное предложение тесно связано с тем членом предложения, к
которому оно относится, и не может быть опущено без нарушения смысла главного предложения.
Ограничительное определительное предложение не отделяется запятой от главного предложения:
A programming language provides a structured
mechanism for defining pieces of data, and the
operations or transformations that may be carried
out automatically on that data…
… действий и изменений, которые могут
быть выполнены автоматически …
6 -ING FORMS
КАК РАЗЛИЧАТЬ -ING ФОРМЫ?
Сравните:
1. noun – morning
2. adjective – interesting
3. pronoun – something
4. verbal noun – building
5. gerund – by travelling
6. participle – fading flower
7. Continuous –I am standing
Формы герундия совпадают с формами причастия, но герундий имеет ряд отличительных признаков.
Герундий по своим функциям ближе к существительному (noun forms), тогда как причастие ближе к
прилагательному (adjectival forms). Герундий обозначает деятельность или процесс:
Rendering includes lighting and shading.
Compositing is combining parts o f different images to create a single image.
This course involves painting and drawing in various media.
Отличия герундия от других частей речи:
 Наличие перед формой с окончанием -ing какого-либо предлога (of, after, before, by, for, from,
in, on, without):
Designers start a project by making a wireframe.
 Наличие перед -ing формой притяжательного местоимения (my, her, etc):
The professor approved of my solving problem.
 Наличие существительных в притяжательном или общем падежах.
We know of Newton’s having developed the principles of mechanics.
 Некоторые глаголы традиционно употребляются только с герундием, а не с инфинитивом:
avoid, fancy, finish, give up, hate, imagine, involve, keep, look forward to, mind, suggest, enjoy.
I enjoy editing pictures.
Причастие используется для образования длительных форм (continuous tenses) и в причастных
оборотах:
We are designing a new car on computer.
. . . a representation showing the outlines o f all edges. ( = which shows the outlines. . . )
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Герундий и причастие могут выполнять функцию левого определения. Различать их в этой функции
можно только на основе смыслового содержания, учитывая, что причастие выражает действие
определяемого существительного, например:
a writing man – пишущий человек,
тогда как герундий указывает на назначение предмета и на русский язык передается
существительным, например:
a writing table – письменный стол, т.е. стол для письма.
Сравните:
a smoking man – курящий человек (причастие)
a smoking room – комната для курения (герундий)
Отглагольное существительное тоже имеет окончание -ing (verbal noun). Чаще всего такие
существительные обозначают физические объекты: building. Признаками такого существительного
являются:
- наличие перед -ing формой артикля;
- наличие предлога of перед идущим за ней существительным;
- возможность употребления в форме множественного числа.
The readings of the voltmeter were correct.
Прилагательные употребляются после глагола-связки и перед существительным:
They use special applets to create amazing fractals.
It is interesting to know.
7. PARTICIPLE II
Причастие 2 (Participle II, Past Pariciple) правильных глаголов образуется путем добавления суффикса ed к основе глагола: to finish – finished
Неправильные глаголы: to write – written
Таким образом: Past Participle – V+ed (V3).
!!! Причастие 2 не имеет отдельных категорий времени и залога, так как может выражать действия,
относящиеся к любому времени в зависимости от времени сказуемого.
Причастие 2 от переходных глаголов соответствует русским причастиям:
 настоящего времени с окончаниями - мый, - щийся;
 прошедшего времени с окончаниями - нный, - тый, - вшийся.
asked – спрашиваемый, спрошенный
taken – берущийся, взятый
Функции причастия 2 в предложении:
 определение;
 определительный причастный оборот;
 обстоятельство.
1) Определение:
The described method is widely used in electroplating.
Описанный метод широко применяется в гальванопластике.
We used all the methods recommended.
Мы применили все методы, которые были рекомендованы.
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2) Определительный причастный оборот:
A substance is composed of tiny particles called molecules.
Вещество состоит из мельчайших частиц, называемых молекулами.
Вещество состоит из мельчайших частиц, которые называются молекулами.
3) Обстоятельство (времени или причины):
Placed in a vessel, a gas fills it completely. (A gas placed in a vessel fills it completely.)
При помещении в сосуд газ заполняет его полностью.
!!! when или if:
When heated solids expand little as compared with liquids.
a) деепричастие:
Нагреваясь, твердые вещества расширяются незначительно по сравнению с жидкими.
b) придаточное предложение:
Когда твердые вещества нагреваются, они расширяются незначительно по сравнению с жидкими.
c) существительное с предлогом:
При нагревании твердые тела расширяются незначительно по сравнению с жидкими.
8. INFINITIVE
Инфинитив - это неличная глагольная форма, которая только называет действие и выполняет функции
как глагола, так и существительного. Инфинитив отвечает на вопрос что делать?, что сделать? Чаще
всего инфинитив встречается после глаголов:
afford
happen
prefer
appear
start
offer
wish
want
decide
forget
prepare
arrange
help
pretend
ask
hope
promise
(can’t) bear
intend
refuse
begin
learn
remember
dare
seem
fail
mean
manage
try
expect
Часто инфинитив используется после модальных глаголов. Модальные глаголы (can, could, must,
should, ought to, had better, may, might, will, would, shall) – это вспомогательные глаголы, которые
добавляют идею способности, необходимости, просьбы, разрешения, совета, желания, вероятности и
т.д. к действию, выраженному основным глаголом. Другими словами, модальные глаголы описывают
отношение говорящего к действию, выраженному основным глаголом. Все модальные глаголы
принимают после себя инфинитив без частицы "to" (кроме OUGHT TO!)
Инфинитив переходных глаголов имеет формы пассивного залога. Пассивный залог используют если
деятель не известен или не важен.
active: (to) do/clean/see etc.
Somebody will upgrade the computer.
passive: (to) be done/cleaned/seen etc.
The computer will be upgraded.
В английском языке есть несколько видов/форм инфинитива.
Present simple passive
Пассивный инфинитив образуется при помощи инфинитива to be и третьей формы смыслового
глагола. На русский язык может переводиться неопределенно-личным предложением или
придаточным дополнительным.
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Конструкция can be / could be + past participle используется для выражения способности или
возможности в настоящем или прошлом в пассивном залоге.
My professor has told me that I may be invited to я give the keynote speech at the conference this year.
Information can be transmitted by devices such as the telephone, radio or TV.
It has been predicted that about one-third o f all work could eventually be performed outside the workplace.
Конструкции must be / ought to be / should be + past participle
необходимость или желательность в пассивном залоге.
используются
чтобы
выразить
You can't expect it to work if it's broken. It must be repaired.
You're not supposed to use this application. It shouldn't be allowed.
He ought to be rewarded for restoring the information.
Обратите внимание на инфинитив в роли определения, которое стоит после определяемого слова и
переводится придаточным определительным предложением, вводимым словом который. При этом сказуемое
в русском придаточном предложении приобретает форму будущего времени или используется со словами
должен, нужно, можно, независимо от времени сказуемого, например:
There are many considerations be taken into account. – Существует много соображений, которые следует
принять во внимание.
This is not a process to be oversimplified. – Это не тот процесс, который можно упрощать.
Perfect infinitive
Перфектный инфинитив употребляется, чтобы выразить действие, которое предшествует действию,
выраженному глаголом−сказуемым.
There were some problems at first but they seem to have been solved.
Перфектный инфинитив после глаголов to expect, to intend, to mean, to hope, стоящих в прошедшем
времени, а также после модальных глаголов ought to, should означает, что действие, которое
ожидалось, не произошло.
active: have done/cleaned/seen etc. Somebody should have upgraded the computer.
passive: have been done/cleaned/seen etc. The computer should have been upgraded.
I intended (meant, hoped) to have come on time. – Я намеревался прийти вовремя (но не пришел).
Past perfect
active: had(done) The computer worked faster. Somebody had upgraded it.
passive: had been (done) It had been upgraded.
Continuous infinitive
Длительный инфинитив употребляется, чтобы выразить действие, длящееся в то время, когда
происходит действие глагола−сказуемого.
active: am/is/are (do)ing Somebody is upgrading the computer at the moment.
passive: am/is/are being (done) The computer is being upgraded at the moment.
Past continuous
active: was/were (do)ing Somebody was upgrading the computer when I arrived.
passive: was/were being (done) The computer was being upgraded when I arrived.
There was somebody walking behind us. We were being followed.
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Future forms
Для выражения действий в будущем используются конструкции will be / is going to be / is being / is to
be + past participle.
9. NOUN ATTRIBUTES
Многие терминологические словосочетания строятся из сочетания имени существительного с
другими частями речи (другими существительными, причастиями и герундием – ing-forms, наречиями
и придаточными определительными предложениями), которые могут стоять до или после него (левое
и правое определение). При переводе терминологических словосочетаний необходимо четко
уяснить, в каком порядке следует раскрывать значение данного словосочетания. Особую трудность
при переводе представляют беспредложные терминологические словосочетания, состоящие из
цепочки слов, не связанных между собой какими-либо служебными словами. В беспредложном
словосочетании главным словом является последнее, все слова, стоящие слева от него, играют
второстепенную роль – роль определения. Перевод таких словосочетаний надо начинать с конца.
Рассмотрим основные типовые формы их образования. Определяющее и определяемое
существительное иногда соединяются дефисом, хотя твердых правил здесь нет, это зависит от
традиции.
Словосочетания, состоящие из
существительных.
N+N
Словосочетания, состоящие из
существительного и
формы на –ing
V-ing +N; N+ V-ing
Словосочетания, состоящие из
существительного и наречия
Adv + N; N+Adv
Словосочетания, состоящие из
существительного и
прилагательного
Adj +N
Словосочетания, состоящие из
существительного и прошедшего
причастия
V-ed+N; N+V-ed
Словосочетания, состоящие из
существительного и инфинитива
N+Vto
Словосочетания, состоящие из
прилагательного (наречия),
причастия прошедшего времени и
существительного.
Adj(Adv)+Ved+N
entertainment industry – индустрия развлечений
web design software – программное обеспечение для
оформления Web-сайтов
learning theory – теория обучения
an operating device – действующий прибор
a module holding 40 components – модуль,
содержащий 40 компонентов
the above statement – вышеупомянутое
утверждение
the instrument available can provide – доступный
инструмент может обеспечить
a small device – маленький прибор
a small electronic device - маленький электронный
прибор
the smallest possible electronic device – наименьший из
возможных электронный прибор
achieved results – достигнутые результаты
The results achieved showed many advantages. –
Достигнутые результаты показали большие
преимущества.
the information to be stored – информация,
которая должна быть сохранена
the designs to be implemented – проект, который
должен быть внедрен
directly coupled (multiprocessor) system – система с
непосредственной связью (между процессорами)
isotropically radiated power – изотропно
излучаемая мощность
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10. INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
ИНФИНИТИВ КАК ЧАСТЬ СЛОЖНОГО ДОПОЛНЕНИЯ (COMPLEX OBJECT)
verb + noun / pronoun + (to)-infinitive
Сложное дополнение – это сочетание имени существительного в общем падеже или местоимения в
объектном падеже (me, him, her, it, us, you, them) с инфинитивом глагола, выступающее как единый
член предложения. Сказуемое в предложении со сложным дополнением может быть выражено
следующими глаголами: to want, to find, to think, to report, to state, to suppose, to expect, to consider,
to see, to hear, to feel, to cause и т.д. Сложное дополнение переводится на русский язык
дополнительным придаточным предложением, вводимым союзами что, чтобы, как.
Malware can cause your computer to attack other computers.
Инфинитив в таком обороте обычно употребляется с частицей to, но если сказуемое выражено
глаголами, передающими физическое восприятие, например: to watch, to see, to hear, to feel, to
observe, to notice, а также глаголами to make «заставлять» to let «разрешать», то частица to
опускается.
People make systems work.
!!! Если глаголы to see, to hear, to make стоят в страдательном залоге, за ними следует инфинитив с
частицей to:
The students were made to do all the calculations again.
СУБЪЕКТНЫЙ ИНФИНИТИВНЫЙ ОБОРОТ (СЛОЖНОЕ ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ – COMPLEX SUBJECT)
Сказуемое английского предложения с оборотом «сложное подлежащее» всегда выражено глаголом –
характеристикой, то есть между существительным и инфинитивом стоит сказуемое предложения,
выражающее мнение, суждение и предположение. Мнение, суждение, предположение в таком
предложении может быть выражено следующими глаголами:
A.
noun / pronoun + active verb + to-infinitive
seem
appear
happen
prove (to be)
turn out (to be)
кажется (казалось),
по-видимому,
похоже
случайно; случилось
так, что…
оказывается
Initially this result may seem to be rather unexpected. –
Первоначально такой результат может показаться
довольно неожиданным.
He appeared not to have virus checked the attachments.
По-видимому, он не проверил приложения на вирусы.
The fact happened to become known to everybody. –
Случилось так, что этот факт стал известен всем.
He proved to be a good coder. – Он оказался хорошим
кодировщиком.
B.
noun / pronoun + link verb + certain / sure; likely / unlikely + to-infinitive
The real situation is likely to be very complex. – Вероятно, реальная ситуация является (будет) очень
English for Special Purposes
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119
сложной.
Unfortunately this approach is unlikely to be successful. – К сожалению, маловероятно, что этот
метод будет успешным.
C.
noun / pronoun + passive verb + to-infinitive
is believed
is considered
is expected
is known
is reported
is said
is supposed
is thought
полагают, думают, считают
считают, полагают;
считается
предполагается, ожидается
известно
сообщают; сообщается
говорят
полагают
считают, полагают
He is considered to be an expert on computers.
– Считается, что он хорошо разбирается в
компьютерах.
The computer system was reported to be
hacked. – Сообщалось, что компьютерная
система была «взломана».
Предложения такого типа переводятся сложноподчиненными предложениями. Перевод следует
начинать со сказуемого и переводить неопределенно-личным предложением (Примеры см. выше).
ПРЕДЛОЖНЫЙ ИНФИНИТИВНЫЙ ОБОРОТ (FOR-PHRASE)
Предложный инфинитивный оборот представляет собой сочетание предлога for и существительного в
общем падеже или местоимения в объектном падеже и инфинитива. Он может выполнять роль любого
члена предложения – подлежащего, части сказуемого, дополнения, обстоятельства, определения.
For the program to be written in time, we must begin to work immediately. – Для того, чтобы программа была
написана вовремя, мы должны начать работать немедленно.
For a designer to know the construction of PC is quite necessary. – Проектировщику совершенно
необходимо знать конфигурацию ПК.
Here is a program for you to correct. – Вот программа, которую вам нужно откорректировать.
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Computer Engineering
Appendix
1. PREPOSITIONAL CONSTRUCTIONS
according to
in accordance (conformity) with
as against
as compared with/to
in comparison with
on the contrary/opposite to
due to
because of
owing to
on account of
thanks to
by means of
with the help (aid) of
instead of/ in place of
in spite of/ despite/ regardless to
as to / as for
as regards/regarding
with regard to
concerning
respecting/in respect of
согласно чему-либо
в соответствии с чем-либо
в противоположность
по сравнению с
в сравнении с
напротив
благодаря
из-за
вследствие
по-причине
благодаря
посредством
с помощью
вместо
несмотря на
что касается
рассмотрение
в отношении
по поводу
касательно
2. VERBS + PREPOSITIONS
agree with
apply to
adapt to
benefit by
comment on
conform to
consist in
contribute to
correspond to
depend on
differ from
end in smth.
lead to
participate in
prevent from
refer to
rely on
result in
specialize in
succeed in
suffer from
English for Special Purposes
согласовываться c, совпадать с
использовать, применять
адаптировать, настраивать, приспосабливать к
получать выгоду от чего-либо
комментировать
согласовываться, соответствовать, приспособиться
состоять в чем-либо
способствовать, вносить вклад в
соответствовать, представлять собой
зависеть от, полагаться на
отличаться от
закончиться чем-либо
приводить к тому, что; вызывать
принимать участие в чем-либо
не позволять, предотвращать
ссылаться на
полагаться на, основываться
приводить к, повлечь за собой
специализировать на чем-либо
преуспеть в чем-л., добиться чего-либо
страдать от, испытывать, претерпевать
Computer Engineering
3. NOUNS + PREPOSITIONS
an alternative to
in agreement with
in comparison with
in connection with
in relation to
in use
intention of
need for
probability of
reason for
use of
быть альтернативой чему-либо
в согласии с, по соглашению
по сравнению с
в связи с, применительно к
относительно, касательно
в употреблении
намерение, стремление, цель
необходимость, потребность
вероятность из
мотив
применение
3. ADJECTIVES + PREPOSITIONS
capable of
engaged in
essential to
in general
in particular
similar to
full of
способный на что-либо
занятый чем-либо
необходимый для
в целом
в частности, в особенности
подобно, подобным образом
полон
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121
122
Computer Engineering
Supplementary reading
UNIT 1 COMPUTER & COMPUTING: Famous people in computer technology development
Entrepreneur Steven
Jobs
and
Stephen
Wozniak, his engineer
partner, founded a small
company named Apple
Computer, Inc. They
introduced the Apple II
computer in 1977. Its
monitor
supported
relatively
high-quality
color graphics, and it had a floppy-disk drive. The
machine initially was popular for running video
games. In 1979 Daniel Bricking wrote an electronic
spreadsheet program called VisiCalc that ran on
the Apple II.
IBM introduced its Personal Computer (PC) in
1981. As a result of competition from the makers
of clones (computers that worked exactly like an
IBM PC); the price of personal computers fell
drastically. By the 1990s personal computers were
far more powerful than the multimillion-dollar
machines from the 1950s. In rapid succession
computers shrank from tabletop to laptop and
finally to palm-size.
The English mathematician Charles Babbage
conceived the first set of operating instructions for
a digital computer in the design of his “analytical
engine” (1834), which was never built. The first
operational stored-program computer was
completed in 1949 at the University of Cambridge.
The operating systems that came into wide use
between 1950 and 1980 were developed mostly
by private companies to operate proprietary
mainframe computers and applications. The most
popular of these systems were built by IBM
Corporation) – include MVS, DOS/VSE, and VM.
English for Special Purposes
In
addition
to
proprietary
systems,
open, or portable,
operating systems have
been developed to run
computers built by
other manufacturers.
Open operating systems rose to prominence during
the 1980s and are now widely used to run personal
computers (PCs) and workstations, which use
extremely powerful PCs. The dominant operating
system is the disk operating system (DOS)
developed by Microsoft Corporation. Also popular
is Microsoft's Windows NT, an adjunct to DOS that
provides enhanced computer graphics.
Following the launch of the Altair 8800, William
Henry Gates III, (known as
Bill Gates) called the
creators of the new
microcomputer,
Micro
Instrumentation
and
Telemetry
Systems
(MITS),
offering
to
demonstrate
an
implementation of the
BASIC programming language for the system. After
the demonstration, MITS agreed to distribute Altair
BASIC Gates left Harvard University, moved to
Albuquerque, New Mexico where MITS was
located, and founded Microsoft there on
September 5, 1975. The company's first
international office was founded on November 1,
1978, in Japan, titled "ASCII Microsoft" (now called
"Microsoft Japan"). On January 1, 1979, the
company moved from Albuquerque to a new home
in Bellevue, Washington.
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123
UNIT 1 COMPUTER & COMPUTING: CPU
The heart of a computer is the central
processing unit (CPU). In addition to performing
arithmetic and logic operations on data, it times
and controls the rest of the system. Mainframe
and supercomputer CPUs sometimes consist of
several linked microchips, called microprocessors1,
each of which performs a separate task, but most
other computers require only a single
microprocessor as a CPU.
Components known as input devices let users
enter commands, data, or programs for processing
by the CPU. Computer keyboards, which are much
like typewriter keyboards, are the most common
input devices. Information typed at the keyboard
is translated into a series of binary numbers2 that
the CPU can manipulate.
Most digital computers store data both
internally, in what is called main memory3, and
externally, on auxiliary storage units4. As a
computer processes data and instructions, it
temporarily stores information in main memory,
which consists of random-access memory (RAM).
Random access means that each byte can be
stored and retrieved directly, as opposed to
sequentially as on magnetic tape.
Components that let the user see or hear the
results of the computer's data processing are
known as output devices. The most common one
is the video display terminal (VDT), or monitor,
which used a cathode-ray tube (CRT) 5, which is
nowadays out of date, or liquid-crystal display
(LCD)6 to show characters and graphics on a
television-like screen.
Comments:
1
microprocessor - an integrated circuit that
contains all the functions of a central processing
unit of a computer.
2
binary number – The binary numeral system, or
base-2 number system represents numeric values
using two symbols, usually 0 and 1. More
specifically, the usual base-2 system is a positional
notation with a radix of 2. Owing to its
straightforward
implementation
in
digital
electronic circuitry using logic gates, the binary
system is used internally by all modern computers.
3
main memory – the only one directly accessible to
the CPU. The CPU continuously reads instructions
stored there and executes them as required. Any
data actively operated on is also stored there in
uniform manner.
4
auxiliary storage unit – a device that store data
for a long time without extern power, external
memory device.
5
cathode-ray tube (CRT) – a high-vacuum tube, in
which cathode rays produce a luminous image on a
fluorescent screen, used chiefly in televisions and
computer terminals.
6
liquid-crystal display (LCD) – a form of visual
display used in electronic devices, in which a layer
of a liquid crystal is sandwiched between two
transparent electrodes.
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124
Computer Engineering
UNIT 2 SOFTWARE: UNIX
Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX, sometimes
also written as Unix with small caps) is a computer
operating system originally developed in 1969 by a
group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken
Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan, and
Douglas McIlroy. Today the term Unix is used to
describe any operating system that conforms to Unix
standards, meaning the core operating system
operates the same as the original Unix operating
system. Today's Unix systems are split into various
branches, developed over time by AT&T as well as
various commercial vendors and non-profit
organizations.
As of 2007, the owner of the trademark is The
Open Group, an industry standards consortium. Only
systems fully compliant with and certified according
to the Single UNIX Specification are qualified to use
the trademark; others are called "Unix system-like"
or "Unix-like".
During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the
influence of Unix in academic circles led to largescale adoption of Unix (particularly of the BSD
variant, originating from the University of California,
Berkeley) by commercial startups, the most notable
of which are Solaris, HP-UX and AIX. Today, in
addition to certified Unix systems such as those
already mentioned, Unix-like operating systems such
as Linux and BSD are commonly encountered. The
term "traditional Unix" may be used to describe a
Unix or an operating system that has the
characteristics of either Version 7 Unix or UNIX
System V.
Unix operating systems are widely used in both
servers and workstations. The Unix environment and
the client-server program model were essential
elements in the development of the Internet and the
reshaping of computing as centered in networks
rather than in individual computers.
Both Unix and the C programming language were
developed by AT&T and distributed to government
and academic institutions, which led to both being
ported to a wider variety of machine families than
any other operating system.
English for Special Purposes
As a result, Unix became synonymous with "open
systems".
Unix was designed to be portable, multi-tasking
and multi-user in a time-sharing configuration. Unix
systems are characterized by various concepts: the
use of plain text for storing data; a hierarchical file
system; treating devices and certain types of interprocess communication (IPC) as files; and the use of a
large number of software tools, small programs that
can be strung together through a command line
interpreter using pipes, as opposed to using a single
monolithic program that includes all of the same
functionality. These concepts are known as the Unix
philosophy.
Under Unix, the "operating system" consists of
many of these utilities along with the master control
program, the kernel. The kernel provides services to
start and stop programs, handles the file system and
other common "low level" tasks that most programs
share, and, perhaps most importantly, schedules
access to hardware to avoid conflicts if two programs
try to access the same resource or device
simultaneously. To mediate such access, the kernel
was given special rights on the system, leading to the
division between user-space and kernel-space.
The microkernel concept was introduced in an
effort to reverse the trend towards larger kernels and
return to a system in which most tasks were
completed by smaller utilities. In an era when a
"normal" computer consisted of a hard disk for
storage and a data terminal for input and output
(I/O), the Unix file model worked quite well as most
I/O was "linear". However, modern systems include
networking and other new devices. As graphical user
interfaces developed, the file model proved
inadequate to the task of handling asynchronous
events such as those generated by a mouse, and in
the 1980s non-blocking I/O and the set of interprocess communication mechanisms was augmented
(sockets, shared memory, message queues,
semaphores), and functionalities such as network
protocols were moved out of the kernel.
Computer Engineering
125
UNIT 3 PORTABLE COMPUTERS: The future of Portable Computers
Jef Raskin, a user interface and system design
consultant. Future portable computers will look
like tiny keyboards or writing tablets with a cable
or a wireless link to your eyeglasses. Though it
would seem inevitable, not all versions of the
glasses will connect to the computer or car or
whatever by a wireless link.
Unfortunately, batteries are still big and heavy,
and will be for a while yet, so we'll have to have
some wires leading to battery packs, and once
you've got a wire to the battery on your belt, you
might as well have a nice, reliable, and cheap wire
link to your eyeballs. Head-mounted displays will
ultimately become cheaper than LCD panels. If it's
done right, the eyeglass display will plug into
whatever gadget you have, giving at least 600 *
800 pixels of screen resolution to the smallest cell
phone (displays with built-in cell phones will be
common). Because the illumination can come from
a single white light-emitting diode that takes a
fraction of a watt to operate, lithium-ion or
lithium-polymer batteries on your belt or in the
keyboard unit will allow you to work for many
more hours on a single charge than today's big
screens permit.
The laptop will probably last through this
decade, but we are exploring different alternatives
and as such it is likely that conclusions on this
subject will be different in the nearest future. The
market desperately needs to move to a more
appliance-like device that is much more portable
and much less power-hungry. With increasing
wireless bandwidth and availability our options are
going to increase. Micro-displays are advancing,
thanks to rear projection TVs, at an incredible rate,
making head-mounted displays more capable and
more likely long term.
While we have a number of choices, for most,
the laptop, with some enhancements, is likely to
keep its place for at least the next five years.
Rob Enderle, a TechNewsWorld columnist, is
the Principal Analyst for the Enderle Group. In the
near future, most mobile devices will offer video
conferencing, as they incorporate user-facing
cameras. And many will also include pin projectors
so their contents can be projected for easier
viewing. But innovation will truly take off when
battery size and capacity cease to be major hurdles
for industrial designers. Today, wireless and soon
over-the-air charging could explode similar to how
wireless networking did in the past. Imagine not
having to plug in your laptop, iPad, or iPhone simply walking into your home or office will start
the device charging - wirelessly. Faster chips and
faster wireless networks will also eventually allow
voice recognition to finally become a reality.
Someday soon we will truly be able to ask
questions to our mobile devices and they'll reply and perhaps discuss the answer.
What's considered portable today will most
likely be considered doorstops ten years from now.
As flexible and transparent displays enter the
mainstream devices will become lighter and
wearable. Early attempts to intertwine computers
and clothing have failed to date because you need
batteries - and no one wants to plug in their pants.
But as wireless power takes hold and computers
shrink and their hard-case form disappears - the
options become limitless.
And of course, don't overlook the potential for
the merging of humankind and computers.
Scientists continually push the envelope. Even
today early steps towards powering devices with
the body itself have leapt forward, and they'll
continue to do so at an exponential rate. So in the
future, perhaps we won't carry our portable
devices, maybe we'll be the device. And then the
question will be, not what's the next advance in
computers, but what's the next advance in
humans?
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126
Computer Engineering
UNIT 4 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: Java
Java is a programming language originally
developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and
released in 1995 as a core component of Sun
Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives
much of its syntax from C and C++ but has a simpler
object model and fewer low-level facilities. Java
applications are typically compiled to byte code that
can run on any Java Virtual Machine (JVM) regardless of
computer architecture. Java is a general-purpose,
concurrent, class-based, object-oriented language that
is specifically designed to have as few implementation
dependencies as possible. It is intended to let
application developers "write once, run anywhere".
Java is currently one of the most popular programming
languages in use, and is widely used from application
software to web applications.
One characteristic of Java is portability, which
means that computer programs written in the Java
language must run similarly on any supported
hardware/operating-system platform. This is achieved
by compiling the Java language code to an intermediate
representation called Java byte code, instead of directly
to platform-specific machine code. Java byte code
instructions are analogous to machine code, but are
intended to be interpreted by a virtual machine (VM)
written specifically for the host hardware. End-users
commonly use a Java Runtime Environment (JRE)
installed on their own machine for standalone Java
applications, or in a Web browser for Java applets.
Standardized libraries provide a generic way to access
host-specific features such as graphics, threading, and
networking.
Programs written in Java have a reputation for
being slower and requiring more memory than those
written in C. However, Java programs' execution speed
improved significantly with the introduction of Just-intime compilation in 1997/1998 for Java 1.1, the
addition of language features supporting better code
analysis, and optimizations in the Java Virtual Machine
itself, such as HotSpot becoming the default for Sun's
JVM in 2000. Currently, Java code has approximately
half the performance of C code. Some platforms offer
direct hardware support for Java; there are
microcontrollers that can run java in hardware instead
of a software JVM, and ARM based processors can have
English for Special Purposes
hardware support for executing Java byte code through
its Jazelle option.
Java uses an automatic garbage collector to manage
memory in the object lifecycle. The programmer
determines when objects are created, and the Java
runtime is responsible for recovering the memory once
objects are no longer in use. Once no references to an
object remain, the unreachable memory becomes
eligible to be freed automatically by the garbage
collector.
One of the ideas behind Java's automatic memory
management model is that programmers can be spared
the burden of having to perform manual memory
management. In some languages, memory for the
creation of objects is implicitly allocated on the stack, or
explicitly allocated and deallocated from the heap. In
the latter case the responsibility of managing memory
resides with the programmer. If the program does not
deallocate an object, a memory leak occurs. If the
program attempts to access or deallocate memory that
has already been deallocated, the result is undefined
and difficult to predict, and the program is likely to
become unstable and/or crash. This can be partially
remedied by the use of smart pointers, but these add
overhead and complexity. Note that garbage collection
does not prevent "logical" memory leaks, i.e. those
where the memory is still referenced but never used.
Garbage collection may happen at any time. Ideally,
it will occur when a program is idle. It is guaranteed to
be triggered if there is insufficient free memory on the
heap to allocate a new object; this can cause a program
to stall momentarily. Explicit memory management is
not possible in Java.
Java does not support C/C++ style pointer
arithmetic, where object addresses and unsigned
integers can be used interchangeably. This allows the
garbage collector to relocate referenced objects and
ensures type safety and security.
As in C++, variables of Java's primitive data types are
not objects. Values of primitive types are either stored
directly in fields or on the stack rather than on the heap,
as commonly true for objects. This was a conscious
decision by Java's designers for performance reasons.
Because of this, Java was not considered to be a pure
object-oriented programming language.
Computer Engineering
UNIT 5 COMPUTER NETWORKING: Global Networking Infrastructure for the 21st century
The Internet Phenomenon
The Internet has gone from near-invisibility to
near-ubiquity in little more than a year. In fact,
though, today's multi-billion dollar industry in
Internet hardware and software is the direct
descendant
of
strategically-motivated
fundamental research begun in the 1960s with
federal sponsorship. A fertile mixture of high-risk
ideas, stable research funding, visionary
leadership, extraordinary grass-roots cooperation,
and vigorous entrepreneurship has led to an
emerging Global Information Infrastructure unlike
anything that has ever existed.
Although not easy to estimate with accuracy,
the 1994 data communications market
approached roughly $15 billion/year if one
includes private line data services ($9 billion/year),
local area network and bridge/router equipment
($3 billion/year), wide area network services ($1
billion/year), electronic messaging and online
services ($1 billion/year), and proprietary
networking software and hardware ($1
billion/year). Some of these markets show annual
growth rates in the 35-50% range, and the Internet
itself has doubled in size each year since 1988.
As this article is written in 1995, the Internet
encompasses an estimated 50,000 networks
worldwide, about half of which are in the United
States. There are over 5 million computers
permanently attached to the Internet [as of mid1996 the number is between 10 and 15 million!],
plus at least that many portable and desktop
systems which are only intermittently online.
(There were only 4 computers on the ARPANET in
1969, and only 200 on the Internet in 1983!)
Traffic rates measured in the recently "retired"
NSFNET backbone approached 20 trillion bytes per
month and were growing at a 100% annual rate.
What triggered this phenomenon? What
sustains it? How is its evolution managed? The
answers to these questions have their roots in
DARPA-sponsored research in the 1960s into a
then-risky new approach to data communication:
packet switching. The U.S. government has played
a critical role in the evolution and application of
advanced computer networking technology and
deserves credit for stimulating wide-ranging
exploration and experimentation over the course
of several decades.
Evolutionary Stages: Packet Switching
Today's computer communication networks are
based on a technology called packet switching. This
technology, which arose from DARPA-sponsored
research in the 1960s, is fundamentally different
from the technology that was then employed by
the telephone system or by the military messaging
system (which was based on "message switching").
In a packet switching system, data to be
communicated is broken into small chunks that are
labeled to show where they come from and where
they are to go, rather like postcards in the postal
system. Like postcards, packets have a maximum
length and are not necessarily reliable. Packets are
forwarded from one computer to another until
they arrive at their destination. If any are lost, they
are re-sent by the originator. The recipient
acknowledges receipt of packets to eliminate
unnecessary re-transmissions.
The earliest packet switching research was
sponsored by the Information Processing
Techniques Office of the Department of Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency, which acted
as a visionary force shaping the evolution of
computer networking as a tool for coherent
harnessing of far-flung computing resources. The
first experiments were conducted around 1966.
Shortly thereafter, similar work began at the
National Physical Laboratory in the UK. In 1968
DARPA developed and released a Request for
Quotation for a communication system based on a
set of small, interconnected computers it called
"Interface Message Processors" or "IMPs."
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The competition was won by Bolt Beranek and
Newman (BBN), a research firm in Cambridge, MA,
and by September 1969 BBN had developed and
delivered the first IMP to the Network
Measurement Center located at UCLA. The
"ARPANET" was to touch off an explosion of
networking research that continues to the present.
Apart from exercising leadership by issuing its
RFQ for a system that many thought was simply
not feasible (AT&T was particularly pessimistic),
DARPA also set a crucial tone by making the
research entirely unclassified and by engaging
some of the most creative members of the
computer science community who tackled this
communication problem without the benefit of
the experience (and hence bias) of traditional
telephony groups. Even within the computer
science community, though, the technical
approach was not uniformly well-received, and it is
to DARPA's credit that it persevered despite much
advice to the contrary.
ARPANET
The ARPANET grew from four nodes in 1969 to
roughly one hundred by 1975. In the course of this
growth, a crucial public demonstration was held
during the first International Conference on
Computer Communication in October 1972. Many
skeptics were converted by witnessing the
responsiveness and robustness of the system. Out
of that pivotal meeting came an International
Network Working Group (INWG) composed of
researchers who had begun to explore packet
switching concepts in earnest. Several INWG
participants went on to develop an international
standard for packet communication known as
X.25, and to lead the development of commercial
packet switching in the U.S., Canada, France, and
the UK, specifically for systems such as Telenet,
Datapac, Experimental Packet Switching System,
Transpac, and Reseau Communication par Paquet.
By mid-1975, DARPA had concluded that the
ARPANET was stable and should be turned over to
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a separate agency for operational management.
Responsibility was therefore transferred to the
Defense Communications Agency (now known as
the Defense Information Systems Agency).
New Packet Technologies
ARPANET was a single terrestrial network.
Having seen that ARPANET was not only feasible
but powerfully useful, DARPA began a series of
research programs intended to extend the utility of
packet switching to ships at sea and ground mobile
units through the use of synchronous satellites
(SATNET) and ground mobile packet radio (PRNET).
These programs were begun in 1973, as was a
prophetic effort known as "Internetting" which was
intended to solve the problem of linking different
kinds of packet networks together without
requiring the users or their computers to know
much about how packets moved from one network
to another.
Also in the early 1970s, DARPA provided followon funding for a research project originated in the
late 1960s by the Air Force Office of Scientific
Research to explore the use of radio for a packet
switched network. This effort, at the University of
Hawaii, led to new mobile packet radio ideas and
also to the design of the now-famous Ethernet. The
Ethernet concept arose when a researcher from
Xerox PARC spent a sabbatical period at the
University of Hawaii and had the insight that the
random access radio system could be operated on
a coaxial cable, but at data rates thousands of
times faster than could then be supported over the
air. Ethernet has become a cornerstone of the
multi-billion dollar local area network industry.
These efforts came together in 1977 when a
four-network demonstration was conducted linking
ARPANET, SATNET, Ethernet and the PRNET. The
satellite effort, in particular, drew international
involvement from participants in the UK, Norway,
and later Italy and Germany.
http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes
Computer Engineering
UNIT 6 COMPUTER GRAPHICS: The concept of computer graphics
An image or picture is an artifact, usually twodimensional, that has a similar appearance to some
subject – usually a physical object or a person. Images
may be two-dimensional, such as a photograph, screen
display, and as well as a three-dimensional, such as a
statue. They may be captured by optical devices – such
as cameras, mirrors, lenses, telescopes, microscopes,
etc. and natural objects and phenomena, such as the
human eye or water surfaces.
A digital image is a
representation of a twodimensional image using
ones and zeros (binary).
Depending on whether or
not the image resolution is
fixed, it may be of vector or raster type. Without
qualifications, the term "digital image" usually refers to
raster images.
A pixel is the smallest piece of information in an
image. Pixels are normally arranged in a regular 2dimensional grid, and are often represented using dots
or squares. Each pixel is a sample of an original image,
where more samples typically provide a more accurate
representation of the original. The intensity of each
pixel is variable; in color systems, each pixel has
typically three or four components such as red, green,
and blue, or cyan, magenta, yellow, and black.
Graphics are visual presentations on some surface,
such as a wall, canvas, computer screen, paper, or stone
to brand, inform, illustrate, or entertain. Examples are
photographs, drawings, line art, graphs, diagrams,
typography, numbers, symbols, geometric designs,
maps, engineering drawings, or other images. Graphics
often combine text, illustration, and color. Graphic
design may consist of the deliberate selection, creation,
or arrangement of typography alone, as in a brochure,
flier, poster, web site, or book without any other
element. Clarity or effective communication may be the
objective, association with other cultural elements may
be sought, or merely, the creation of a distinctive style.
Rendering is the process of generating an image from a
model, by means of computer programs. The model is a
description of three dimensional objects in a strictly
defined language or data structure. It would contain
geometry, viewpoint, texture, lighting, and shading
information. The image is a digital image or raster
graphics image. The term may be by analogy with an
"artist's rendering" of a scene. 'Rendering' is also used
to describe the process of calculating effects in a video
editing file to produce final video output.
3D projection is a method of mapping three
dimensional points to a two dimensional plane. As most
current methods for displaying graphical data are based
on planar two dimensional media, the use of this type of
projection is widespread, especially in computer
graphics, engineering and drafting.
Ray tracing is a technique for generating an image
by tracing the path of light through pixels in an image
plane. The technique is capable of producing a very high
degree of photorealism; usually higher than that of
typical scanline rendering methods, but at a greater
computational cost.
Shading refers to depicting depth in 3D models or
illustrations by varying levels of darkness. It is a process
used in drawing for depicting levels of darkness on
paper by applying media more densely or with a darker
shade for darker areas, and less densely or with a lighter
shade for lighter areas. There are various techniques of
shading including cross hatching where perpendicular
lines of varying closeness are drawn in a grid pattern to
shade an area. The closer the lines are together, the
darker the area appears. Likewise, the farther apart the
lines are, the lighter the area appears. The term has
been recently generalized to mean that shaders are
applied.
Texture mapping is a method for adding detail,
surface texture, or colour to a computer-generated
graphic or 3D model. Its application to 3D graphics was
pioneered by Dr Edwin Catmull in 1974. A texture map is
applied (mapped) to the surface of a shape, or polygon.
This process is akin to applying patterned paper to a
plain white box. Multitexturing is the use of more than
one texture at a time on a polygon. Procedural textures
(created from adjusting parameters of an underlying
algorithm that produces an output texture), and bitmap
textures (created in an image editing application) are,
generally speaking, common methods of implementing
texture definition from a 3D animation program, while
intended placement of textures onto a model's surface
often requires a technique known as UV mapping.
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Volume rendering is a technique used to display a
2D projection of a 3D discretely sampled data set. A
typical 3D data set is a group of 2D slice images
acquired by a CT or MRI scanner.
Usually these are acquired in a regular pattern (e.g.,
one slice every millimeter) and usually have a regular
number of image pixels in a regular pattern. This is an
example of a regular volumetric grid, with each volume
element, or voxel represented by a single value that is
obtained by sampling the immediate area surrounding
the voxel.
3D modeling is the process of developing a
mathematical, wireframe representation of any threedimensional object, called a "3D model", via specialized
software.
Models may be created automatically or manually;
the manual modeling process of preparing geometric
data for 3D computer graphics is similar to plastic arts
such as sculpting.
3D models may be created using multiple
approaches: use of NURBS curves to generate accurate
and smooth surface patches, polygonal mesh modeling
(manipulation of faceted geometry), or polygonal mesh
subdivision (advanced tessellation of polygons, resulting
in smooth surfaces similar to NURBS models).
A 3D model can be displayed as a two-dimensional
image through a process
called 3D rendering,
used in a computer
simulation of physical
phenomena,
or
animated directly for
other purposes. The model can also be physically
created using 3D Printing devices.
UNIT 7 MULTIMEDIA: Rich media features
The term Rich Media refers to a broad range of digital
interactive media that can either be downloadable or
embedded in a webpage. When downloaded, it can be
used or viewed offline using media players such as
Microsoft Media Player, Real Networks' RealPlayer, or
Apple's QuickTime.
For distance learning through the Web as in elearning, rich media must be an integral part of the
courseware. It should comprise animation, interactivities
to various levels of sophistication, visuals and narration.
These components make training programs more
effective and your company sees a significant Return on
Investment (ROI).
Other components of Rich Media
File sizes: File sizes must always be small. To minimize
delays in file transfer, use file formats that make the best
use of Rich Media and are of good quality. These include
Microsoft Media Player, GIF, JPG, RealPlayer, or Apple's
QuickTime, Macromedia Flash (SWF), MP3, Shockwave
Audio (SWA), Animated GIF, Macromedia Authorware
(AAM) and VOX.
If there are delays in self-paced interactive course
programs, students can be very frustrated as it interferes
with understanding and retention. So, file sizes must be
small and very streamable to slow modems. By
streamable is meant that as bits of the digital video are
downloaded, the movie starts to play, until the entire
download is complete.
Image formats: If you use less than 256 colors,
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sharp colors and small file sizes, the GIF format is ideal.
These include screen grabs, clipart, drawings and
illustrations.
JPGs are better for photographs and illustrations with
over 256 colors. If you use JPGs for screen captures, it will
cause blurring of colors and the file size will be larger
because the colors are averaged.
Animation: Macromedia Flash is best for animation on
the Web. Not only can you increase the Flash movie to
1024 x 768 from 640 x 480, but you don't lose any picture
quality nor do you increase the file size. Alternatively, you
can use animated GIF format.
Movies and digital video: The most popular
streamable formats for digital video are Windows Media
Player, Apple QuickTime and RealVideo.
Sound files: Of the many formats for sound
compression available, MP3 is the most popular and has
excellent quality. If you use Real Audio and Windows
Media Player, you can safely use MP3.
One of the best ways of using sound on the Web is to
use Macromedia Flash which converts WAV files to the
Shockwave format it has internally. If you use
Macromedia Authorware with its 800kbps plug-in, you
can either use SWA (Shockwave Audio) or VOX (Voxware).
Authoring software: You could give your learners a
"no plug-in" option by using Macromedia Dreamweaver
with Course Builder. It creates good interactive learning, is
compliant with AICC norms and can import all kinds of
media.
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UNIT 8 TELECOMMUNICATION: Telecommunications Save Lives
Earthquake in Mexico
Gas escaping from a broken pipe burns as
water from a ruptured main floods a Los Angeles
street after an earthquake.
Forest fire in South Africa
Aftermath of the South East Asia tsunami
disaster of Sunday 26 December 2004
Disasters kill at least one million people each
decade and leave millions more homeless.
When disaster strikes, communication links are
often disrupted; yet for disaster relief workers,
these links are essential in order to answer critical
questions as to how many people have been
injured or died, where the injured are located and
the extent of the medical help needed. To put it
simply, in disaster and emergency situations,
telecommunications can save lives.
The International Telecommunication Union
(ITU) has put the subjects of disaster prevention,
preparedness and relief high on its agenda in an
effort to promote and offer technical assistance to
developing
countries
in
the
field
of
telecommunications, and also to promote the
mobilization of the material, human and financial
resources needed for its implementation, as well
as access to information.
For nearly 140 years, ITU has been helping the
world communicate, a guiding mission that
becomes even more important when disaster
strikes. As noted by the United Nations SecretaryGeneral, Kofi Annan:
"Humanitarian work is one of the most
important, but also one of the most difficult tasks
of the United Nations. Human suffering cannot be
measured in figures, and its dimensions often
surpass our imagination, even at a time when news
about natural and other disasters reaches every
corner of the globe in next to real time. An
appropriate response depends upon the timely
availability of accurate data from the often remote
and inaccessible sites of crises. From the
mobilization of assistance to the logistics chain,
which will carry assistance to the intended
beneficiaries, reliable telecommunication links are
indispensable."
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UNIT 8 TELECOMMUNICATION: Infosphere
The concept of the "biosphere" was coined in the
beginning of this century by Russian geochemist
Vernadsky (1929) to describe the "envelope of life" as
an interdependent planetary web. The new
information environment needs a metaphor that
implies the growing unity, interdependence and
accessibility of information produced by humankind
and to this end the author proposes the infosphere.
The infosphere summarizes advances in nearly all
human endeavors. Sputnik, manned lunar landings,
and the first photograph of the entire Earth, a fragile
blue orb in space, encouraged all people to think
globally. For educators, this revolutionary flow of
information forces a rethinking of traditional learning
paradigms. Is there anything useful besides sending email and accessing databases that can help teachers
teach and students learn?
There are five general educational functionalities
of the infosphere .
1. Tele-access is the use of online resources in
learning, including online libraries, databases,
museums, satellite data and other classrooms. The
latest space shuttle photos, paintings inspired by
Shakespeare plays, pending congressional legislation,
or foreign language resources for forty languages are
available to students via the Internet. When students
conduct online searches, they are tapping into
information that is real-world oriented and nearly
unlimited. Rather than digesting precanned answers,
they are constructing their own knowledge and they
can do so with equal facility at home and in class.
2. Virtual publishing can authenticate learning by
setting students' scholarship in the real world. On the
networks supported by International Education and
Resource Network (I*EARN), students from different
countries publish results of their collaborative
projects, including news magazines, literary journals,
environmental and human-rights newsletters.
Virtual publishing is hardly limited to text
documents. Students can include graphics, video,
sound and animation in their publications, as well as
the hypertext links of digital books.
3. Tele-presence enables students to experience
events at remote sites. Students near an ecological
disaster or in the path of a hurricane can serve as eye-
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witnesses for their peers by issuing firsthand accounts,
or students can collect data from remote probes,
whether the probes be on school grounds or on the
moon. When used with video technologies, CMC allows
students to actually see and hear events as they happen
remotely. Classes can journey on real expeditions,
participate in real experiments and, in effect "look over
the shoulders" of working scientists. For example, in the
"Live from Antarctica" project, students accessed
scientists' diaries and field journals to learn how they
"lived, worked, and played" at the South Pole.
4. Tele-mentoring becomes a rich and viable
teaching option. Many sites on the Internet, such as
professional groups and bulletin boards, are responsive
to student inquiries. By serving as mentors, scientists
and scholars can answer questions and provide
classrooms with resources beyond textbooks and the
individual teacher's expertise. By exposing students to
experts, scholars and people of achievement, telementoring provides learners with positive role models,
particularly for those students to whom positive role
models are not readily available. Such relationships can
reward not only students but the mentors themselves.
5. Tele-sharing often begins with simple e-mail
chats between "keypals." It advances to "one-to-many"
and "many-to-many" communications, and then
blossoms into the sharing of resources, ideas,
experiences, data and findings. This transition from
simple communications to cooperative learning offers
relevancy and the analytical challenge of comparative
studies. Further, it calls upon students to engage in
deeper social interactions. Such learning implies an
equality among participants rather than the traditional
vertically-structured, teacher-student relationship.
We can also name the following positive features of
telecommunication:
helping
students
perceive
knowledge as constructed, not given; providing students
with an effective model of lifelong learning; bolstering
social, communication, and critical-thinking skills;
increasing the authenticity of the learning environment;
putting a human face on learning; finding role models
for students; equity; and also for the first time, students
can benefit from the newest technologies rather than
be the last to use them.
Computer Engineering
UNIT 9 VIRTUAL REALITY: Shadow Dexterous Hand
The
SDH
(Shadow
Dexterous Hand) is the
closest robot Hand to the
human hand available. It
provides 24 movements,
allowing a direct mapping
from a human to the robot.
The Shadow Hand has
integrated sensing and position control, allowing
precise control from off-board computers, or
integration into any existing robot platform. The
Shadow Hand contains an integrated bank of 40
Air Muscles which make it move. The Shadow
Hand can be fitted with touch sensing on the
fingertips, offering sensitivity sufficient to detect
a single small coin.
Applications
The Shadow Dexterous Hand is an advanced
robot hand system that reproduces all the
movements of the human hand and provides
comparable force output and sensitivity. This
means it can pick up or handle small to medium
sized objects and perform precision tasks, so
robots using it can have the versatility of humans.
The sensitivity and compliance of the Hand
makes it possible to manipulate delicate objects
such as fruit and eggs. For the same reason, the
Hand is safe around human beings, since it is less
strong than a person. Being the same size as a
human hand, the system is versatile and suitable
for use for a variety of purposes:
Research. The University of Bielefeld is using
the SDH in their research into situated learning.
Carnegie Mellon University is using it in their
research into grasping. NASA's Robonaut group
bought a SDH "to inspire their engineers". Others
are interested in using the Hand as a component
in their neurological, rehabilitation projects and
many more applications.
Telepresence operations. A remote system
using the SDH technology will allow an operator
to work in an inaccessible area (a harmful envi-
ronment where radiation, toxic chemicals or
biological hazards are present). Also medical
examination, education and training by experts
could be done on long distance.
Ergonomic Research. When doing ergonomic
research, one often needs a model of a human
hand The Shadow Dexterous Hand is an almost
perfect reproduction. It can be used to test all
kinds of objects that are designed for human
hands: gloves, tools, pens, handles, etc.
We also see uses for the Hand in the testing of
all kinds of human manipulation, for example the
accessibility of objects.
Actuation
The Hand is driven by 40 Air Muscles mounted
on the forearm. These provide compliant
movements. Following the biologically-inspired
design principle, tendons couple the air muscles to
the joints. Integrated electronics at the base of the
hand system drive the pneumatic valves for each
muscle and also manage corresponding muscle
pressure sensors.
Busses. The hand system presents a Controller
Area Network (CAN) bus interface to the outside
world. The CAN interface has been tested with
standard controller cards as well as the supplied
interface cards. All sensor data, components,
configuration and controllers can be accessed over
this bus. A simple protocol is used for the
communication. Example code for protocol
interface is supplied as part of the GPL (General
Public License) codebase only; alternate licensing is
also available as an option. An embedded Ethernet
interface option permits direct access to robot data
and configuration by TCP/IP communication.
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UNIT 10 COMPUTER SECURITY: Phishing
The World Wide Web is home to many
threats and the sneakiest of all Internet attacks is
phishing. This nefarious online theft mechanism
can rob your money, personal information and
even your identity.
Phishing (password harvesting fishing) is
getting passwords for online bank accounts or
credit card numbers by using emails that look like
they are from real organizations, but in fact they
are fake. So you think you are logging into your
online bank account but you are actually logging
into a very craftily disguised site that stores your
login info to access your account. The term
"phishing" is a word play on "fishing", where a
fisherman baits his hook, fools the fish into
thinking it is food and reels it in. Such tactics are a
serious threat to online safety and individual
users’ security. Here are some tips to prevent
phishing from stealing your information.
1) Read emails and messages carefully. Look
for some tell-tale phishing signs such as:
• Spelling mistakes and grammatical errors in the
email's text.
• Your name isn't present anywhere but instead a
general name is given. ("Dear satellite
subscriber", instead of your full name heading
the email).
• Subtle threats to follow the email's instructions
("your account will be terminated if you fail to
follow the procedure").
• Unknown senders or companies you have never
heard of.
• Impossibly unrealistic deals ("a wealthy
millionaire died and decided to leave you, Mr.
Abc, all his money").
2) Verify the authenticity of the email sender.
If an organization like a bank or company is trying
to contact you, whether known or unknown, you
should contact that organization personally and
verify that they have sent you the mail. Phishing
sites are like chameleons, they do their best to
simulate or imitate legitimate sites, to look
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authentic. Do not use any phone numbers
provided in the email. Remember that most
legitimate sites and financial services will never
deal with sensitive issues in emails.
3) Do not click on links in your email at first.
Hover the mouse icon over the link and see what
address appears in your browser screen. The text
of the link can say one thing but the actual address
could be someone's private computer or fake
website. Do not copy the URL or link and paste it in
your browser's address bar. To truly test its
authenticity, open a new window and type in the
official site address of the organization or
company. Phishing sites will use legitimate looking
links to fool you into clicking and then take you
somewhere else entirely. Do not clickon links in
pop-up windows at all.
4) Avoid sending private information like your
name, account details, passwords - any sensitive
information that is unique to your online identity,
through emails. Your email account or the
recipient's account could get hacked and your
information exposed.
5) Be vigilant with downloads and attachments.
Only open or download email attachments from
known senders but make sure you scan the
attachment prior to download, using your antivirus software.
6) Check any of your online or financial
accounts and transaction statements for any
suspicious activity or operations. For example, if
there has been a deduction from your bank
account which you have no knowledge of or a
"password successfully changed" alert appears on
your phone, contact the respective department of
the company involved and assert that you have not
performed any changes. Such checking of accounts
should be done at least once a month.
7) Your computer is your castle, so line its
defenses with spam filters, anti-spyware programs
and a decent firewall. Look for anti-virus programs,
with phishing filtering. Download the latest
Computer Engineering
security updates and keep your computer up-todate, so that it can handle the latest threats as
they come.
8) If you are carrying out sensitive data
transactions like online shopping or money
transfers, make sure you are using a secure
connection to a secure site. So look for "https://"
in your address bar, before the site's address.
Another sign is in the bottom right-hand side of
the web browser. A small chain or yellow lock
icon indicates a secure connection. Sometimes
such icons can be "faked", so check the URL of
the site as well. Clicking on the lock icon should
display the site's security certificate. If the site
name and the name of the site on the certificate
do not match, leave the site immediately.
9) With phishing being such a silent yet deadly
web menace, web browsers are also stepping up
their security mechanisms. So install a tool-bar or
phishing filter utility on your browser to warn you
from navigating to phishing sites.
Turn on your browser's security mechanisms
and alert messages. Updating your browser will
also keep such security features informed of the
latest threats.
10) If you suspect a site of being "phishy" or you
have been phished", then your silence will just
allow the guilty party to scam someone else. Some
web browsers allow you to report suspected sites
or mark them as unsafe. You can even inform the
legitimate site being impersonated of the phishing
site. The Federal Trade Commission deals with
phishing scams and sites dealing with such attacks,
visit their site to complain of such sites and if you
are a victim, then informing the FTC can help
prevent the possible theft of your identity.
Don't fall for the "hook", be the smart fish that
got away by following the right anti-phishing tips. It
is web hooligans like phishers and hackers that give
the Internet a bad name, so surf smart and access
secure information smartly.
By Rave Uno http://www.buzzle.com/articles
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Word list
UNIT 1 COMPUTER & COMPUTING
attach (v)
case (chassis) (n)
circuitry (n)
collate (v)
connectivity (n)
convert (v)
data (n)
digitization (n)
distributed (adj)
drastically (adv)
embedded computer (n)
execute (v)
fraction (n)
hardware (n)
intelligence (n)
laptop (n)
loom (n)
maintain (v)
transmission (n)
motherboard (n)
palm-size (palmtop) (adj)
pin (n)
punch card (n)
rapid (adj)
succession (n)
raw (adj)
refer (v)
refined (adj)
respond (v)
shrink (v)
steam-driven machine (n)
store (v)
tabletop (desktop) computer (n)
total (adj)
tower shape (desktop) (n)
mainframe (n)
vague (adj)
various (adj)
service provider (n)
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Computer Engineering
UNIT 2 SOFTWARE
acquire (v)
bug (n)
coin (v)
commercially (adv)
debugging (n)
eliminate (v)
encode (v)
flowchart (n)
gain (v)
get rid of (v)
implement (v)
inadequate (adj)
interoperability (n)
kernel (n)
linear (adj
malfunction (n)
message queue (n)
multiple (adj)
paging file (n)
require (v)
requirement (n)
schedule (n)
semaphore (n)
sequence (n)
simultaneously (adv)
socket (n)
specification (n)
split (v)
submit (v)
subroutine (n)
tool (n)
vendor (n)
verify (v)
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UNIT 3 PORTABLE COMPUTERS
add-in card (n)
ambient (adj)
augment (v)
backplane (n)
battery pack (n)
bay (n)
chipset (n)
conducive (adj)
conform (v)
consistency (n)
convertible (adj)
digitizer (n)
display panel (n)
docking station (n)
excel (in) (v)
failure point (n)
form factor(pl) (n)
general-purpose (adj)
graphics processor (n)
handwriting recognition (adj)
hinge (n)
housing (n)
implement (v)
inception (n)
inflexible (adj)
internal optical drive (n)
intrinsic (adj)
omit (v)
pen computing (n)
pertain (to) (v)
power efficiency (n)
prosthetic (adj)
removable (adj)
removable medium (n)
rechargeable battery (n)
restrict (to) (v)
solid-state storage devices (n)
stand-alone (adj)
stylus (n)
swivel (v)
tablet (n)
touchpad (n)
ultraportable (adj)
English for Special Purposes
Computer Engineering
UNIT 4 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
abstraction (n)
algorithm (n)
artificial (adj.)
cognitive science
compute (v)
computation (n)
concept (n)
constraint (n)
construct (n)
descendant (n)
domain-specific (adj.)
execute (v)
feature (n)
footprint (n)
GOTO statements
implement (v)
implementation (n)
lambda calculus
mnemonic (adj.)
mode (n)
multi-disciplinary field
object-oriented
programming
polymorphic (adj.)
programming language
punch card
require (v)
scratch (n)
syntax (n)
written specification
update (v)
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UNIT 5 COMPUTER NETWORKING
backbone (n)
bridge (n)
cable (n)
calculation (n)
capacity (n)
communication (n)
conduct (v)
content provider
converge (v)
deploy (v)
dissimilar (adj.)
Domain Name System
exchange data
flow (n/v)
Frame Relay
gateway (n)
hierarchical (n)
High-Level Data Link
Control
host (n)
hub (n)
interconnect (v)
IP address
layout (n)
multiple connection
network hub
networking (n)
peer-to-peer
Point-to-Point Protocol
provide information
rely on (v)
router (n)
routing protocol
server (n)
socket (n)
specification (n)
time-sharing (n)
topology (n)
wire (n)
English for Special Purposes
Computer Engineering
UNIT 6 COMPUTER GRAPHICS
aesthetic (adj)
although (conj)
boundary (n, adj)
capture (n)
conjunction (n)
content (n)
data-driven (adj)
define (v)
detract (v)
differentiate (v)
dimension (n)
discrete (adj)
encompass (v)
exterior (adj, n)
finite (adj)
fluid (adj, n)
foundation (n)
frame (n)
illumination (n)
issue (v, n)
jerkiness (n)
keyframing(n)
limbs (n)
mesh (n)
polygonal (adj)
reinforce (v)
representation (n)
rig (n)
sample (n)
setting (n)
shape (v, n)
similar (adj)
spatial (adj)
standalone
temporal (adj)
transparent (adj)
visibility (n)
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UNIT 7 MULTIMEDIA
access (v)
advertisement (n)
appropriate (adj)
bitmap (n)
blend (v)
blurring (n)
combine (v)
content (n)
convergence (n)
convey (v)
delay (n)
deliver (v)
determine (v)
display (v)
divide (v) into
download (v)
enable (v)
enhance (v)
feature (n)
haptic (adj)
incorporate (v)
install (v)
interactivity (n)
linear (adj)
modifiable (adj)
plug-in (n)
predictability (n)
reduce (n)
self-paced (adj)
simulation (n)
survivability (n)
upload (v)
volatile (adj)
English for Special Purposes
Computer Engineering
UNIT 8 TELECOMMUNICATION
access (n)
allocate (v)
browser(n)
chunk (n)
convert (v)
customize(v)
derive (v)
destine (v)
discrete (adj)
division (n)
encode (v)
ensure (v)
eventually
familiar (adj)
handle (v)
investigate (v)
involve (v)
layered (adj)
medium (adj)
merge (v)
multiple (adj)
padlock (n)
recurring (adj)
regardless (adj, adv)
restrict (v)
route (v)
router (n)
run (v)
stack (n)
vary (v)
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UNIT 9 VIRTUAL REALITY
awareness (n)
couple (v)
data gloves (n, pl)
demand (n)
dimension (n)
extensive (adj)
force feedback (n)
hamper (v)
haptic (adj)
helmet (n)
imaginary (adj)
immersion (n)
Implementation (n)
Innovative (adj)
Interactivity (n)
involve (v)
mapping (n)
mounted (pp)
(head mounted display)
multithreading (n)
omnidirectional treadmill (n)
reflective (adj)
resolution (n)
response (v)
schematic (adj)
screen (n)
simulation (n)
simultaneously (adv)
superimpose (v)
surroundings (n, pl)
telemetry (n)
tracking (n)
visor (n)
wireless (adj)
English for Special Purposes
Computer Engineering
UNIT 10 COMPUTER SECURITY
adjust (v)
backdoor (adj), (n)
bypass (v)
collapse (n)
compromise (v)
conceal (v)
copyrighted (adj)
disguise (v)
disseminate (v)
hacking (n)
header (n)
header field (n)
hijacking (n)
hoax (n)
hostile (adj)
inhibit (v)
innocuous (adj)
intruder (n)
intrusive (adj)
legitimate (adj)
malicious (adj)
menace (n)
mischief (n)
nefarious (adj)
overwrite (v)
piggybacking (n)
propagate (v)
relay (v)
replicate (v)
scam (n)
self-contained (adj)
sneaky (adj)
subtle (adj)
tamper (v)
trigger (v, n)
vendor (n)
vigilant (adj)
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NOTES
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Computer Engineering
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