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US History, March 18 ENTRY TASK: Discuss with your table: how much SHOULD public opinion matter in war (examples: entrance into war, level of involvement, and exit)? Announcements: - QUIZ coming up - Study guide – we will be filling out several answers today! A Multi-Front War Causes of World War I - Assassination Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Duchess Sophie Sarajevo, Bosnia - June 28th, 1914. Causes of World War I - Assassination Causes of World War I - Assassination Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed in Bosnia by a Serbian nationalist who believed that Bosnia should belong to Serbia. Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s Assassination • Group Suspected: BLACK HAND – military secret society in Serbia. Objective: Unite all territories with South Slav populations in territories annexed by Austria-Hungary. Details: June 28, 1914 (Serbian National Holiday) • There were 7 assassins ready: including Gavrilo Princip, Nedjelko Cabrinovic (suffering from tuberculosis – going to die soon!) – they had revolver, bombs, cyanide • Royal Party Headed to City Hall on Appel Quay • At 10.15. Cabrinovic hurled a bomb at the car (2 were seriously wounded, but not Franz Ferdinand) – assassin swallowed cyanide and jumped in the river but was arrested and lived • On the way to the hospital, the driver turned: "What is this? This is the wrong way! We're supposed to take the Appel Quay!". • Gavrilo Princip was standing on the corner (6) • Franz Ferdinand was hit in the neck and Sophie von Chotkovato in the abdomen. • "Sophie dear! Sophie dear! Don't die! Stay alive for our children!" • Princip tried to shoot himself, but was arrested by police. Causes of World War I - Assassination Gavrilo Princip after his assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The Point of No Return: The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Austria blamed Serbia for Ferdinand’s death and declared war on Serbia. Germany pledged their support for Austria -Hungary. · example of Pan-German nationalism (blank cheque) Russia pledged their support for Serbia. · example of Pan-Slavic nationalism The Point of No Return: The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Germany declares war on Russia. France pledges their support for Russia. Germany declares war on France. Germany invades Belgium on the way to France. Great Britain supports Belgium and declares war on Germany. Allied Powers: Central Powers: Germany Great Britain France Austria-Hungary World War I Russia Ottoman Empire Italy Allied Powers: Central Powers: Germany did not want to fight a two front war against France and Russia • Germany’s military plan to defeat France and Russia • “Knock out blow” • Germans thought Britain would not intervene • Kaiser Wilhelm II: “Paris for lunch, dinner at St. Petersburg” battle fronts • Gave French and British enough time to mobilize • Belgium puts up a strong fight Western Front – over 400 miles of trenches across Belgium and France · Most offenses resulted in heavy casualties but gained little territory. Trench Warfare Trench Warfare – type of fighting during World War I in which both sides dug trenches protected by mines and barbed wire Cross-section of a front-line trench An aerial photograph of the opposing trenches and no-man's land in Artois, France, July 22, 1917. German trenches are at the right and bottom, British trenches are at the top left. The vertical line to the left of centre indicates the course of a pre-war road. “Problems” soldiers may run into: The British government wanted to encourage men to enlist for war. They said the war would be safe, hardly any fighting, a good lark and over by Christmas. On an individual level, a typical British soldier's year could be divided as follows: 15% Front Line 10% Support Line 30% Reserve Line A picture of soldiers going ‘Over the Top’ 20% Rest 25% other The reality of ‘going over the top’ was very different! How the uniform and equipment changed after just three weeks in the trenches… WARNING! • Something gross is on the next slide… A photograph of a man suffering from trench foot. Sacrifices in War U.S. Trade with Belligerents • What is the trend of U.S. trade from 1914 to 1917? Why do you think this was the case? Effects of Allied blockade •1914, $70 million in trade with Central powers •1916, trade reduced to $1.3 million Allied trade •Grew from $825 million to $3.2 billion in same time period •WWI transformed the US from a debtor to a creditor nation •Value of U.S. loans by 1917: $ 2.5 billion to Allies $ 27 million to Central Powers American Neutrality · Officially, the U.S. was a neutral country. · However, we traded food, weapons, oil, steel, and other goods far more with the Allied Powers than with the Central Powers. Group Question • How can any country COERCE (convince, trick) people to be patriotic? Make a list. · Both the Allied Powers and Central powers used propaganda in order to support their cause by making their enemies seem savage. Freedom of the Seas · The U.S., as a neutral nation, claimed the right to trade with either side in the war. · However, Britain and Germany set up blockades around the British and German coasts. In 1909, an international law was agreed upon that differentiated between "contraband" and "noncontraband" shipping. "Contraband," defined as weapons and other materials used in military manufacturing, could be controlled and blockaded during a war. "Non-contraband" cargoes like food, cloth, and raw goods could not be regulated through a blockade; countries could still import and trade these items. · German submarines, called U-boats, torpedoed enemy ships and neutral ships trading with the enemy. Germany used u-boats to create a naval blockade of England war zone A German U-boat Torpedoes a Steamer, circa 1916 The Cunard vessel, steaming from New York to Liverpool, was sunk eight miles off the Irish coast by a U-boat: the great ship sank in only 18 minutes · In 1915, a German submarine torpedoed the Lusitania, a British passenger ship, killing approximately 1,200 people, including 128 Americans. Lusitania Lusitania had 48 lifeboats, more than enough for all the crew and passengers, but only six were successfully lowered, all from the starboard side. · Americans were infuriated with the destruction of the Lusitania. There were over 1,248 cases of shells on board It was in the interests of the British to keep US passions inflamed, and a fabricated story was circulated that in some regions of Germany, schoolchildren were given a holiday to celebrate the sinking of the Lusitania. • Cross-English Channel passenger ferry SS Sussex was severely damaged in 1916 – around 50 were killed (no Americans, but Wilson threatened to break diplomatic ties with Germany) – leads to Sussex Pledge by Germany In February 1917, Germany rescinded the Sussex Pledge and declared unrestricted submarine warfare. Immediately the sinkings went up to 520,000 tons. U.S. Losses to German Submarines, 1916-1918 I Dare you to come, 1917……The Kaiser defies American rights, national honor, freedom of the seas and international law………. U-boat threat • In all, 123 U-boats were destroyed in the last two years of the Great War. With new U-boat production at a plodding six per month, Germany could no longer make up her losses in subs and crews. • Allied losses to U-boats totaled some 5,000 freighters, tankers, and sailing ships -- in all, an astounding 11 million tons of shipping sent to the bottom in WWI. –the British regarded the submarine as "underhanded, unfair, and dashed un-English." Election of 1916 • In the 1916 election, Wilson balanced contrasting stances: – He appealed to progressives & anti-war voters with the slogan “He kept us out of war” – But argued for “preparedness” by building up the military in case the U.S. joins the war • Wilson won by affirming 2 goals: freedom of the seas & neutrality Moving Toward War Zimmermann telegram: – secret message from Germany to Mexico urging Mexico to attack the U.S. if the U.S. declared war on Germany – Germany promised to help Mexico regain land it lost to the U.S. in the Mexican War. * The U.S. declared war on the Central Powers in 1917. (above) Zimmermann Telegram as Received by the German Ambassador to Mexico, 01/19/1917 (right) decoded words Zimmermann Telegram: Decoded Message • Wilson proclaimed American entrance into WWI as a crusade to make the world “safe for democracy” Moving Toward War Zimmermann telegram: – secret message from Germany to Mexico urging Mexico to attack the U.S. if the U.S. declared war on Germany – Germany promised to help Mexico regain land it lost to the U.S. in the Mexican War. * The U.S. declared war on the Central Powers in 1917. (above) Zimmermann Telegram as Received by the German Ambassador to Mexico, 01/19/1917 (right) decoded words Zimmermann Telegram: Decoded Message Review: Why did America join the Allies in WWI? 1 – US was supplying war materials to the Allies – not a “neutral” move 2 – American public opinion turned against Germany 3 – Sinking of the Lusitania (British liner), declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare, & sinking of 7 American merchant ships 4 – Zimmerman Telegram 5 – Britain’s soft manipulation of the US to join 6 – Economic interests & debt (Allies owed $2 billion; Central Powers owed $27 million) 7 - American military wanted a chance to fight the “Huns” April 2, 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war to “make the world safe for democracy” WWI & Battlefronts, 1914When Alliances the U.S. entered the war in 1917, the Allies were on1917 the brink of defeat Mutinies were common in the French army & the British lost at Flanders, Belgium U-boats effectively limited Allied supplies The Russian armistice in 1917 allowed Germany to move its full army to the western front General John J. Pershing, commanding general of the AEF. Referred to as the Doughboys and Yanks. Mobilization The army & navy increased in size but military leaders had not prepared a plan for war (“To plan • for Wilson named John Pershing to head the war is to violate the terms of neutrality”) American Expeditionary Force (AEF), but despite Wilson’s preparedness campaign, the U.S. was not prepared for full scale war • Many wanted a volunteer army, but Wilson pressed Congress to pass a Selective Service Act (24 million registered & 2.8 million were drafted to fight in Europe. A total of 1.4 million Americans saw combat) The 1st U.S. troops arrived via convoy in June 1917 but did not see action until early 1918 The U.S. on the Western Front, 1918 WWI & Battlefronts, 1914When Alliances the U.S. entered the war in 1917, the Allies were on1917 the brink of defeat Mutinies were common in the French army & the British lost at Flanders, Belgium U-boats effectively limited Allied supplies The Russian armistice in 1917 allowed Germany to move its full army to the western front • To win over there, the U.S. had to effectively mobilize over here – Wilson consolidated federal authority to organize U.S. war production & distribution – Wilson began a massive propaganda campaign aimed at winning over the American public to support the war effort “Emotional” Wartime Propaganda Murder Pillaging & Kidnapping Rape Alvin C. York • Pacifist, semi-literate soldier from Pall Mall, TN • Most celebrated hero of the war - October 1918 (MeuseArgonne) – shot 17 gunners (sniping) and 7 Germans approached – he killed them all with his revolver + brought in 132 German prisoners • The “Great War” was a total war but the U.S. effort paled in comparison to other Allied forces: – The U.S. reluctantly entered WWI after 3 years of neutrality & played a supportive (not a central) military role in the war – But, WWI had a huge impact on the American economic, political, & cultural homefront “The Flag of Liberty represents us all” GUNS • Rifles: ever-present infantry weapon (Lee Enfield and Mauser were most common) • Rapid-fire Machine Guns were used Early machine guns: • were big & heavy • needed a crew of four to six people to operate • lacked cooling mechanisms • shot 400-600 small caliber rounds per minute British Vickers machine gun crew, western front, World War I. POISON GAS • Use of gas prohibited Hague Convention • Used by French first; Germans used it effectively first • Chlorine gas – attacked lungs • Phosgene gas – slower acting attack on lungs • Mustard gas – Nearly odorless blister agent Soldiers digging trenches while protected against gas attacks TANKS • first developed in Great Britain – France & the US soon became interested • not very reliable or useful at first • used later in the war – November 1917, Battle of Cambrai AIRCRAFT Uses of aircraft: • observe enemy positions • armed with machine guns & bombs • attacked battlefields & cities • attacked enemy planes (“dogfights”) • useful from beginning of war SUBMARINES • U-boat: submarines used by Germans in WWI and WWII – developed by Germans • unrestricted submarine warfare (Jan. 1917) – any ship traveling in water around Great Britain was subject to attack · German submarines, called U-boats, torpedoed enemy ships and neutral ships trading with the enemy. MISCELLANEOUS WEAPONS • flamethrower – spread fire by launching burning fuel • grenade – detonate two different ways: impact or timedfuse • bayonet – had more of a psychological use • mortar – could be fired from inside a trench Artillery • Played a prominent role in trench warfare • “Big Bertha” effective range: 8 miles (but could shell 74 miles away)