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Introduction A major international conflict fought from 1914 to 1918, World War I was the most ---the world had ever seen to that time. More than --- countries eventually participated, aligned with either the Allied or the Central powers. The Allies—---—included primarily France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. The --- consisted mainly of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire (Turkey). World War I felled four great imperial dynasties, in Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey. It led to revolution in Russia, destabilized Europe, and laid the foundations for World War II. On a human scale, the scope of the war was just as monumental. More than --- soldiers were mobilized for the armies, navies, and emerging air forces. Some --- lost their lives, and more than -- were wounded. In addition, civilian populations worked as never before to produce enormous quantities of guns, munitions, and other supplies. Because civilians played such an important role, World War I was the first conflict to be called --The War During 1917 > The United States Declares War U.S. public opinion had been slowly but steadily setting against Germany since 1914. In January 1917 Germany launched an --- campaign. All vessels, neutrals included, were to be sunk without warning if found in a zone off the Allied coasts. This was a violation of ---. Further, it was discovered that the German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann, had secretly sent a telegram to the Mexican government that promised to reward Mexico with vast areas of the southwestern United States in return for Mexican support against the Americans. Although President Woodrow Wilson's great desire was for peace, he felt the United States was ---. War was declared on April 6, 1917 (see United States history; Wilson, Woodrow). How the War Came to the United States The United States was a neutral nation when World War I started in 1914. It was an American tradition that the wars of Europe were not the ---. Under international law the United States as a neutral had the right to continue its trade with any of the nations at war (see blockade; international law). Events soon brought a change in the attitude of the United States toward the war. Germany's actions caused this change. Most Americans objected to Germany's violation of Belgian neutrality, and Germany's --- was a violation of international law. Acts of German sabotage in the United States and the use of --- also helped to change American public opinion. But the trigger of the nationwide demand for war against Germany was the publication of the Zimmermann Telegram in the American press on March 1, 1917, revealing Germany's secret overture to Mexico for support in war against the United States. Americans came to believe that ---would be unsafe if Germany won the war. The Peace and Its Results > Period of Totalitarian Aggression The territorial problems of Europe, however, had never really been settled. In 1929, a --- set in (see Great Depression). As it spread more and more of the treaty agreements broke down. Adolf Hitler became head of the German government in 1933 (see Hitler, Adolf). He soon announced that he intended to reject all the military limitations of the Versailles Treaty. The Allied nations protested and tried to meet the German challenge by increasing their own armaments. It soon became clear that --- was in the making. Italy under Benito Mussolini allied itself with Germany (see Mussolini, Benito). It seized Ethiopia and Albania. Further, the peace settlements at the end of World War I had forbidden the union of Austria with Germany. In 1934, however, Hitler's Nazis assassinated Austria's Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss. A few years later Germany occupied --- Next it moved into Czechoslovakia. Meanwhile, in the Far East, --- invaded Manchuria and then China. The major Allied nations offered no military resistance to these acts of totalitarian aggression. However, when Hitler's troops invaded --- on Sept. 1, 1939, France and Great Britain declared war on ---.