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1. Which evidence best supports scientists' inferences about the origin and age of the universe? A) B) C) D) the existence of planets cosmic background radiation formation of star constellations similar composition of Earth and the Moon 2. According to astronomers, the age of the universe is estimated to be A) 1.3 billion years C) 7.9 billion years B) 4.6 billion years D) 13.8 billion years 3. The timeline below represents time from the present to 20 billion years ago. Letters A, B, C, and D represent specific times. Which letter on the timeline best represents the time when scientists estimate that the Big Bang occurred? A) A B) B C) C 4. Earth, the Sun, and billions of stars are contained within A) B) C) D) D) D 6. The photograph below shows a feature of the universe as seen through a telescope. a single constellation the Milky Way galaxy the solar system a giant cloud of gas 5. Fourteen billion years represents the approximate age of A) Earth C) our solar system B) Earth's Moon D) the universe This feature is best identified as A) a galaxy C) an asteroid B) a comet D) a star 7. The theory that the universe is expanding is supported by data from the A) B) C) D) nuclear decay of radioactive materials nuclear fusion of radioactive materials blue shift of light from distant galaxies red shift of light from distant galaxies 8. Which evidence best supports the theory that the universe was created by an explosion called the Big Bang? A) impact craters found on Earth B) cosmic background radiation C) the different compositions of terrestrial and Jovian planets D) the blue shift of light from distant galaxies 9. Which evidence best supports the theory that the universe began with a massive explosion? A) B) C) D) cosmic background radiation in space parallelism of planetary axes radioactive dating of Earth’s bedrock life cycle of stars 10. A red shift in the light from very distant galaxies suggests that the universe is A) B) C) D) fixed and stationary moving randomly contracting expanding 11. Which evidence best supports the Big Bang theory? A) B) C) D) rate of rotation of the Sun existence of cosmic background radiation uniform radioactive decay of uranium-238 separation of Earth's interior into different layer 12. The current temperature indicated by the cosmic microwave background radiation is A) higher than the temperature at which water boils B) between the temperature at which water boils and room temperature C) between room temperature and the temperature at which water freezes D) lower than the temperature at which water freezes 13. Cosmic microwave background radiation is classified as a form of electromagnetic energy because it A) B) C) D) travels in waves through space moves faster than the speed of light is visible to humans moves due to particle collisions Base your answers to questions 14 and 15 on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earth Science. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation In the 1920s, Edwin Hubble's discovery of a pattern in the red shift of light from galaxies moving away from Earth led to the theory of an expanding universe. This expansion implies that the universe was smaller, denser, and hotter in the past. In the 1940s, scientists predicted that heat (identified as cosmic microwave background radiation) left over from the Big Bang would fill the universe. In the 1960s, satellite probes found that cosmic microwave background radiation fills the universe uniformly in every direction, and indicated a temperature of about 3 kelvins (K). This radiation has been cooling as the universe has been expanding. 14. Which graph best shows the relationship of the size of the universe to the temperature indicated by the cosmic microwave background radiation? A) B) C) D) 15. Scientists infer that the universe began approximately A) 1.0 billion years ago C) 8.2 billion years ago B) 3.3 billion years ago D) 13.7 billion years ago 16. Which information best supports the inference that the universe began with an explosion? A) measurements of rates of decay using carbon-14 B) measurements of cosmic background radiation C) calculations of the distance from the Sun to each asteroid in the asteroid belt D) calculations of the temperature and luminosity of stars 17. The Sun revolves around the center of A) B) C) D) Polaris Aldebaran Earth the Milky Way Galaxy 18. Cosmic background radiation provides direct evidence for the origin of A) B) C) D) the universe our solar system Earth’s ozone layer Earth’s earliest atmosphere 19. The diagram below represents the development of our universe from the time of the Big Bang until the present. Letter A indicates two celestial objects. The present-day celestial objects labeled A are best identified as A) asteroid belts C) spiral galaxies B) terrestrial planets D) eccentric comets 20. In which sequence are the items listed from least total mass to greatest total mass? A) B) C) D) solar system, Milky Way, universe Milky Way, solar system, universe universe, Milky Way, solar system Milky Way, universe, solar system 21. Which time line most accurately indicates when this sequence of events in earth's history occurred? A) B) C) D) 22. Which statement best describes the age of our solar system and the universe? A) The universe is at least twice as old as our solar system. B) Our solar system is at least twice as old as the universe. C) Our solar system and the universe are estimated to be 5 billion years old. D) Our solar system and the universe are estimated to be 10 billion years old. 23. The explosion associated with the theory and the formation of the universe inferred to have occurred how many billion ago? A) less than 1 C) 4.6 B) 2.5 D) over 10 Base your answers to questions 24 through 27 on the table below, which shows eight inferred stages describing the formation of the universe from its beginning to the present time. 24. Between which two stages did our solar system form? A) 1 and 3 B) 3 and 5 C) 6 and 7 D) 7 and 8 25. According to this table, the average temperature of the universe since stage 3 has A) decreased, only C) remained the same B) increased, only D) increased, then decreased 26. What is the most appropriate title for this table? A) The Big Bang Theory C) The Law of Superposition B) The Theory of Plate Tectonics D) The Laws of Planetary Motion 27. How soon did protons and neutrons form after the beginning of the universe? A) 10 -43 second C) 10 -6 second B) 10 -32 second D) 13.7 billion years 28. The symbols below are used to represent different regions of space. 31. The diagram below represents the shape of the Milky Way Galaxy. Which diagram shows the correct relationship between these four regions? [If one symbol is within another symbol, that means it is part of, or included in, that symbol.] A) B) C) D) 29. Most scientists believe the Milky Way Galaxy is A) B) C) D) spherical in shape 4.6 billion years old composed of stars revolving around Earth one of billions of galaxies in the universe 30. Which sequence correctly lists the relative sizes from smallest to largest? A) our solar system, universe, Milky Way Galaxy B) our solar system, Milky Way Galaxy, universe C) Milky Way Galaxy, our solar system, universe D) Milky Way Galaxy, universe, our solar system The Milky Way Galaxy is best described as A) elliptical C) circular B) irregular D) spiral 32. Compared to Earth's solar system, the universe is inferred to be A) B) C) D) younger and larger younger and smaller older and larger older and smaller 33. Which celestial feature is largest in actual size? A) the Moon C) the Sun B) Jupiter D) the Milky Way 34. The Milky Way galaxy is best described as A) a type of solar system B) a constellation visible to everyone on Earth C) a region in space between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter D) a spiral-shaped formation composed of billions of stars 35. The Sun's position in space is best described as the approximate center of A) B) C) D) 41. The symbols below represent the Milky Way galaxy, the solar system, the Sun, and the universe. a constellation the universe the Milky Way galaxy our solar system 36. A light year is A) the distance traveled by light in one year B) the distance the Earth moves in one year C) the time it takes light to go once around the Earth's orbit D) the time it takes light to travel one year 37. What is the name usually given to the group of objects consisting of a sun and any planets, comets, and other objects that orbit it? A) a solar system C) a galaxy B) a universe D) an ecosystem 38. The unit most used by astronomers to express the distances to other galaxies is A) B) C) D) miles kilometers astronomical unit (AU) Lightyears (LY) galaxy ® solar system ® universe ® planet solar system ® galaxy ® planet ® universe planet ® solar system ® galaxy ® universe universe ® galaxy ® solar system ® planet 40. The diagram below represents a side view of the Milky Way Galaxy. At approximately which position is Earth's solar system located? A) A B) B C) C A) B) C) D) 42. Billions of stars in the same region of the universe are called A) solar systems C) constellations B) asteroid belts D) galaxies 43. Which statement best describes galaxies? 39. In which list are celestial features correctly shown in order of increasing size? A) B) C) D) Which arrangement of symbols is most accurate? D) D A) They are similar in size to the solar system. B) They contain only one star but hundreds of planets. C) They may contain a few hundred stars in a space slightly larger than the solar system. D) They may contain billions of stars in a space much larger than our solar system. 44. Light from distant galaxies most likely shows a A) red shift, indicating that the universe is expanding B) red shift, indicating that the universe is contracting C) blue shift, indicating that the universe is expanding D) blue shift, indicating that the universe is contracting 45. The red shift of light from most galaxies is evidence that A) most galaxies are moving away from Earth B) a majority of stars in most galaxies are red giants C) the light slows down as it nears Earth D) red light travels faster than other colors of light 46. A blue shift of the light from a star indicates that the star A) B) C) D) will soon become a main sequence star will soon become a giant star is moving closer to Earth is moving away from Earth 47. According to the Big Bang theory, which graph best represents the relationship between time and the size of the universe from the beginning of the universe to the present? A) B) C) D) 48. The theory that the universe is expanding is supported by the A) B) C) D) blue shift of light from distant galaxies red shift of light from distant galaxies nuclear fusion occurring in the Sun radioactive decay occurring in the Sun 49. The diagram below represents the bright-line spectrum for an element. The spectrum of the same element observed in the light from a distant star is shown below. The shift in the spectral lines indicates that the star is moving A) B) C) D) toward Earth away from Earth in an elliptical orbit around the Sun in a circular orbit around the Sun 50. The red shift of visible light waves that is observed by astronomers on Earth is used to determine the A) B) C) D) sizes of nearby galaxies relative motions of distant galaxies densities of the planets rotation periods of the planets 51. What does a red shift in light from distant celestial objects indicate to a scientist on Earth? A) B) C) D) The gravitational force on Earth changes. The universe appears to be expanding. The Jovian planets are aligned with the Sun. Galaxies are becoming more numerous. 52. Evidence that the universe is expanding is best provided by the A) red shift in the light from distant galaxies B) change in the swing direction of a Foucault pendulum on Earth C) parallelism of Earth's axis in orbit D) spiral shape of the Milky Way Galaxy 53. The diagram below shows the spectral lines for an element. Which diagram best represents the spectral lines of this element when its light is observed coming from a star that is moving away from Earth? A) C) B) D) 54. Astronomers viewing light from distant galaxies observe a shift of spectral lines toward the red end of the visible spectrum. This shift provides evidence that A) B) C) D) orbital velocities of stars are decreasing Earth’s atmosphere is warming the Sun is cooling the universe is expanding 55. When viewed from Earth, the light from very distant galaxies shows a red shift. This is evidence that these distant galaxies are A) B) C) D) revolving around the Sun revolving around the Milky Way moving away from Earth moving toward Earth 56. The Big Bang Theory, describing the creation of the universe, is most directly supported by the A) B) C) D) redshift of light from distant galaxies presence of volcanoes on Earth apparent shape of star constellations presence of craters on Earth's Moon 57. Starlight from distant galaxies provides evidence that the universe is expanding because this starlight shows a shift in wavelength toward the A) red-light end of the visible spectrum B) blue-light end of the visible spectrum C) ultraviolet-ray end of the electromagnetic spectrum D) gamma-ray end of the electromagnetic spectrum 58. The diagram below shows a standard spectrum 60. In the diagram below, the spectral lines of hydrogen compared to a spectrum produced from a distant star. gas from three galaxies, A, B, and C, are compared to the spectral lines of hydrogen gas observed in a laboratory. Which conclusion can be made by comparing the standard spectrum to the spectrum produced from this distant star? A) The star's spectral lines have shifted toward the ultraviolet end of the spectrum and the star is moving toward Earth. B) The star's spectral lines have shifted toward the ultraviolet end of the spectrum and the star is moving away from Earth. C) The star's spectral lines have shifted toward the infrared end of the spectrum and the star is moving toward Earth. D) The star's spectral lines have shifted toward the infrared end of the spectrum and the star is moving away from Earth. 59. The redshift of light from distant galaxies provides evidence that the universe is A) B) C) D) shrinking, only expanding, only shrinking and expanding in a cyclic pattern remaining the same size What is the best inference that can be made concerning the movement of galaxies A, B, and C? A) Galaxy A is moving away from Earth, but galaxies B and C are moving toward Earth. B) Galaxy B is moving away from Earth, but galaxies A and C are moving toward Earth. C) Galaxies A, B, and C are all moving toward Earth. D) Galaxies A, B, and C are all moving away from Earth. 61. The diagram below illustrates three stages of a current theory of the formation of the universe. 63. The diagram below represents a standard dark-line spectrum for an element. The spectral lines of this element are observed in light from a distant galaxy. Which diagram represents these spectral lines? A) B) A major piece of scientific evidence supporting this theory is the fact that wavelengths of light from galaxies moving away from Earth in stage 3 are observed to be A) B) C) D) shorter than normal (a red shift) shorter than normal (a blue shift) longer than normal (a red shift) longer than normal (a blue shift) 62. In a Doppler red shift, the observed wavelengths of light from distant celestial objects appear closer to the red end of the spectrum than light from similar nearby celestial objects. The explanation for the red shift is that the universe is presently A) B) C) D) contracting, only expanding, only remaining constant in size alternating between contracting and expanding C) D) 64. The more that the spectral lines of a star are shifted to the red end of the spectrum A) B) C) D) the larger it is. the faster it is rotating the hotter it is the faster it is moving away from us 65. The velocity of a star toward or away from the Earth can be determined by measuring the A) B) C) D) color of the star shift of its spectral lines brightness of the star its change in apparent size 66. If we observe a Doppler blue shift from a star, the star must be A) B) C) D) relatively cool in temperature moving away from us moving toward us a blue star 67. A star moving away from the Earth will have a spectrum containing A) red shifted lines C) unshifted lines B) blue shifted lines D) dim lines 68. Compared to light from from a stationary source at the same point, light from an object moving toward you is A) B) C) D) brighter bluer redder unchanged in both color and brightness 69. The Doppler effect predicts that light from a source moving away from Earth will be A) B) C) D) shifted to shorter wavelengths. shifted to longer wavelengths. appear blue. appear red. 70. Most astronomers agree that at the present time universe is A) B) C) D) contracting expanding staying the same size expanding and contracting regularly 71. The major evidence supporting the "Big Bang" theory is A) observations of supernova explosions. B) the discovery of black holes. C) observations that the Doppler red shift becomes greater as we look at more distant galaxies. D) observations that most galaxies are rotating 72. According to Hubbell’s law more rapidly moving galaxies are now A) B) C) D) further away from us closer to us accelerating rapidly already contracting toward another big bang 73. According to the big bang theory, the universe began as an explosion and is still expanding. This theory is supported by observations that the stellar spectra of distant galaxies show a A) concentration in the yellow portion of the spectrum B) concentration in the green portion of the spectrum C) shift toward the blue end of the spectrum D) shift toward the red end of the spectrum 74. A major piece of evidence supporting the Big Bang theory is the observation that wavelengths of light from stars in distant galaxies show a A) B) C) D) redshift, appearing to be shorter redshift, appearing to be longer blueshift, appearing to be shorter blueshift, appearing to be longer 75. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents the Moon at four positions, A through D, in its orbit around Earth as viewed from above the North Pole (NP). The shaded parts of the Moon and Earth represent darkness. Identify the celestial object in our solar system that has a period of rotation that is most similar to the period of rotation of Earth's Moon. Base your answers to questions 76 through 78 on the data table below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The data table shows five galaxies, A through E, their distances from Earth, and their recession velocities, the velocities at which they are moving away from Earth. 76. Identify the nuclear process that produces the energy released by stars within these galaxies. 77. Another galaxy has a recession velocity of 30,000 kilometers per second. What is this galaxy's approximate distance from Earth in million light years if it follows the same pattern shown on the data table? 78. State the general relationship between the galaxies' distances from Earth and their recession velocities. Base your answers to questions 79 and 80 on the data table below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The data table lists four constellations in which star clusters are seen from Earth. A star cluster is a group of stars near each other in space. Stars in the same cluster move at the same velocity. The length of the arrows in the table represents the amount of redshift of two wavelengths of visible light emitted by these star clusters. 79. Identify the name of the nuclear process that is primarily responsible for producing energy in stars. 80. Write the chemical symbol for the element, shown in the table, that absorbs the two wavelengths of light. Base your answers to questions 81 through 84 on the Characteristics of Stars graph below and on your knowledge of Earth science. 81. Describe how the relative surface temperature and the relative luminosity of Aldebaran would change if it collapses and becomes a white dwarf like Procyon B. 82. Describe one characteristic of the star Spica that causes it to have a greater luminosity than Barnard's Star. 83. Identify two stars from the Characteristics of Stars graph that are at the same life-cycle stage as the Sun. 84. The star Canopus has a surface temperature of 7400 K and a luminosity (relative to the Sun) of 1413. Use an X to plot the position of Canopus on the graph above, based on its surface temperature and luminosity. Base your answers to questions 85 through 89 on the side-view model of the solar system in your answer booklet and on your knowledge of Earth science. The planets are shown in their relative order of distance from the Sun. Letter A indicates one of the planets. 85. Identify the process that occurs within the Sun that converts mass into large amounts of energy. 86. Calculate how many times larger the equatorial diameter of the Sun is than the equatorial diameter of Venus. 87. How many million years ago did Earth and the solar system form? 88. State the period of rotation at the equator of planet A. Label your answer with the correct units. 89. The center of the asteroid belt is approximately 503 million kilometers from the Sun. Draw an X on the model between two planets to indicate the center of the asteroid belt. Base your answers to questions 90 and 91 on the flowchart below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The flowchart shows the evolution of stars. 90. Describe how the diameter and luminosity of a main sequence star change as the star becomes either a giant or a supergiant. 91. Identify the force responsible for the contraction of a nebula (a gas cloud of molecules) to form a protostar. Base your answers to questions 92 through 94 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents the present position of our solar system in a side view of the Milky Way Galaxy. The distance across the Milky Way Galaxy is measured in light-years. 92. List the following astronomical features, in order of relative size, from smallest to largest. Sun Jupiter Milky Way Galaxy Universe Our solar system 93. Galaxies are classified based on their shape. What is the shape of the Milky Way Galaxy when viewed from directly above? 94. What is the distance, in light-years, from the center of the Milky Way Galaxy to our solar system? Base your answers to questions 95 through 99 on the table below, which lists some information about Barnard's Star. 95. If a planet with the same mass as Earth were discovered orbiting Barnard's Star at the same distance that Earth is orbiting the Sun, why would there be less gravitational attraction between this new planet and Barnard's Star than there is between Earth and the Sun? 96. List Barnard's Star, the Sun, and the universe in order by age from oldest to youngest. 97. Compared to the surface temperature and luminosity of the Sun, describe the relative surface temperature and the relative luminosity of Barnard's Star. 98. The distance from point A to point S on the line belowrepresents the equatorial diameter of the Sun. On this line, place a point labeled B at the correct scale distance from point A to represent the equatorial diameter of Barnard's Star. 99. The diagram below shows four spectral lines produced by glowing hydrogen gas in a laboratory and four spectral lines produced by hydrogen gas as seen in the light from Barnard's Star. Explain why the positions of the spectral lines of Barnard's Star are all shifted toward the blue end of the spectrum. 100. Base your answer to the following question on the table below, which shows information about five large objects in the Kuiper Belt. The Kuiper Belt is located approximately 30 to 1000 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun. An astronomical unit is the average distance between Earth and the Sun, 149.6 million kilometers. The diagram shows the orbits of some of the planets in our solar system. The approximate average distances from the Sun, in astronomical units, are indicated. On the diagram, place an X to show the closest distance of Ixion to the Sun. Base your answers to questions 101 through 103 on the passage below. Extrasolar Planets Astronomers have discovered more than 400 planets outside of our solar system. The first extrasolar planet was detected in 1995 orbiting a star known as 51 Pegasi, which is similar in color and luminosity to our Sun. Astronomers can detect planets by identifying stars that move in response to the gravitational pull of planets revolving around them. Other planets have been discovered by finding stars whose luminosity varies as orbiting planets block outgoing starlight. Nearly all of these discovered planets are thought to be Jovian-like planets similar to Jupiter. 101. State the color and luminosity of 51 Pegasi. 102. Compared to Jupiter, state how Earth’s equatorial diameter and density are different. 103. Other than Jupiter, identify one Jovian planet in our solar system. Base your answers to questions 104 and 105 on the graph below, which shows the distance from the Sun and the period of revolution for four planets in our solar system labeled A, B, C, and D. 104. Describe the relationship between the distance from the Sun and the period of revolution for these four planets. 105. State the name of each of the planets represented by A, B, C, and D. Base your answers to questions 106 and 107 on the diagram below, which shows Earth’s orbit and the orbit of a comet within our solar system. 106. Explain why the time required for one revolution of the comet is more than the time required for one revolution of Earth. 107. Explain how this comet’s orbit illustrates the heliocentric model of our solar system. Base your answers to questions 108 through 110 on the diagram in your answer booklet, which shows the relative diameter sizes of the planets compared to the radius of the Sun. 108. How many times larger is the diameter of the Sun than the diameter of Jupiter? 109. On the diagram above, place an X on the planet with the lowest density. 110. On the diagram above, circle only the terrestrial planets. 111. Base your answer to the following question on the data table below, which lists six stars, numbered 1 through 69 found in the constellation Taurus. The table shows the celestial coordinates for these six stars. On the table below, complete the data table that provides additional information about two of the stars in Taurus. Base your answers to questions 112 through 114 on the graph below, which shows the early formation of main sequence stars of different masses (M). The arrows represent temperature and luminosity changes as each star becomes part of the main sequence. The time, needed for each star to develop into a main sequence star is shown on the main sequence line. 112. Identify the force that causes the accumulation of matter that forms the stars. 113. Describe the change in luminosity of a star that has an original mass of 0.5 M as it progresses to a main sequence star. 114. Describe the relationship between the original mass of a star and the length of time necessary for it to become a main sequence star. Base your answers to questions 115 through 117 on on the passage below and on your knowledge of stars and galaxies. Stars Stars can be classified according to their properties, such as diameter, mass, luminosity, and temperature. Some stars are so large that the orbits of the planets in our solar system would easily fit inside them. Stars are grouped together in galaxies covering vast distances. Galaxies contain from 100 billion to over 300 billion stars. Astronomers have discovered billions of galaxies in the universe. 115. The star Betelgeuse is farther from Earth than the star Aldebaran. Explain why Betelgeuse appears brighter or more luminous than Aldebaran. 116. Complete the table by placing an X in the boxes that indicate the temperature and luminosity of each star compared to our Sun. 117. Arrange the terms galaxy, star, and universe in order from largest to smallest. Base your answers to questions 118 through 120 on the diagram below, which shows the heliocentric model of a part of our solar system. The planets closest to the Sun are shown. Point B is a location on Earth's equator. 118. Identify one feature of the geocentric model of our solar system that differs from the heliocentric model shown. 119. Explain why location B experiences both day and night in a 24-hour period. 120. State the name of planet A. Base your answers to questions 121 and 122 on the Luminosity and Temperature of Stars graph in the Earth Science Reference Tables. 121. In which group of stars would a star with a temperature of 5000°C and a luminosity of approximately 100 times that of the Sun be classified? 122. Describe the relationship between temperature and luminosity of main sequence stars. Base your answers to questions 123 through 125 on the passage below. Is Earth Gaining Weight? Scientists belive that Earth may gain more than 100 tons of dust from space every day. The dust comes from thawing comets as they orbit the Sun and from pieces of asteroids that collided with other asteroids. Most asteroids orbit the Sun between Mars and Jupiter. Each dust particle dates back to the days when our solar system was created. So in a way, each tiny speck of dust holds clues to how our solar system formed. All the space dust produced by comets and asteroids in our solar system is drawn to the Sun by its gravitational force. However, space dust that passes within about 60 miles of Earth's surface may be slowed enough by friction with Earth's atmosphere to be pulled to the surface by Earth's gravity. 123. Approximately how many million kilometers from the Sun are most asteroids located? 124. In which temperature zone of Earth's atmosphere is space dust first slowed enough by friction to be pulled to Earth's surface? 125. State one reason why more space dust is attracted to the Sun than to Earth. Base your answers to questions 126 and 127 on the data table below, which shows the average distance from the Sun, the average surface temperature, and the average orbital velocity for each planet in our solar system. 126. Venus has an atmosphere composed mostly of carbon dioxide. Mercury has almost no atmosphere. Explain how the presence of the carbon dioxide in Venus’ atmosphere causes the average surface temperature on Venus to be higher than the average surface temperature on Mercury. 127. State the relationship between the average distance from the Sun and the average surface temperature of the Jovian planets. Base your answers to questions 128 and 129 on the star chart below, which shows part of the winter sky visible from New York State. Some of the brighter stars are labeled and the constellation Orion is outlined. 128. In the space below, list the stars, other than Bellatrix, found on the chart in order of decreasing luminosity. 129. Identify the color of the star Bellatrix, which has a surface temperature of approximately 21,000°C. Base your answers to questions 130 and 131 on the data table below, which provides information about four of Jupiter's moons. 130. In 1610, Galileo was the first person to observe, with the aid of a telescope, these four moons orbiting Jupiter. Explain why Galileo's observation of this motion did not support the geocentric model of our solar system. 131. Identify the planet in our solar system that is closest in diameter to Callisto. 132. Complete the table by identifying the color and classification of the star Procyon B. The data for the Sun have been completed as an example. Base your answers to questions 133 through 136 on the graph below, which shows two conditions responsible for the formation and composition of some planets in our solar system. The distances of Earth and Neptune from the Sun, in astronomical units (AU), are shown beneath the horizontal axis. (1 AU = 149.6 million kilometers). The plotted line on this graph shows the relationship between a planet’s distance from the Sun and the inferred temperature at its formation. The regions within the graph indicate the composition of planets formed within these zones. 133. What is Jupiter’s distance from the Sun, in astronomical units? Express your answer to the nearest tenth. ___________________ AU 134. State the relationship between a planet’s distance from the Sun and the temperature at which that planet formed. 135. Saturn is located 9.5 AU from the Sun. State the approximate temperature at which Saturn formed. _________________ K 136. According to the graph, Neptune was mainly composed of which material at the time of its formation? Base your answers to questions 137 through 139 on the passage below. The Future of the Sun Hydrogen gas is the main source of fuel that powers the nuclear reactions that occur in the Sun. But just like many sources of fuel, the hydrogen is in limited supply. As the hydrogen gas is used up, scientists predict that the helium created as an product of earlier nuclear reactions will begin to fuel new nuclear reactions. When this happens, the Sun is expected to become a red giant star with a radius that would extend out past the orbit of Venus and possibly out as far as Earth's orbit. Earth will probably not survive this change in the Sun's size. But no need to worry at this time. The Sun is not expected to expand to this size for a few billion years. 137. Explain why a red giant star, similar to Aldebaran, has a greater luminosity than the Sun. 138. On the diagram of the planets and the Sun's surface, draw a vertical line to represent the inferred location of the Sun's surface when it becomes a red giant star. 139. Identify the nuclear reaction referred to in this passage that combines hydrogen gas to form helium and produces most of the Sun’s energy. Base your answers to questions 140 through 143 on the two diagrams. Diagram I shows the orbits of the four inner planets. Black dots in diagram I show the positions of the orbits where each planet is closest to the Sun. Diagram II shows the orbits of the six planets that are farthest from the Sun. The distance scale in diagram II is different that the distance scale in diagram I. 140. Describe how the orbits of each of the nine planets are similar in shape. 141. How long does it take the planet Uranus to complete one orbit around the Sun? Units must be included in your answer. 142. On diagram II circle the names of the two largest Jovian planets. 143. On diagram I, place the letter W on Mars’ orbit to represent the position of Mars where the Sun’s gravitational force on Mars would be weakest. Base your answers to questions 144 and 145 on the calendar model shown below of the inferred history of the universe and on your knowledge of Earth science. The 12-month time line begins with the Big Bang on January 1 and continues to the present time, which is represented by midnight on December 31. Several inferred events and the relative times of their occurrence have been placed in the appropriate locations on the time line. 144. How many million years of Earth’s geologic history elapsed between the event that occurred on September 10 and the event that occurred on September 25 in this model? 145. State one piece of evidence used by scientists to support the theory that the Big Bang event occurred. Answer Key intro universe review 1. B 37. A 73. D 82. 2. D 38. D 74. B 3. D 39. C 75. 4. B 40. B Allow credit for the Sun. 5. D 41. D 76. 6. A 42. D 7. D 43. D 8. B 44. A — fusion/nuclear fusion — Light elements combine to form heavier elements. 9. A 45. A 77. 10. D 46. C 83. Any value from 1800 to 2200 million light years. 11. B 47. A 78. 12. D 48. B 13. A 49. B 14. B 50. B 15. D 51. B 16. B 52. A 17. D 53. B 18. A 54. D 19. C 55. C — As the 84. Earth-to-galaxy distance increases, the recession velocity increases. — Galaxies closer to Earth are moving more slowly. — direct relationship/positive 85. relationship 20. A 56. A 21. B 57. 22. A 23. 79. fusion or nuclear fusion A 80. Ca 58. D 81. D 59. B 24. D 60. D 25. A 61. C 26. A 62. B 27. C 63. B 28. A 64. D 29. D 65. B 30. B 66. C Relative surface temperature: 87. –Alderbaran's surface temperature will increase. –It will get hotter. 88. Relative luminosity: –Its luminosity will 89. be reduced. –Luminosity will decrease. 31. D 67. A 32. C 68. B 33. D 69. B 34. D 70. B 35. D 71. C 36. A 72. A 86. –more massive/larger/giant size/supergiant – Spica emits energy at a greater rate than Barnard's Star. –hot- ter/greater surface temperature –Spica is a blue-colored star. –Spica –Sirius – Alpha Centauri – Barnard's Star – Proxima Centauri – fusion, – nuclear fusion, – conversion of hydrogen to helium/H to He – any value from 115 to 115.003305 times larger – value equivalent to 4600 million years ago. — 16 h, — 16 hrs, — 16 hours Answer Key intro universe review 90. 91. Diameter: 99. — increases — becomes larger Luminosity: — increases — higher rate of energy emission — The star appears brighter. — gravity — gravitational attraction 92. 93. 94. 96. 97. 98. 107. – The comet orbits the Sun, – The comet doesn’t orbit Earth. 108. Between 9.5 to 11.5 109. There should be an X on Saturn 110. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are circled. 100. – X is drawn anywhere on the orbit of Neptune ± 2 111. mm. 101. Color: yellow, Luminosity: 1 – a spiral galaxy, – a dense center of stars 102. Diameter: smaller, Density: greater with spiral arms, – pinwheel-shaped 103. Saturn, Uranus, or Neptune – 25,000 light-years to 35,000 light-years. 95. — Barnard's Star is moving toward Earth. — Earth and Barnard's Star are moving closer together. — Barnard's Star is moving closer to the Sun. 112. gravity or gravitational 113. — The luminosity will decrease. — The star will be less luminous. 118. – The geocentric model has Earth in the center. – In geocentric model Earth does not rotate. – Planets revolve around Earth instead of the Sun. 119. – Earth's rotation causes day and night. – The daily change from day to night results from Earth's spin on its axis. 120. Jupiter 121. red giants or giants 122. – As temperature increases, luminosity increases. 104. – the farther from 114. — Stars with larger the Sun, the greater masses reach the the period of main sequence — Barnard's Star is – This is direct revolution, – Planets faster. a smaller star than relationship closer to the Sun — Small stars take the Sun. — The Sun take less time to 123. between 227.9 and more time to has more mass. complete an orbit. – 778.3 million become main direct relationship kilometers sequence stars. — inverse 105. A: Jupiter, B: 124. thermosphere relationship between Saturn, C: Uranus, 125. – The Sun has a Relative surface mass and time. D: Neptune greater gravitational temperature: — 115. Examples: attraction for cooler — Barnard's 106. – The comet moves –Betelgeuse is farther from the Sun particles than Earth Star has a lower larger. –Betelgeuse than Earth’s greatest does. surface temperature. is more massive distance from the – The Sun has a Relative luminosity: than Aldebaran. Sun. – During most larger mass than — is less luminous –Aldebaran has less of its orbit the comet Earth. — Barnard's Star is volume. is moving slower – The more massive less luminous than than Earth. – The object has more 116. the Sun. — emits comet’s average gravity. energy at a lower distance from the rate Sun is greater. – The comet has a larger 117. universe, galaxy, star orbit. Answer Key intro universe review 126. Examples: — Carbon dioxide causes a greenhouse effect on Venus. — Carbon dioxide is an excellent absorber of infrared radiation. — Carbon dioxide traps heat and keeps it from escaping. — The carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere absorbs energy in Venus’ atmosphere and reradiates it. 127. Examples: — The greater the average distance a Jovian planet is from the Sun, the colder the temperature. — An inverse relationship exists between distance and temperature for the Jovian planets. — The closer the Jovian planet is to the Sun, the warmer the average surface temperature. 134. Examples: — As 144. 1300 ( 200) distance from the million years Sun increases, 145. Examples: – Cosmic temperature background decreases. — There radiation remains. – is an inverse There is a redshift in relationship between the light from stars distance and in distant galaxies. – temperature. the apparent 135. Any value from 150 expansion of the K to 200 K. universe – More-distant stars 136. Frozen gases are moving away 137. Examples: – from Earth at a Aldebaran is larger greater rate than than the Sun. – The nearby stars. Sun is smaller than Aldebaran. 138. 139. Examples: – fusion – nuclear fusion 140. The orbits are elliptical or oval shaped; The orbits are nearly circular. 141. 84 years 142. 128. 129. blue. 130. – These moons orbit Jupiter, not Earth. 131. – Mercury 132. 133. 5.2 AU 143.