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Modal Model of the Mind Maintenance Rehearsal Sensory Input Encoding Sensory Memory Attention Long-term Working or memory Short-term Memory Retrieval 1 Modal Model of the Mind Three memory store that differ in function, capacity and duration Control processes - control movement of information within and between memory stores Maintenance Rehearsal Sensory Input Encoding Sensory Memory Attention Long-term Working or memory Short-term Memory Retrieval 2 Sensory Memory Store Sensory Input Sensory Memory Function - holds information long enough to be processed for basic physical characteristics Capacity - large can hold many items at once Duration - very brief retention of images .3 sec for visual info 2 sec for auditory info 3 Sensory Memory Store Sensory Input Sensory Memory Divided into two subtypes: iconic memory visual information echoic memory auditory information Visual or iconic memory was discovered by Sperling in 1960 4 Sperling’s Experiment Presented matrix of letters for 1/20 seconds Report as many letters as possible Subjects recall only half of the letters Was this because subjects didn’t have enough time to view entire matrix? No K Z R Q B T S G N How did Sperling know this? 5 Sperling’s Experiment Sperling showed people can see and recall ALL the letters momentarily Sounded low, medium or high tone immediately after matrix disappeared K Z R High tone signaled 1 row to report Q B T Medium S G N Low recall was almost perfect Memory for image fades after 1/3 seconds or so, making report of entire display hard to do 6 Sperling’s Iconic Memory Experiment 1. Letters are displayed on a screen for 1/20 of a second Q C F T S K G O W R J B 7 Sperling’s Iconic Memory Experiment 2. Screen is blank 8 Sperling’s Iconic Memory Experiment Length of time varies up to one second 3. Tone is sounded, indicating row HIGH MEDIUM LOW 9 Sperling’s Iconic Memory Experiment 4. Subject reports letters in row indicated by tone S, K, G, ... 10 Sperling’s Iconic Memory Experiment G A M V K U X L S F Q J O N U A Z N 11 What Letters Do You See? 12 What Letters Do You See? 13 What Letters Do You See? 14 What Letters Do You See? 15 What Letters Do You See? 16 Sensory Memory Store Sensory Input Sensory Memory Sensory memory forms automatically, without attention or interpretation Attention is needed to transfer information to working memory 17 Working Memory Store Sensory Input Sensory Memory Attention Working or Short-term Memory 18 Working Memory Store Function - conscious processing of information where information is actively worked on Capacity - limited (holds 7 +/- 2 items) Duration - brief storage (about 30 seconds) Code- Often based on sound or speech even with visual inputs. Sensory Input Sensory Memory Attention Working or Short-term Memory 19 Working Memory Store What happens if you need to keep information in working memory longer than 30 seconds? To demonstrate, memorize the following phone number (presented one digit at a time): 857916 3 20 Working Memory Store What is the number? 857-9163 The number lasted in your working memory longer than 30 seconds So, how were you able to remember the number? 21 Maintenance Rehearsal Mental or verbal repetition of information allows information to remain in working memory longer than the usual 30 seconds Maintenance Rehearsal Sensory Input Sensory Memory Attention Working or Short-term Memory 22 Maintenance Rehearsal What happens if you can’t use maintenance rehearsal? Memory decays quickly To demonstrate, again memorize a phone number (presented one digit at a time) BUT, have to count backwards from 1,000 by sevens (i.e., 1014, 1007, 1000 … etc.) 628509 4 23 Working Memory Store What is the number? 628-5094 Without rehearsal, memory fades 24 Peterson’s STM Task Test of memory for 3-letter nonsense syllables Participants count backwards for a few seconds, then recall Without rehearsal, memory fades 100 Percentage 90 who recalled 80 consonants 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 Time in seconds between presentation of consonants and recall request (no rehearsal allowed) 25 Working Memory Store What happens if you need to remember more than 7 +/- 2 items? To demonstrate, memorize the following 16 digit number (presented one digit at a time): 1492181219982001 26 Chunking Grouping small bits of information into larger units of information expands working memory load Which is easier to remember? 4 8 3 7 9 2 5 1 6 483 792 516 27 Working Memory Model Baddeley (1992) 3 interacting components Visuospatial Sketch Pad Central Executive Phonological Loop 28 Working Memory Model Visuospatial sketch pad - holds visual and spatial info Phonological loop - holds verbal information Central executive - coordinates all activities of working memory; brings new information into working memory from sensory and long-term memory Visuospatial Sketch Pad Central Executive Phonological Loop 29 Long-Term Memory Store Once information passes from sensory to working memory, it can be encoded into long-term memory Maintenance Rehearsal Sensory Input Encoding Sensory Memory Attention Long-term Working or memory Short-term Memory Retrieval 30 Long-Term Memory Store Function - organizes and stores information more passive form of storage than working memory Unlimited capacity Duration - thought by some to be permanent Maintenance Rehearsal Sensory Input Encoding Sensory Memory Attention Long-term Working or memory Short-term Memory Retrieval 31 Long-Term Memory Store Encoding - process that controls movement from working to long-term memory store Retrieval - process that controls flow of information from long-term to working memory store Maintenance Rehearsal Sensory Input Encoding Sensory Memory Attention Long-term Working or memory Short-term Memory Retrieval 32 Summary Modal model of memory three memory stores (sensory, working and long-term memory) control processes (attention, maintenance rehearsal, encoding and retrieval) govern movement of information within and between stores 33