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A NCIENT EGYPT BY DEVIN T., MERA C., CHRIS L. UNIFIC A 3100 B.C. TION OF EGYPT King Menes unites Upper and Lower Egypt Egypt's first capital was created at Memphis The Nile was used as a highway that connected Upper and Lower Egypt 2686-2181 B.C. THE OLD KINGDOM Pharaohs ruled by bureaucracy Pharaohs held absolute power, and were key roles in religion and government Great pyramids were built The Old Kingdom fell due to power and crop struggles and the cost of building the pyramids 2040-1786 B.C. THE MIDDLE KINGDOM The Nile didn't flood as usual Rebellion and corruption was common Strong rulers created a drainage project that opened more farmable land The regional aristocrats lost their power to the central states Invading people called the Hykos took over Egyptian government. However, both sides got along. Egyptians learned how to use horse-drawn chariots, and the Hykos adopted Egyptian customs 1570-1090 B.C. THE NEW KINGDOM Powerful pharaohs created a new, stronger empire that grew from Syria all the way down to the Euphrates River This expansion allowed more contact with people such as southwestern Asia and Africa Many noticeable figures appeared during this age, such as the first female pharaoh, Hatshepsut, and Ramses II Egypt conquered Nubia, their southern rival 1100 B.C. EGYPT F A DES Many invasions and a constant power struggle for the Nile region led to Egypt's slow loss of power SOCI A L HIER This triangle at the right illustrates the Social Hierarchy of Ancient Egypt with pharaoh being the the top of society and peasants being the bottom of society. As trade and warfare increased during the New Kingdom social classes become more fluid which represented change to the social structure. Foreign conquests brought riches to Ancient Egypt, which in turn meant more business for artisans thus reforming that level of society. Ancient Egyptian women had higher status and greater independence than women elsewhere in the ancient world. Most people in Ancient Egypt were peasants or farmers. Many people were also slaves. The bottom part of society was also the largest part of society. A RCHY A DV A NCES IN KNOWLEDGE This Ancient Egyptian Pyramid layout illustrates how Ancient Egypt made many advances in knowledge and more specifically how advanced Ancient Egypt was in art. Ancient Egyptian medicine was very advanced for its time. It included simple non-invasive surgery, knowledge of the human anatomy, and even some appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Ancient Egyptians made advances in writing as they developed their own form of writing and created papyrus to write on. Ancient Egyptians made advances in time telling as they developed the first 12 month calendar. Obelisks were a prominent part of Ancient Egyptian architecture.Obelisks were placed in pairs in the front of important buildings, various monuments, such as temples. Geographic Influences on civilization most Egyptians were peasant farmers Without the Nile river, Egypt would be complete desert desert around Egypt protected them from invasions farmers grew wheat and flax from the fertile soil near the Nile controlling the Nile's floods taught the people cooperation skills The Great pyramids each pyramid took around 2030 years to build construction workers, carpenters, water carriers and potters all worked on the pyramids they were mostly made of limestone and granite the pharaoh Khufu built the first and largest pyramid in Giza RELIGION & When an Egyptian died, their body would be mummified. The process was long and was originally only done by the upper class. The first step was the removal of the internal organs, which were removed from a small cut made in the left side of the stomach. The heart would be put back in because it was believed to be the center of a person’s intelligence and self. After preserving and separating the organs into different jars, the body would be dried and treated to withstand decay. Then the body would be wrapped with 100 yards of linen and buried along with their internal organs and belongings. When a body was buried, there were a lot of religious processes needed to be done. Egyptians saw Afterlife as life on Earth, so the mummy was often buried with belongings and other essential materials that would be needed forever. During the funeral, magical rites would be performed. The Egyptians’ belief in their mythology truly powered their religion. The very idea of preserving the body was the belief that without it, the person’s soul would become lost. A FTERLIFE The Egyptians believed that each soul would travel across the lake of fire in the underworld to be judged by the god Osiris. They would be tested against the feather of truth; if they were deemed worthy, they would spend eternity in the Happy Fields of Flood. If they sinned too much though, their heart was eaten by Ammit the Devourer. While there were many gods and goddesses in Egypt, the main god was the Sun God, Ra. The pharaohs were seen to receive their right to rule from Ra. The story of Osiris and Isis was more emotional and more Egyptians felt connected to it; Osiris once ruled Egypt until his jealous brother Set killed him and cast pieces of him across the Nile. Isis retrieved all the pieces and resurrected him. But because Osiris was partially dead, he could no longer rule the living and became the god of death. Osiris was also important because he was also seen as the god of the Nile and made the annual flood.