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SPRING 2014 Inside Our International Services team run many behind-the-scenes humanitarian projects that change the lives of people in developing countries. MORE INSIDE! Do something special. Give blood. Call 13 14 95 or visit donateblood.com.au Contents Front cover Did you know we have an international team? 3 Blood Service celebrates a successful NBDW 4 Students thanked for saving lives 5 A, B, Oh 6 Did you know we have an international team? 7 Club Red leaderboard 8 Gift of life for thousands of Aussie babies 9 Alison’s story 10 Recessive and dominant blood types – what blood type will my baby inherit? 11 A letter of thanks 12 Crossword and Sudoku Tell us what you think We’d love to know what you think of Life magazine. Send your feedback, ideas and suggestions to: [email protected] 2 Lauren Small and father, Brad, in front of her portrait on the wall of the new Strathpine Donor Centre. QLD Strathpine has a new donor centre Three-year-old Lauren Small, who underwent two heart surgeries in her first few weeks of life and received countless blood transfusions, was the guest of honour when Queensland’s new Strathpine Donor Centre opened on 17 July. The centre features open plan modern facilities, a welcoming reception and refreshment area, more donor chairs and interview rooms, as well as plenty of free parking. The state-of-the-art $1.5 million facility in Brisbane’s northern suburbs is across the road from the former premises, which had been operating for 19 years. The centre collects whole blood and plasma and will also have the capacity to collect platelets in the future. The new, larger centre has been built to accommodate the future growth in demand for blood and blood products to ensure patients who need life-saving transfusions will receive them. It is equipped to take more than 10,000 blood and plasma donations over the next 12 months. SPRING 2014 400 for Philip Philip has incorporated giving blood into his regular routine. Unley man, Philip Smith, was one of five South Australians recognised in 2014 for rolling up his sleeves more than 400 times. Every fortnight, like clockwork, Philip meets a friend at the Marion Blood Donor Centre where they donate plasma together, have a good chat and enjoy some post donation snacks. Over the past 42 years he has donated blood 406 times – enough blood to fill a bathtub! “So many different people rely on blood,” Philip said. “You never know, you may even need it yourself one day.” SA/NT Philip, together with 400 other milestone donors and special guests, attended the South Australia’s National Blood Donor Week donor recognition ceremony where they were recognised for their amazing, life-saving contributions. Philip’s donations alone have saved more than 1,200 lives. The Blood Service and, importantly, the patients needing blood are eternally grateful. Philip and Penny at the Marion Blood Donor Centre. Blood Service celebrates a successful NBDW Thank you for helping us to celebrate National Blood Donor Week (NBDW). Over the week from 27 July to 2 August, we were delighted to recognise nearly 2,400 donors at 43 ceremonies across Australia to celebrate and thank our milestone, bone marrow and Anti-D donors who have made an amazing difference in the lives of so many Australians. In total, we welcomed over 4,000 attendees. In Brisbane, Olympic gold medallist and swimming champion, Libby Trickett, was on hand to personally thank our donors while attendees in Adelaide were delighted to catch a glimpse of the redeveloped Adelaide Oval. At the Regent Theatre in Melbourne, a school girls’ choir entertained the guests, and in New South Wales, donors visiting Dolphin Marine Magic at the Coffs Harbour holiday park were treated to a kiss by Abby the seal! Each and every day we see the true Australian heroes that give up their time to visit our donor centres and NBDW is such an important week for us as we get the opportunity to publicly demonstrate our sincere appreciation. It’s a time when we can show how important every single donation is to us, and to recognise those donors have gone above and beyond, on behalf of the Australian patients that receive these life-saving gifts. To all of our donors, thank you once again - you’re such amazing people. Olympic gold medallist, Libby Trickett, with donor, Andrew Georgiou, who was celebrating his incredible 500th donation at Brisbane’s National Blood Donor Week celebration. 3 Funniest thing overheard at a donor centre Kim Gaetjens Donor: I hate needles. I always look away and close my eyes. Phlebologist: So do I. Damien Bowden Two guys were competing as to who could fill the blood bag in the least amount of time. Guy one: Yes! I filled up the donor bag first! Beat you by 52 seconds! Nurse: That isn’t necessarily a good thing. If you were both stabbed in an alley way, you would bleed out and die before your friend. Pamela Moore I took a guy to give blood on a third date. The nurse said, “This is where she brings all her dates - she’s actually a vampire.” Mitch Yarwood The nurse comes over and asks, “Are you feeling ok?” to which I whisper, “I see dead people.” Face was priceless. At least she remembers me now haha. John Law Had a blood bank female nurse ask me yesterday, after having difficulty getting a steady blood flow, “Do you have another vein?” I replied, “I hope so. Is that a trick question?” Ben N Amanda McClatchie When I was giving plasma, my eight-year-old asked (very loudly), “Dad, how are you peeing in that bag?” (the colour is actually very similar) - I assured him that I couldn’t pee out of my elbow, and that it was, in fact, plasma. Craig Hensley When they ask, “Which arm?” I have been known to reply, “Yours!” Sue Hancock Quote from a nurse, with a smile: “I am a nurse, I will take care of you, I will wipe your bum if necessary but I won’t retrieve your phone from your bra.” In the context of the one armed me just about to have the needle inserted, and remembering that I still have my phone in my bra. Priceless! Banking on a change after nearly 20 years After nearly 20 years with the Blood Service, Horsham Donor Centre Manager, Jill Cooper has collected blood for the last time. Speaking about her decision to move on, Ms Cooper explained it was time for a change after two decades at the centre. “I’m really looking forward to embarking on the next stage of my career,” Jill said. “I’m not sure what that’s going to entail, however, the first thing I plan on doing, and what I’m looking forward to the most, is spending plenty of time with my adorable grandchildren and also indulging in some travel! “Thanks to all the great staff for your professionalism, enthusiasm and support over the years – you have made it a pleasure to come to work each week. “And finally, thank you to all the wonderful 4 NSW/ACT Brontë Amos “I could seriously go a two minute noodle sandwich right now,” said by a pregnant Red Cross employee. Simon Schlegel “Wow, your vein is so large we could drive a truck through it.” Two weeks later with a different nurse, “Wow, there is so much scar tissue here I am going to have to really drive this sucker home.” Got a story or something to say? Follow us on social media by liking us on Facebook and following us on Twitter and Instagram. /redcrossbloodau /redcrossbloodau @redcrossbloodau VIC/TAS donors who have supported the Blood Service during this time.” Speaking about Ms Cooper’s resignation, the Blood Service’s Donor Services Manager, Maureen Bower, said the organisation was sad to see her go. “I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge and thank Jill on behalf of the Blood Service and our blood donors for all her hard work over the last 20 years,” Maureen said. “During her time at the Horsham Donor Centre, Jill played a pivotal role in recruiting and developing the Horsham team, which successfully saw the introduction of apheresis plasma collection to the centre in 2013. “Jill’s excited about her next adventure and while all of us here at the Blood Service are sad to see her go, we wish her all the best.” Jill Cooper has left the Blood Service after 20 years of service at the Horsham Donor Centre. SPRING 2014 A, B,Oh? The complexity of your blood type goes much further than just being an A, B, AB or an O. In Australia we have eight primary blood groups: A positive, A negative, B positive, B negative, AB positive, AB negative, O positive and O negative. There are rare and common types and their prevalence varies in populations across the world. Blood types explained The ABO typing system was first discovered by Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner in the 1900s. Type C was later re-named type O, from the German immune system will attack the foreign cells word ‘Ohne,’ which means ‘without’ or ‘zero,’ and they could have a severe, even fatal reaction. because this was the type without any antigens. This is why blood typing is so important. By mixing blood cells together he found that certain blood types clumped together and reacted and Forty years later the Rhesus (Rh) factor – the others did not. presence of the D antigen – was discovered. People with the D antigen have Rh positive blood These different types are essentially red cells with and those without have Rh negative blood. different markers on their surface – originally known as types A, B, and C. A and B refer to Our bodies are designed to protect ourselves from different sugars (antigens) on the surface of the red foreign antigens. This means if a patient has blood cells. C cells didn’t have either sugar. type A and is given blood type B, their body’s Blood types in Australia Here in Australia, O and A are the most common blood types at 49 and 38 per cent respectively. B is less common at 10 per cent and just 3 per cent of Australians have AB blood. • Type AB is the rarest blood type, found in 10 per cent of the population in Japan, Korea and China but rarer in other regions. O A B B B AB English According to findings by the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (Dean, L 2005): • Type B is rare in Europe and accounts for around 10 per cent of their population. It is common in Asia and around 25 per cent of the Chinese population have type B blood, and A O Worldwide • Type A is most common in Central and Eastern Europe. Nearly half the population in Denmark, Norway and Austria have this blood type O negative blood has none of the three antigens meaning this blood can be transfused to anyone, however, O negative people can only receive O negative blood. A O Interestingly, the prevalence of these types varies across the globe. • Type O is the most common in populations around the world, including the USA and Western Europe. Among indigenous populations of Central and South America the prevalence of O approaches 100 per cent. It is also very high among Indigenous Australians People with AB positive blood have every antigen: A, B and Rh and can therefore receive any type of blood. AB AB SE Asians (Laos) A A Indians O O A B O AB Africans (Zimbabwe) Native Americans B Australian Aborigines * Sourced from blood.co.uk/about-blood/blood-around-the-world The majority of the worldwide population (including 83 per cent of the Australian population) have Rh positive blood and it’s more common in some populations. Among Native Americans and Indigenous Australians it’s believed it could be as high as 99 to 100 per cent. The variation in blood types between countries is due to evolution. As Australia’s population evolves it’s important our panel of blood donors also diversifies to reflect the blood types of our multicultural population. The need for blood does not discriminate and we need blood of all types and ethnicities to save lives of all patients, no matter where you were born, where you are from or where you live. SA/NT 5 Did you know we have an international team? Everyone knows the Blood Service is here to collect blood. But how much do they know about what happens behind the scenes at the Blood Service? The Blood Service employs 3,800 people across Australia, many of whom don’t work in donor centres or laboratories. So what do the staff who don’t work directly with blood do from day to day? There is one small but talented team in Western Australia who is dedicated to working with blood services from around the globe. Our International Services team plays a key role in supporting three international networks of blood services – the Alliance of Blood Operators, the Asia Pacific Blood Network and the Global Advisory Panel. These networks facilitate information sharing, benchmarking and identification of best practices, with the view to enable member blood services and improve the way they work. By participating in international networks, the Blood Service learns about new blood processes and technologies being developed around the world and applies these ideas to its own activities, where strategically and operationally beneficial. In addition to providing the secretariat for all three of these networks, the International Services team provides an important link between the Blood Service and other blood operators to facilitate these activities. But that’s not all the International Services team does. They also run many behind-the-scenes humanitarian projects that change the lives of people in developing countries. One such program is the Cambodia Blood Safety Project, which aims to improve the safety and sufficiency of the blood supply for patients in 6 Cambodia through initiatives such as increasing the number of voluntary blood donors (the safest type of blood donor), and improving the safety of blood supply by preventing the spread of lifethreatening, blood transmissible diseases like HIV. Australia is fortunate to be one of only 60 countries in the world whose donated blood is 100 per cent voluntary. Before our team started working with Cambodia in 2011, less than 28 per cent of their donated blood was given voluntarily. They relied heavily on paid donations and family members donating to replace the blood a loved one has used. At the end of 2013, voluntary donations in Cambodia reached 35 per cent. The Cambodia National Blood Transfusion Service collected just 50,000 blood donations last year from a population of 15 million people. Comparatively, Australia collects 500,000 blood donations a year from a population of 23 million. NATIONAL To date, the team has: • Created new guidelines for the service to follow when collecting blood • Improved the safety of donated blood by assisting with donor screening processes and blood testing • Expanded the collection of blood to regional provinces • Trained over 100 doctors and nurses on how and when to give a patient a blood transfusion • Taught Cambodian staff how to promote blood donation to increase the number of voluntary donors, and • Most excitingly, produced the first batch of platelets and fresh frozen plasma in regional centre, Kampong Cham, extending the quality of care to the provinces. Of those 50,000 blood donations collected last year in Cambodia, 8.41 per cent tested positive for a transfusion transmissible infection. This includes HIV, hepatitis and syphilis. In 2014, that number There is still plenty of work to be done in 2014, but had dropped to 6.91 per cent and continues with the help from the Blood Service’s International to decline. Services team and its consultants, the old days of Plasma and platelets were almost unheard of blood donation in Cambodia are a thing of the past. - without the skill or the means to produce the products, the primary focus was on whole blood collections. Since the project started, our team and expert Blood Service consultants have been working on the ground in Cambodia, helping to improve their national blood service. Linda Nicolo from the Blood Service with Cambodian scientists after producing platelets. SPRING 2014 2014 National Corporate Blood Challenge leader board* CLUB RED Well done to the top groups on the leader board. To find out how your group is going or to find out more about our Club Red program visit donateblood.com/clubred *Results as at 24 September 2014. Category Small Medium Large Highest number donations Company Essential Energy Department of Immigration and Border Protection (AUS) Australian Taxation Office (ATO) Highest percentage of employee participation Donations 825 584 Lives saved 2,475 1,752 Company Percentage Water Corporation 25% Bendigo and Adelaide Bank 11% Lives saved 1,512 2,109 2,582 7,746 Australian Taxation Office (ATO) 7,746 10% Victoria takes the challenge Local donors are making their donations count even more by taking part in exciting blood challenges. “One-in-three Australians will need blood at some time in their lives,” Mr Wells said. From Emergency Service workers to dental students, donors from a range of organisations are taking part in these exciting initiatives, which aim to get more donors involved in saving lives. “Best of luck to all the emergency services agencies, and of course the real winners are the many Victorians who will benefit from these life-saving donations. Giving blood only takes around an hour of your time and donors can give at donor centres across Melbourne and in regional areas.” The Emergency Services challenge had support from the top with Minister for Police and Emergency Services and Bushfire Response, Kim Wells, rolling up his sleeves as part of the challenge. The Emergency Services challenge ran throughout June and July and encouraged emergency services personnel from Victoria Police, MFB, CFA and SES to donate blood. Mr Wells commended Victoria’s Emergency Service personnel for taking part. “Our emergency services personnel are already in the business of saving lives on a daily basis,” Mr Wells said. “I hope everyone taking part in the challenge will inspire and encourage others to donate blood to ensure supply can meet demand.” Mr Wells said the Blood Service provided lifesaving blood and blood products to patients in hospitals all around the nation. Mr Wells said with many centres open early in the morning and on the weekends there’s no shortage of opportunities to make a contribution. “In addition to helping vulnerable Victorians injured in road trauma accidents or those needing blood during surgery, donated blood helps treat people with cancer, premature babies, and pregnant women,” Mr Wells said. The Challenge which ran from 28 April to 30 May saw dental students from across the country compete to see who could donate the most blood. Latrobe University Bendigo coordinator, Sarah Muller, was thrilled with the result. “It has been amazing to find such enthusiasm within the student body, to donate for a great cause,” she said. “There has even been talk of a regular blood donation study group starting up! “All of the first-time donors loved the experience and will definitely be back.” VIC/TAS “Plasma is used to treat burns, liver and kidney diseases and is also used to make immunoglobulin products to treat patients with antibody deficiencies and other immune system disorders. “It really is the gift of life,” Mr Wells said. In other challenge news, Latrobe University has taken out top place in the Australian Dental Students’ Association (ADSA) Blood Challenge. Minister Wells rolls up his sleeves 7 Gift of life for thousands of Aussie babies Two remarkable Australian blood donors have made their 800th donation together at Martin Place Donor Centre. nsw/act Thousands of Aussie mums have a little bit of Rob Allaburton and Don Mills’ blood flowing through their veins, and hundreds of babies are alive thanks to their generous donations. Rob and Don’s blood contains rare antibodies used to make life-saving injections for mothers whose blood is at risk of attacking their unborn baby. They are part of a select group of 200 donors who are on the Blood Service’s Anti-D program. Rob and Don started donating blood in 1968 and were recruited to the RH Project - a medical breakthrough to prevent the often fatal haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). The disease results from an incompatibility between a mother and her baby’s blood, and prior to the Anti-D, the disease was killing hundreds of Australian babies every year. VIC/TAS Rob and Don have saved hundreds of babies’ lives through donating blood. Donor couple saves thousands Graham and Glenda Goddard have ‘saving lives’ running though their veins. Through 30 years of work as an Ambulance Rescue Officer, Graham has seen the importance of blood first-hand. “I saw blood save lives every day. I was already a donor but it strengthened my resolve,” he said. “It’s not just used in emergency situations. You also see blood help people who are anaemic, surgical patients and people undergoing chemotherapy.” Graham Goddard celebrating his 500th donation. 8 Graham and Glenda have been married for 41 years and have been donating together, as often as every fortnight, throughout their long union. Glenda also has a personal reason for rolling up her sleeves. In 1973 she was involved in a serious car accident and required life-saving blood. As a way of saying thanks, Glenda has now rolled up her sleeves 415 times and has volunteered at the Blood Service helping in refreshments. “Every one that can donate, should,” she said. Graham recently celebrated his 500th donation at the Launceston Donor Centre. He and Glenda have together donated enough blood to help save 2,745 lives. SPRING 2014 Alison’s story My name is Alison and I’m from Eudunda in the Barossa Valley. I’m sharing my story with you, a blood donor, to let you know just how much your donation means. I was having a great pregnancy and everything was going well. My only complaint was that my baby, little Jimmy, seemed to have his foot stuck under my rib cage, making it a little uncomfortable. On the Friday night five weeks before I was due to have our first child, my husband Ben took me to the Kapunda Hospital with severe pains in the right side of my chest. While at hospital I felt a ‘pop’ in my rib cage and I felt immediate relief. I apologised to the doctors for calling them in late on a Friday night. Luckily they kept me in overnight. My body shut down my blood supply to all parts of my body excluding my heart and brain. My precious baby boy little Jimmy was not getting any blood supply and gave his life to save mine. After receiving two units of blood at Kapunda I was air-lifted to Adelaide and immediately rushed to emergency surgery. I had lost a lot of blood. In total I received more than 20 units. As a child I grew up watching my parents donate blood when the blood bank bus visited our rural community. As soon as I was old enough, I was keen to donate as well. I have donated in the past and have felt wonderful knowing that I did something so little to help others. Little did I know that one day so many others would return the favour. I continue to recover from my surgery and miss my precious boy It turns out when I felt ‘the pop’ it was actually my liver rupturing. little Jimmy Bryan Schutz but feel truly blessed to be alive. Later I was told that I suffered from severe pre-eclampsia and Thank you for donating blood. HELLP syndrome. It’s highly unusual that I had no symptoms previously and it’s extremely rare for a liver to burst. -Alison Schutz SA/NT Alison and her husband Ben. 9 qld There is a dominant blood type, which works in a similar way to dominant genes for eye colour. Recessive and dominant blood types What blood type will my baby inherit? Many people would remember reading about recessive and dominant genes, perhaps from high school biology class. The genes for blue eyes are recessive and the genes for brown eyes are dominant, which is why two brown-eyed parents are more likely to have a brown-eyed child than a blue-eyed child, although the latter is still a possibility. a blood type which is made up of at least two contributions. The ABO gene is responsible for the A, B, O and AB blood group, and the Rh(D) gene is responsible for the positive or negative factor. The Rh(D) factor is the name given to a blood group protein, Rh(D), which is found on red blood cells. Some people have this protein on their red blood cells and others do not. This brings up an interesting question. Is there such a thing as a dominant blood type or a recessive blood type? The answer is yes, and the way it works is similar to the way dominant and recessive genes for eye colour works – it’s just a little more complicated. Each person has So how do babies inherit their blood type from their mothers and fathers? Blood Service Head of Transfusion Sciences, Professor Robert Flower, explained that “both group O and Rh (D) negative are recessive and all other types are codominant”. This means that recessive traits can Genes AA Blood Type A AO A AB BO AB B BB B OO O Considering that both A and B type are dominant over O, the mother in the above example is an A blood type but is a carrier for O (she is AO). The father has an O blood type with two copies of the O gene (OO). The father will always pass an O to his child (100 per cent probability or 1.0 in decimals) but the mother will pass an A half the time (50 per cent or 0.5) and an O the other half of the time (50 per cent or 0.5). The O Negative baby got an O from both mum and dad (OO), and 10 is therefore an O blood type. To work out the chances of this happening, multiply 1.0x0.5 = 0.5 or 50 per cent In terms of the Rh(D) gene, positive is dominant over negative so these are the possible genes and their blood types: Genes Blood Type +/+ Positive +/-/Positive Negative Both mother and father have positive blood types but carry a hidden negative version of the gene. Each parent has a 50 per cent (0.5) chance of be carried in your DNA without your knowledge while dominant traits are expressed. Considering this, is it possible, for instance, for a baby to have O negative blood if the father has O positive blood and the mother has A positive blood? The answer is yes – if the mother is a carrier for blood type O and the father is an Rh(D) negative carrier. In this example, the chance of having a baby with an O negative blood type is one in eight, as shown below. The ABO gene comes in three versions (A,B and 0) and we have two copies of the ABO gene. This means there are six genetic combinations which result in the following blood types: passing a negative version of the gene down to the baby, who ends up with Rh(D) negative blood type. The chances of that happening can be worked out by multiplying 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.25 or 25 per cent To work out how likely it is for the mother and father to have a baby with an O Negative blood type, simply multiply the chances for an O by the chances for a negative (0.5x0.25 = 0.125 or 12.5 per cent or a one in eight chance). Example summarised from: genetics.thetech.org/ ask-a-geneticist/parent-o-parents-o-child SPRING 2014 A letter of thanks The incredible work of the Transplantation Services team has been praised by the mother of a young man who recently underwent his second kidney transplant. In a letter addressed to the team, the mother acknowledged the many hours spent behind the scenes to identify antibody levels and potential cross-matches. The 17-year-old boy, who faces several other health challenges, had already undergone a kidney transplant a number of years earlier. His kidney was no longer responding and he was undergoing dialysis while he waited for a compatible match. “The boy had been on the waiting list for quite some time as his body had made a lot of antibodies following his first kidney transplant. These antibodies made it very difficult for another donor to be compatible,” explains Rhonda Holdsworth, National Laboratory Manager, Transplantation Services. WA Lexi Margaritis with her parents, Angelo and Rachel, and WA Senator, Linda Reynolds, open the new Fremantle Blood Donor Centre. New donor centre for WA donors A suitable kidney was finally found through the Australian Paired Kidney Exchange, an initiative coordinated by the Transplantation Services team in the Blood Service to increase the options for living kidney donation. Over 11,000 donations will be collected and up to 33,000 lives will be saved every year with the blood donated at Western Australia’s (WA) newest blood donor centre in Fremantle. “Thanks to the work done in our labs and the paired kidney exchange program a match was found and the boy was finally able to undergo surgery. Without their work the transplant would not have been possible,” said Rhonda. The new $2 million centre was officially opened by Western Australia’s (WA) new Senator, Linda Reynolds, and a Perth blood recipient, six-year-old Lexi Margaritis in a special opening ceremony in August. National Lexi, who received 30 transfusions of blood products during treatment for a rare blood disorder as a six-month-old, is one of the faces of the brand new centre. A giant-sized photo of her playing in the sand at Perth’s famous Cottesloe Beach covers the front window and welcomes donors as they arrive for their blood donation. Formally located within hospital grounds at Fremantle Hospital, the new Fremantle Blood Donor Centre has relocated five minutes away to 47 Douro Road in South Fremantle. WA Blood Service Manager, Craig Rutherford said with a steady increase of donors and the recent expansion to start collecting platelet donations, Fremantle had outgrown its old centre. “Our new facility is twice the size of our old centre, and boasts larger donation and refreshment areas to make our donors’ blood donation experience more enjoyable. It also has the capacity to expand further as demand for blood products continues to grow,” he said. “We are still within the heart of the City of Fremantle, and at our new location there are plenty of shops and food outlets nearby, and free parking is readily available for all of our donors. “To make donating even easier for donors, our new donor centre has extended its opening hours to include more late night and Sunday appointments.” The Blood Services Transplantation Services team and the paired kidney exchange program found a kidney match to save this young boys life. Mr Rutherford thanked Fremantle Hospital for their support and hospitality throughout the many decades the donor centre had been there. 11 1 Crossword ACROSS 3 7 4 5 6 8 DOWN 1. Fatherly 1. Stabs with needle 5. Inkling 2. Knowledge tests 7. Early Peruvian 3. ... & crannies 8. Public addresses 4. Accountable 9. US wheat state 5. Local sayings 12. Spotty disease 2 9 10 11 12 13 14 6. Valuable qualities 15. Connected by blood 10. ... & void 19. Unique model (3-3) 11. Lie adjacent to 21. Japanese suicide (4-4) 12. Gooey soil 22. Hot drink dispensers 13. Similar 23. Leer 14. Luxury hire car 24. Eradicate (5,3) 15. All right 15 16 17 18 19 20 16. Make fizzy 17. Swirls 18. Compensate for 21 22 19. Spirit contact board 20. Furnish with supplies 23 24 Sudoku Fill the grid so every column, every row and every 3x3 box contains the numbers 1 to 9 Solutions O G L T A R A R G E I R E S K A L A N C A X R E P T R D T B S I A E A M P O U J D U M A K L N T E U C I S T Q E O O N I U A L K O R O A I A L I S L E I E O N D I S T O T F O M B S F F M K M E R N U R N I T E U D S I S S D E A To purchase more puzzles visit our website www.lovattspuzzles.com 12 H E © Lovatts Publications Pty Ltd