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Transcript
Biodiversity
Biodiversity
●
●
●
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Contracted form of
“biological diversity”
Best defined as “the
variety of all living things”
Qualified by physical
appearance, genetic
similarities, and habitats
Quantified by taxonomy
classifications
Bacteria, Protozoans (Protists), & Fungi
Bacteria
●
Prokaryotic cells
–
●
Lack organelles
surrounded by a
membrane
Found everywhere
–
Air
–
Water
–
Soil
–
In & on other living things
Bacteria
●
●
Cell Shapes
–
Bacillus (rod-shaped)
–
Coccus (sphericalshaped)
–
Spirillum (spiralshaped)
Cell Size
–
Measured in
micrometers
Bacteria
●
●
Internal Cell Structures
–
DNA (nucleiod region)
–
Ribosomes (protein factories)
–
Cytoplasm
External Cell Structures
–
Cell wall (protection)
–
Capsule (protection/nutrient
source)
–
Pili (reproduction)
–
Flagella (movement)
Bacteria
●
Reproduction
–
Asexual
●
Binary fission
–
●
One cell divides into
two cells
Spore formation
–
“DNA” vault formed to
allow the cells to
survive environmental
hardships
Bacteria
●
Reproduction
–
Sexual
●
Conjugation
–
●
Transformation
–
●
Transfer of genes between
living cells using the pili
Uptake of free DNA (from
dead bacterial cells)
Transduction
–
Transfer of genes from one
living bacteria to another
using a virus as the “middle
man”
Bacteria
●
●
Metabolism
–
Fermentation (anaerobic
respiration)
–
Aerobic respiration
–
Fermentation
–
Photosynthesis
Ecological Importance
–
Cycling nutrients
–
Decomposing
–
Beneficial/Harmful growth in
and on other living things
Protozoans (Protists)
●
Eukaryotic Cells
–
●
●
Contain organelles
surrounded by
membranes
Found mostly in
watery environments
Neither bacteria,
fungi, plants, nor
animals
Protozoans (Protists)
●
Amoebas
–
“The Blob”
–
Move by pseudopods
–
Nutrients acquired by
phagocytosis
Protozoans (Protists)
●
Flagellated Protozoans
–
Move by flagella
–
Euglena
●
●
Nutrients acquired by
photosynthesis
“Red spot”
–
●
Photoreceptor that guides
the cell to light
Reproduces by
longitudinal binary
fission
Protozoans (Protists)
●
Ciliated Protozoans
–
Move by cilia
–
Paramecium
●
Pellicle
–
●
Chitin-like protein to stiffen
the cell membrane so as to
resist swelling from diffusion
of water into the cell
Contractile vacuole
–
Organelle which pumps
excess water out of the cell
to help preserve cell integrity
Protozoans (Protists)
●
Sporazoans
–
Lack cilia, flagella and pseudopods
–
Apical complex of organelles at
anterior of the cell helps penetrate
the host
●
“Apicomplexans”
–
Sexual and asexual reproduction
seen
–
Many are parasitic
●
●
Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, and
Plasmodium are noted genera
Important in human diseases
–
–
Malaria
African sleeping sickness
Fungi
●
Eukaryotic cells
–
●
●
●
●
●
Cell organelles surrounded by a
membrane
Structurally plant-like; genetically
animal-like
Important decomposers
Often form symbiotic relationships
with other living things
Important pathogens (diseaseproducing) organisms
Commercially beneficial to
humans
General Characteristics of Fungi
●
Morphology
–
Hyphae
●
filamentous fungal cells
–
–
–
–
–
Mycelium
●
–
Septated
Non-septated
Cell walls contain chitin
Reproductive structures
develop from the hyphae to
produce spores
Mass of hyphae
Yeast
●
Single cell stage of most all
fungi
General Characteristics of Fungi
●
Mode of Nutrition
–
Chemoheterotrophs
●
●
–
Fungi produce
digestive enzymes
which act
extracellularly
Fungi then absorb the
digested foods to be
utilized internally
Fungi are therefore
decomposers
General Characteristics of Fungi
●
Growth Factors
–
Most are aerobic
–
Optimum temperature
●
●
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Most normally grow best @ 25
degrees C
Pathogens @ 37 degrees C
Some prefer colder
temperatures
–
Acidity requirement varies but
usually encourages growth
–
Mutualism
●
●
Benefits to fungus and its ‘partner’
Mycorrhizal fungi
–
–
Plant symbyotes
Nodules on soybean roots
General Characteristics of Fungi
●
Reproduction
–
Asexual
●
Spore formation
–
●
Fragmentation
–
●
Exospores formed on
special reproductive
bodies outside the
hyphae
Parts of the hyphae break
off the filament and
germinate into new
hyphae
Budding
–
Occurs in yeasts
General Characteristics of Fungi
●
Reproduction
–
Sexual
●
Heterokaryon formation
–
●
●
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Nuclei of different ‘mating types’ combine into a diploid cell (heterokaryon)
Diploid cell divides by meiosis to the haploid state
Spores form from the haploid cells
Advantages
●
Different genetic combinations allow for possible improved survivability
Fungi Classification
Zygomycota (Zygomycetes)
●
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Terrestrial fungi
Decompose plants and
animals
Non-septated hyphae
Zygospores produced
by sporangia, bulbous
asexual reproductive
structures
Rhizopus, the black
bread mold
Ascomycota (Ascomycetes)
●
Terrestrial fungi
●
Some symbiotic
–
●
●
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Lichens (fungus and algae)
Some plant pathogens
Molds, mildews, and
morels
Conidia (ascospores)
produced in the ascus
(“sac”)
“Sac Fungi”
Basidiomycota (Basidiomycetes)
●
●
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Terrestrial fungi
Mushrooms, bracket fungi,
puffballs, stinkhorms, smuts,
rusts
–
Some edible
–
Some very poisonous
Some Pathogens
–
●
●
Rust and smut plant diseases
Basidiospores produced on
the basidia of the basidiocarp
“Club Fungi”
Deuteromycota (Deuteromycetes)
●
●
“Imperfect fungi”
–
No sexual reproduction
has been observed
–
Sexual reproduction is
probable but hasn’t yet
been observed
Human pathogenic fungi
–
Candida albicans
●
–
Candidiasis (“thrush”)
Dermatophytosis (Fungal
infections of the skin)
Deuteromycota (Deuteromycetes)
●
Human pathogenic
fungi
–
Dermatophytosis
(Fungal infections of
the skin)
●
●
Tinea pedis
Onychomycosis
Deuteromycota (Deuteromycetes)
●
●
Fungal infections in any part of the
body
Aspergillosis (Aspergillus sp.)
–
‘Fungal ball’ of mycelium in the lungs
–
Otomycosis “ear fungus”
–
Some produce mycotoxins
–
Aflatoxins
●
●
●
induces cancer especially in the liver.
Ergot
–
Fungi that commonly grow on rye
–
Produce alkaloids which cause ergotism if
ingested
–
Consumption results in
numbness,psycosis, seizure, paralysis
–
Links to the Plague and Salem witch trials
LSD is a derivative of ergot