Download Biodiversity

Biodiversity
Biodiversity
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Contracted form of
“biological diversity”
Best defined as “the
variety of all living things”
Qualified by physical
appearance, genetic
similarities, and habitats
Quantified by taxonomy
classifications
Bacteria, Protozoans (Protists), & Fungi
Bacteria
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Prokaryotic cells
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Lack organelles
surrounded by a
membrane
Found everywhere
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Air
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Water
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Soil
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In & on other living things
Bacteria
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Cell Shapes
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Bacillus (rod-shaped)
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Coccus (sphericalshaped)
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Spirillum (spiralshaped)
Cell Size
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Measured in
micrometers
Bacteria
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Internal Cell Structures
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DNA (nucleiod region)
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Ribosomes (protein factories)
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Cytoplasm
External Cell Structures
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Cell wall (protection)
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Capsule (protection/nutrient
source)
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Pili (reproduction)
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Flagella (movement)
Bacteria
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Reproduction
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Asexual
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Binary fission
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One cell divides into
two cells
Spore formation
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“DNA” vault formed to
allow the cells to
survive environmental
hardships
Bacteria
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Reproduction
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Sexual
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Conjugation
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Transformation
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Transfer of genes between
living cells using the pili
Uptake of free DNA (from
dead bacterial cells)
Transduction
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Transfer of genes from one
living bacteria to another
using a virus as the “middle
man”
Bacteria
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Metabolism
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Fermentation (anaerobic
respiration)
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Aerobic respiration
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Fermentation
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Photosynthesis
Ecological Importance
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Cycling nutrients
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Decomposing
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Beneficial/Harmful growth in
and on other living things
Protozoans (Protists)
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Contain organelles
surrounded by
membranes
Found mostly in
watery environments
Neither bacteria,
fungi, plants, nor
animals
Protozoans (Protists)
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Amoebas
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“The Blob”
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Move by pseudopods
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Nutrients acquired by
phagocytosis
Protozoans (Protists)
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Flagellated Protozoans
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Move by flagella
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Euglena
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Nutrients acquired by
photosynthesis
“Red spot”
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Photoreceptor that guides
the cell to light
Reproduces by
longitudinal binary
fission
Protozoans (Protists)
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Ciliated Protozoans
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Move by cilia
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Paramecium
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Pellicle
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Chitin-like protein to stiffen
the cell membrane so as to
resist swelling from diffusion
of water into the cell
Contractile vacuole
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Organelle which pumps
excess water out of the cell
to help preserve cell integrity
Protozoans (Protists)
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Sporazoans
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Lack cilia, flagella and pseudopods
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Apical complex of organelles at
anterior of the cell helps penetrate
the host
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“Apicomplexans”
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Sexual and asexual reproduction
seen
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Many are parasitic
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Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, and
Plasmodium are noted genera
Important in human diseases
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Malaria
African sleeping sickness
Fungi
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Eukaryotic cells
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Cell organelles surrounded by a
membrane
Structurally plant-like; genetically
animal-like
Important decomposers
Often form symbiotic relationships
with other living things
Important pathogens (diseaseproducing) organisms
Commercially beneficial to
humans
General Characteristics of Fungi
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Morphology
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Hyphae
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filamentous fungal cells
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Mycelium
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Septated
Non-septated
Cell walls contain chitin
Reproductive structures
develop from the hyphae to
produce spores
Mass of hyphae
Yeast
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Single cell stage of most all
fungi
General Characteristics of Fungi
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Mode of Nutrition
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Chemoheterotrophs
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Fungi produce
digestive enzymes
which act
extracellularly
Fungi then absorb the
digested foods to be
utilized internally
Fungi are therefore
decomposers
General Characteristics of Fungi
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Growth Factors
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Most are aerobic
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Optimum temperature
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Most normally grow best @ 25
degrees C
Pathogens @ 37 degrees C
Some prefer colder
temperatures
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Acidity requirement varies but
usually encourages growth
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Mutualism
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Benefits to fungus and its ‘partner’
Mycorrhizal fungi
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Plant symbyotes
Nodules on soybean roots
General Characteristics of Fungi
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Reproduction
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Asexual
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Spore formation
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Fragmentation
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Exospores formed on
special reproductive
bodies outside the
hyphae
Parts of the hyphae break
off the filament and
germinate into new
hyphae
Budding
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Occurs in yeasts
General Characteristics of Fungi
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Reproduction
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Sexual
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Heterokaryon formation
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Nuclei of different ‘mating types’ combine into a diploid cell (heterokaryon)
Diploid cell divides by meiosis to the haploid state
Spores form from the haploid cells
Advantages
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Different genetic combinations allow for possible improved survivability
Fungi Classification
Zygomycota (Zygomycetes)
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Terrestrial fungi
Decompose plants and
animals
Non-septated hyphae
Zygospores produced
by sporangia, bulbous
asexual reproductive
structures
Rhizopus, the black
bread mold
Ascomycota (Ascomycetes)
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Terrestrial fungi
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Some symbiotic
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Lichens (fungus and algae)
Some plant pathogens
Molds, mildews, and
morels
Conidia (ascospores)
produced in the ascus
(“sac”)
“Sac Fungi”
Basidiomycota (Basidiomycetes)
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Terrestrial fungi
Mushrooms, bracket fungi,
puffballs, stinkhorms, smuts,
rusts
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Some edible
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Some very poisonous
Some Pathogens
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Rust and smut plant diseases
Basidiospores produced on
the basidia of the basidiocarp
“Club Fungi”
Deuteromycota (Deuteromycetes)
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“Imperfect fungi”
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No sexual reproduction
has been observed
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Sexual reproduction is
probable but hasn’t yet
been observed
Human pathogenic fungi
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Candida albicans
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Candidiasis (“thrush”)
Dermatophytosis (Fungal
infections of the skin)
Deuteromycota (Deuteromycetes)
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Human pathogenic
fungi
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Dermatophytosis
(Fungal infections of
the skin)
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Tinea pedis
Onychomycosis
Deuteromycota (Deuteromycetes)
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Fungal infections in any part of the
body
Aspergillosis (Aspergillus sp.)
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‘Fungal ball’ of mycelium in the lungs
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Otomycosis “ear fungus”
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Some produce mycotoxins
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Aflatoxins
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induces cancer especially in the liver.
Ergot
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Fungi that commonly grow on rye
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Produce alkaloids which cause ergotism if
ingested
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Consumption results in
numbness,psycosis, seizure, paralysis
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Links to the Plague and Salem witch trials
LSD is a derivative of ergot