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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN THE UNITED STATES • Concept of self-made man: individualism, Puritan influence (hard work, self-examination). Central concept in American culture. Establishment of a capitalistic economy. • Causes of the Industrial Revolution: - markets to consume production: growth of the population due to immigration. - Labour force produced by immigration: before 1840 most of the immigrants came from Germany, Ireland and England. They were either artisans or farmers with some material wealth. After 1840 most of the immigrants were poor because of famines in Ireland and crop failures in Germany. They formed a working class that worked in factories and the docks. - Improvement of existing transports and appearance of new ones: roads, steamboats, artificial canals linking the Midwest with the Atlantic ports. 1840s1850s: Introduction of the railway. • Industrial North vs. Agricultural South: South: Cotton production for the textile factories in England and the North-Eastern United States. The South relied upon Northern business for most of its manufactured goods. Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas and Texas: sugar cane and cotton Old South: wheat and corn. • Great plantations and slavery. Southern “aristocracy”. 1808: The Congress implemented the Constitutional prohibition of the slave trade. TRANSCENDENTALISM • A body of ideas derived partly from the philosophy of Kant, partly from Coleridge and Carlyle, and adhered to by a group of young Boston intellectuals. • Man is capable of aprehending the truth intuitively, without the intervention of established authority. • Escape from materialism into the realm of idealistic action. • Ralph Waldo Emerson: optimism and self-reliant individualism. WOMEN’S RIGHTS • Women considered simultaneously superior beings and helpless subordinates (Patriarchal myth of virgin and whore): They were uniformly denied social and political equality. • A married woman had no legal right to her own belongings or her own earnings, nor without her husband’s consent could she make a will or even assume guardianship over her own children. Married or not, a woman could neither hold office nor vote. • EDUCATION: limited. - 1820s: Emma Willard and Catherine E. Beecher established female academies and refuted the belief that girls could not master mathematics or philosophy without loss of health or femininity. - 1837: Mary Lyon founded the first American women’s college, Mount Holyoke. - Up to mid-century Oberlin College, founded on a coeducational basis in 1833, was the only institution of standing to admit women. • Women were active in reform: a majority of members of abolitionist and temperance societies, but they were denied prominent roles in such movements. • Rise of feminism: Ministers objected to the appearance of the Grimké sisters on abolitionist lecture platforms. Sarah Grimké responded with her Letter on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women (1838) • The denial of seats to American women attending the World Anti-Slavery Conference in London in 1840 had striking consequences: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott in 1848 summoned a convention of women at Seneca Falls, New York. • By 1860 about half the states had passed laws recognising married women’s property rights, but other social and political disabilities remained. THE FRONTIER • The frontier as a cultural concept: The Pioneers as “new Adams”. Boundless possibilities of national regeneration: Free from corrupting institutions, the vast spaces represented the land of innocence, where the American nation would fulfil its destiny. • MANIFEST DESTINY: American superiority. Nineteenth-century expansionists were proud of their Republican government and exalted the blessings of political liberty. By carrying these institutions across the continent, American expansion would broaden the foundations of liberty, extend the area of freedom and elevate those people who still lived under inferior forms of government. • THE MONROE DOCTRINE. Russia, Prussia, Austria and France had formed the “Holy Alliance” to suppress liberalism and uphold monarchy; 1821: Russian edict extending the boundary of Alaska southward into the Oregon country and claiming the west coast of North America as a possible field for Russian colonization. • 1794: Battle of Fallen Timbers (Northwest Territory). General Wayne destroyed a native coalition. • 1795: Treaty of Greenville. A boundary line separating the two people in Ohio State. • TECUMSEH and the Alliance of all the Mississippi Valley tribes. He died in 1813 in the Battle of the Thames. • CREEKS AND CHEROKEES. War against Britain, the Cherokees supported the American army against Great Britain and the Creeks. The Creeks surrendered most of their lands and went to live with the Seminoles in Spanish Florida. Florida became territory of the U.S.A. in 1819. The Cherokees of Georgia assimilated the Christian religion, adopted American agricultural techniques, imitated white styles of dress and struggled to maintain their lands. They even drafted a constitution and declared their independence. They were expelled from Georgia first and then from Tennessee west of the Mississippi River. • 1803: Louisiana became part of the U.S.A. 1820s: Americans were crossing into the Mexican province of Texas. The Mexican government tried to stop that immigration. Rebellion of the Americans and proclamation of an Independent Republic of Texas (1836). Texas entered the Union in 1845. MEXICAN WAR: 1846-48. Mexico was defeated. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: The United States obtained New Mexico, California and the Rio Grande area. POLITICS UP TO THE CIVIL WAR • • 1789: George Washington, President of the United States All national leaders acknowledged the importance of balancing liberty and authority, but they disagreed about where one ended and the other began: - ALEXANDER HAMILTON (Secretary of the Treasury): Property - THOMAS JEFFERSON (Secretary of State) and JAMES MADISON (Speaker of the House of Representatives): Liberty • HAMILTON wanted to give strength to the national government: Bank of • FRENCH REVOLUTION and War between France and Great Britain: the United States. Washington issued a Proclamation of Neutrality, but Hamilton backed Great Britain and Jefferson and Madison backed France because of the revolutionary spirit. • Washington endorsed JAY’S TREATY (commercial agreement between Great Britain and the U.S.). Hamilton organised support for the treaty in Congress and in the States (FEDERALIST PARTY). Jefferson and Madison opposed the treaty (DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICAN PARTY) • After 1814: Political reforms: Significant expansion of the suffrage in most states. ANDREW JACKSON and Populism (1828). Jackson identified his program with the will of the majority and depicted his opponents as exponents of aristocracy and privilege. • • WHIG PARTY: they shared a commitment to economic individualism. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH: 1830s: Abolitionism in the North vs. Slavery as a positive good in the South. Annexation of Texas, Mexican War and expansionist designs on Cuba perceived as an “aggressive slaveocracy”. • BALANCE OF POWER. The Senate was divided equally into free and slave constituencies: If California was admitted as a new free state the balance would break. COMPROMISE OF 1850. Disintegration of the Whig Party because of the confrontations North and South • 1854: Senator Stephen Douglas and the “popular sovereignty” in Kansas and Nebraska. Northern Democrats dissented. Creation of the REPUBLICAN PARTY (Former Whigs and Northern Democrats): Frontal opposition to the expansion of slavery. • 1860: ABRAHAM LINCOLN, a Republican, won the Presidency. The legislature of South Carolina summoned a special session to consider secession. Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana and Texas followed out of the Union. • February, 1861: The seven seceded States met in Montgomery, Alabama: THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA, Jefferson Davis as President. Their Constitution defended the sovereign and independent character of each State and guaranteed the preservation of slavery • April 12, 1861: The Confederate States decided the attack of FORT SUMTER in Charleston, South Carolina. Lincoln called for volunteers to end the rebellion. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina voted for secession. THE CIVIL WAR (1861-1865) • As the number of dead men increased and the Union army seemed incapable of achieving a decisive victory, the North started becoming dissatisfied with the war. • Lincoln wanted to preserve the Union. He approved the banishment to the South of leading Democrat politicians and was against the Peace societies that sprang up throughout the North. He opposed the radical Republicans who wanted the emancipation of all slaves owned by Missouri rebels. • Autumn 1862: Lincoln proclaimed his intention to free all the slaves in the areas of rebellion (the radical Republicans threatened with the creation of a third party). EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION. It did not touch slavery in the loyal border states and the federally controlled areas of the South. • THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT: Intended by Lincoln only for the Confederate States. The republican Congress endorsed it prohibiting slavery throughout the United States. The Amendment was ratified in December 1865. The Amendments passed between 1865 and 1870 proclaimed the former slave population as citizens of the U.S. • The defeat of the South: The Confederacy could not match the industrial superiority of the North and lacked a national commitment. The national commitment was present in the North. • April 9, 1865, Generals Ulysses S. Grant (North) and Robert E. Lee (South) declared the war over. Lincoln was assassinated by JOHN WILKES BOOTH in a theatre in Washington. He was buried in Springfield, Illinois.