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Twentieth Century Voices
Selected Readings in World history
Revised Edition
Edited by Michael G. Vann
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• Introduction
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Twentieth Century Voices
Selected Readings in World History
Revised Edition
Edited by Michael G. Vann
California State University, Sacramento
Bassim Hamadeh, CEO and Publisher
Christopher Foster, General Vice President
Michael Simpson, Vice President of Acquisitions
Jessica Knott, Managing Editor
Kevin Fahey, Cognella Marketing Manager
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Copyright © 2013 by Cognella, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form or by any
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First published in the United States of America in 2013 by Cognella, Inc.
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ISBN: 978-1-62131-232-1
Contents
ChaptEr 1: thE World in 1900
1
introduction
3
the World of Security
By Stefan Zweig
5
the British rule in india
By Karl Marx
9
Boxer rebellion proclamation
21
Lord Jim (excerpts)
By Joseph Conrad
23
on the Way to pretoria
By Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
29
the Souls of Black Folk (excerpts)
By W.E.B. Du Bois
33
illusions of the White race
By Okuma Shigenobu
41
ChaptEr 2: thE nEW iMpErialiSM
45
introduction
47
the White Man’s Burden and Mandalay
By Rudyard Kipling
49
la petite tonkinoise
By Henri Christiné
53
iv | Contents
racial hatred
By Ho Chi Minh
55
Equality!
By Ho Chi Minh
57
the Battle of omdurman
By Winston S. Churchill
59
hun Speech
By Kaiser Wilhelm II
77
the Balinese puputan
By Jhr. H. M. Van Weede
79
imperialism: the highest Stage of Capitalism (excerpts)
By V. I. Lenin
83
hobson-Jobson
By Salman Rushdie
89
ChaptEr 3: thE FirSt World War
93
introduction
95
For all We have and are
By Rudyard Kipling
97
V: the Soldier
By Rupert Brooke
99
in Flanders Fields
By John McCrae
101
Chant of hate
By Ernst Lissauer
103
the War as the Catharsis of italian Society
By Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
105
Contents | v
21 demands on China
By Japanese Government
report on the deportation of armenians from Zeitun,
July 21, 1915
Henry Morgenthau
First-hand account by a turkish army officer on the
deportation of armenians from trebizond
and Erzerum, december 26, 1916
By Lieutenant Sayied Ahmed Moukhtar Baas
107
113
117
report on the Massacre of armenians in Cilicia
Under French administration, March 7, 1920
By Admiral de Robeck
121
the Junius pamphlet: the Crisis of German Social
democracy (excerpts)
By Rosa Luxemburg
123
letter to Wife
By Peter Hammerer
127
dulce et decorum Est
By Wilfred Owen
131
disabled
By Wilfred Owen
133
Fourteen points Speech
By Woodrow Wilson
135
over there
By George M. Cohan
141
Common Form
By Rudyard Kipling
143
the Stab in the Back
By Paul von Hindenburg
145
vi | Contents
ChaptEr 4: rEVolUtion and
CoUntEr-rEVolUtion
147
introduction
149
the tasks of the proletariat in the present revolution
(the april theses, 1917)
By V. I. Lenin
151
the october revolution
By Alexander Mosler
Conditions of admission to the
Communist international
report on an investigation of the
peasant Movement in hunan
By Mao Zedong
157
161
167
March from tingchow to Changsha
By Mao Zedong
187
hymn
By Louis Aragon
189
the Companionate Marriage
By Lola Landau
191
Munich Speech of april 12, 1922
By Adolf Hitler
195
horst Wessel Song
By Horst Wessel
205
law to remove the distress
of the people and the State (the Enabling act)
207
Contents | vii
present Status of the anti-Semitic Movement in Germany,
September 21, 1933
By George Messersmith
209
description of anti-Semitic persecution and Kristallnacht and
its aftereffects in the Stuttgart region
By Samuel Honaker
219
ChaptEr 5: anti-ColonialiSM and
nationaliSM
229
introduction
231
Some Considerations on the Colonial Question
By Ho Chi Minh
233
Facing Mount Kenya (excerpts)
By Jomo Kenyatta
237
Shooting an Elephant
By George Orwell
247
the party Comes to phu-rieng
By Tran Tu Binh
253
ahimsa, Satyagraha, and Swaraj
By Gandhi
273
prayer to the Masks
By Léopold Sédar Senghor
283
indonesia raya
By Wage Rudolf Supratman
285
"on Violence" from the Wretched of the Earth
By Frantz Fanon
287
viii | Contents
ChaptEr 6: World War ii
295
introduction
297
September 1, 1939
By W.H. Auden
299
all Captives Slain
By F. Tillman Durdin
303
What is Guerrilla Warfare?
By Mao Zedong
307
day of infamy Speech
By Franklin D. Roosevelt
313
(there'll Be Bluebirds over) the White Cliffs of dover
By Walter Kent and Nat Burton
315
remember pearl harbor
By Sammy Kaye
317
Sacred War
By Vasily Lebedev-Kumach
319
praise the lord and pass the ammunition
By Frank Loesser
321
der Fuehrer's Face
By Oliver Wallace
323
Minutes of a Meeting at hitler’s headquarters (July 16, 1941)
By Martin Bormann
325
description of the Execution of Jews outside riga on
december 1, 1941
By Major General Bruns
329
Contents | ix
Conditions in Germany and the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
(July 9, 1943)
By Count Helmuth James von Moltke’s
333
Commandant of auschwitz: testimony at nuremburg, 1946
By Rudolf Hoess
341
My political testament
By Adolf Hitler
345
Yalta Conference
By Stalin, F.D. Roosevelt, and Churchill
349
ChaptEr 7: hot rhEtoriC oF thE Cold War
359
introduction
361
the Sinews of peace (iron Curtain Speech)
By Winston Churchill
363
the long telegram
By George Kennan
365
a report to the national Security Council—nSC 68
By Paul Nitze
377
Cia and Guatemala assassination proposals:
1952–1954—Cia history Staff analysis
By Gerald K. Haines
Speech at the opening of the Bandung Conference
By Sukarno
U.S. imperialism is the Most Ferocious Enemy of
the World’s people
By Mao Zedong
the (First) declaration of havana, 1960
By Fidel Castro
381
391
395
397
x | Contents
nixon and Kissinger Escalate the Bombing of Cambodia
(declassified transcripts of telephone Conversations)
By Nixon and Kissinger
399
Memorandum of Conversation Between Kissinger and
anaconda Copper Executives regarding president
allende of Chile (Confidential)
407
U.S. Embassy Jakarta telegram 1579 to Secretary State,
december 6, 1975 (text of Ford-Kissinger-Suharto discussion)
411
Khmer rouge Biographical Questionnaire
425
Surviving indonesia's Gulag (excerpts)
By Carmel Budiardjo
429
Washington Bullets
By Joe Strummer and Mick Jones
443
ChaptEr 8: dEColoniZation and
nation BUildinG
445
introduction
447
Vietnamese declaration of independence
By Ho Chi Minh
449
tryst with destiny
By Jawaharlal Nehru
453
Speech at the Ceremony of the proclamation of the
Congo’s independence
By Patrice Lumumba
i have a dream
By Martin Luther King
457
461
Contents | xi
neo-Colonialism, the last Stage of imperialism
(Conclusion)
By Kwame Nkrumah
465
Supplement, Kwame nkrumah, president of Ghana
By Federal Bureau of Investigations
469
i Seem to See the river tiber Foaming with Much Blood
By Enoch Powell
477
the new Empire Within Britain
By Salman Rushdie
485
ChaptEr 9: nEW World (diS)ordEr
493
introduction
495
nobel peace prize lecture, 1989
By Dalai Lama
497
remarks by president Clinton during the announcement of
the renewal of MFn trade Status for China
By William Jefferson Clinton
505
declaration of Jihad against the americans occupying the
land of the two holiest Sites
By Osama Bin Laden
509
January, 2000: terror versus Security
By Salman Rushdie
533
introduction
t
o be perfectly frank, this collection of readings is gloomy and perhaps even depressing. However, these selections serve as a fair representation of the twentieth
century, arguably the worst century in human history, one which the historian Eric
Weitz dubbed a “century of genocide.” We could also make the argument for the
twentieth century as one of war, revolution, and dictatorship, or even a century of
over-population, environmental degradation, and species extinction. This is a century
that saw the introduction of machine guns, poison gas, and atomic weapons to the
battlefield and in civilian centers. Humans wreaked massive destruction throughout
the world, from the capital cities of Asia and Europe to the villages of Southeast
Asia and Central America. Considering that this century’s cast of characters includes
Hitler, Stalin, and Pol Pot, this fact should not be surprising. Indeed, historical events
in this one-hundred year span were so horrifying that humanity had to coin new
terms such as “world war,” “genocide,” “ethnic cleansing,” and “crimes against humanity” to describe the indescribable. These horrific events even compelled the global
community to establish an international court to try those who acted beyond what
was deemed acceptable behavior in this violent setting. Yet in many ways this was also
a century of hope and optimism. Gandhi, Dr. Martin Luther King, and the 14th Dalai
Lama stand as examples of those who rejected hatred, anger, and vengeance, and who
instead embraced ahimsā, the principle of non-violent action, in their struggles for
national liberation and social justice. Dozens of nations in Africa and Asia won their
independence from repressive colonial regimes. From North America to South Africa,
activists worked tirelessly to topple regimes of white supremacy, such as Jim Crow
and Apartheid. In the final decades of the twentieth century, popular revolutions,
called “people power,” overthrew dictators such as Marcos in the Philippines and
Suharto in Indonesia, and toppled the repressive Communist regime of the Soviet
Bloc. The century saw the sustained effort, first with the League of Nations and then
with the United Nations, to establish a means other than warfare to settle international disputes. Science, technology, and medicine conquered diseases and reduced
infant mortality rates. The century ended with what might seem to be a rejection of
repressive political systems and the spread of democratic values and respect for the
individual.
xviii | introduction
If the final verdict on these one hundred years remains open to debate, no one can
deny their global historical significance. Politically, the planet went from an age of empires to the triumph of the nation-state. A plethora of ideologies produced revolutions
from extreme left to extreme right, each seeking to create their own utopia. Various
economic experiments, new forms of mass production, and expanding markets created
a standard of living for many that was simply unimaginable in previous generations.
First imperialism, and then decolonization, created much of the world’s current political map and far too many of the world’s current crises. Post-colonial immigrations saw
huge shifts in populations and the formation of new multi-cultural societies. Today,
cultural diversity is a central characteristic of cities from London to Rio de Janeiro,
Singapore to Toronto, and Sacramento to Jakarta. Technological advances, from steam
ships and trans-oceanic cables to jetliners and the Internet, linked humanity in an
increasingly tight web of communication, exchange, and interdependence. Humans
even managed to break free of Earth’s gravity for brief visits to the moon, and set
satellites into the stratosphere to map and photograph every inch of our planet. Of
course, countering this progress, the century also witnessed wars, revolutions, and
famines whose death toll can be measured in the millions. Humans began to speak of
“world wars” and “world revolutions,” conflagrations that impacted not just Tokyo,
Paris, and Moscow but Guadalcanal, the Aleutian Islands, and outposts in the vast
Sahara Desert. For good or bad, for better or worse, the twentieth century made the
world one community.
This reader offers a selection of primary source readings from key historical phases
in this century. While no single volume could claim to offer a complete collection,
here we find most of the key moments represented. This collection is specifically designed for students who will be teaching courses guided by the History–Social Science
Content Standards for California Public Schools as adopted by the California State
Board of Education. As the tenth-grade history curriculum explores the history,
culture, and geography of the modern world, these readings fit with standards 10.3
through 10.11. That said, all students of the twentieth-century world will find this
book to be a valuable resource. While keeping the primary goals of the standards
in mind, this collection was also designed along the lines of recent developments in
the historiography of World History. In particular, the readings de-center Europe.
Rejecting the Eurocentrism once dominant in the Western Civilization curriculum,
various selections give voice to traditionally under-represented or marginalized groups
and historical figures. Rejecting the “Great Man in History” approach, attention is
paid to relatively unknown individuals caught up in the larger forces of history. The
selections also take oppositional forces, even those who may have failed, seriously.
Thus, prominent revolutionaries killed by their enemies such as Rosa Luxembourg and
Che Guevara have a place here. So do figures seemingly at odds with each other such
as Churchill and Gandhi, Dr. Martin Luther King and Enoch Powell, and Hitler and
introduction | xix
the 14th Dalai Lama. To make sense of the immense diversity of the human experience,
we, as historians, must listen to all sides in any given historical moment.
Students should think of this book as an archive. It is their own personal archive
that will allow them to do the work of historians: reading primary sources, evaluating
them for relevance and credibility, and constructing a persuasive historical argument
with the sources as evidence. This is what professional historians do in archives, libraries, and ivory towers (or dilapidated public university campuses with asbestos issues, as
the case may be) around the world. Historians are not merely bards or chroniclers who
recount what happened, despite what Rush Limbaugh has said about our discipline.
We analyze evidence and give meaning to past events. This is also the task of students
in a university classroom. This book, this archive, will allow students to conduct historical research, come to their own conclusions, and then present their history in term
papers or on exams.