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FUNGI FUNGI • COMMON FUNGI EXAMPLES: – Mushrooms, yeasts, molds, morels, bracket fungi, puff balls FUNGI • GENERAL INFORMATION – Primarily decomposers – return organic matter to the soil – Used to produce antibiotics like penicillin – Used for food – mushrooms, yeast – Parasites – plants and animals (athlete’s foot, ringworm) FUNGI • OVERVIEW – Nonmotile organism than obtain food by decomposing organic matter – Once considered plants, but contain no chlorophyll and are not photosynthetic – Also unlike animals, therefore placed in own kingdom FUNGI • DOMAIN EUKARYOTA – KINGDOM FUNGI • General characteristics – Eukaryotic – Heterotrophic – Have cell walls with chitin (different than plant, protist, and bacterial cell walls) – May be unicellular but most are multicellular molds mildews rusts smuts yeasts mushrooms GIANT PUFFBALL FUNGI • BASIC FUNGI BODY STRUCTURE – Hyphae • Individual filaments that contain cytoplasm and one or more nuclei • Secrete enzymes to digest food • Nutrients absorbed through cell wall FUNGI – Mycelium • Entwined hyphae • Most of fungus, under substrate (surface it’s growing on) FUNGI • FRUITING BODY – Visible part – Contains spore producing structures – Like a mushroom cap FUNGI • FEEDING TYPES (NUTRITION) – Saprophytic – feed on dead matter – Parasitic – feed on living organisms FUNGI • HABITATS – Need organic material, moisture – Live almost everywhere, from polar icecaps to deserts to oceans – Reach new areas through spores carried by wind – Spores are necessary to find new food sources FUNGI • FOUR GROUPS OF FUNGI -- 81,500 species of fungi divided by structure and reproduction – ZYGOMYCETES – bread molds – ASCOMYCETES – sac fungi (morels, truffles, and yeasts – BASIDIOMYCETES – mushrooms, puff balls – DEUTEROMYCETES – imperfect fungi (penicillium) FUNGI • Common molds –Zygomycetes – Frequently found in soil or on dead animals or plants – Hyphae lack septa – Specialized hyphae • Rhizoids that absorb nutrients and hold molds to their food source • Stolons that connect groups of rhizoids together • Sporangia produces spores during reproduction FUNGI • ZYGOMYCOTA gets its name from the tough spores produced during sexual reproduction FUNGI • Sac fungi –Ascomycetes • Powdery mildews, yeasts, fungi in lichens, and morels • Characteristic that links these are production of saclike structures called asci during sexual reproduction • Asexually reproduction is rare FUNGI • Club Fungi –Basidiomycetes • • • • Mushrooms are club fungi Have a tendency to reproduce sexually Asexually reproduction is rare Three visible structures of mushrooms – Stipe – Cap – Gills made from tightly packed basidia • Fruiting bodies are called basidia Structure of Mushroom annulus stipe FUNGI • Imperfect fungi – Deuteromycetes • Reproduce asexually and NOT sexually • Examples are athlete’s foot & ringworm • Example that is helpful is Penicillium because it make the antibiotic • Spores called conidia come from hyphae called conidiophores FUNGI • ECOLOGICAL ROLES – Decompose dead organisms; clear out dead plants and animals – Recycle nutrients FUNGI • ECOLOGICAL ROLES – SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS • LICHEN --a symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner, usually a cyanobacterium or green alga. • The fungi hyphae provide protection and hold moisture while food is provided by the photosynthetic partner. FUNGI • ECOLOGICAL ROLE -- SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP WITH PLANT ROOTS • Mycorrhizae: a symbiotic association between a fungus and plant roots. • Over 90% of plants have fungi associated with their roots. The fungus absorbs and concentrates phosphates for delivery to the plant roots. In return, the fungus receives sugars synthesized by the plant during photosynthesis. FUNGI • ECONOMIC ROLE – Used directly as food, or to make food • Yeasts are useful in the making of bread and fermented drinks. FUNGI • ECOLOGICAL ROLE – Some parasitic fungi are actually human pathogens causing athlete's foot and ringworm – Some parasitic fungi are plant pathogens that destroy crops – Produce medicine (antibiotics) IMPERFECT FUNGI IMPERFECT FUNGI
