Download 30 Arabic Loan Words in English- شهاب

١٠١ ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬/ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ‬
Shihab Hamad Abdullah
Arabic Loan Words in English
By
Shihab Hamad Abdullah,
Assistant Professor
Introduction
English is an international language. It communicates with
many languages in the world. So, it borrows from those languages
and at the same time it lends words to them. It borrows many words
from Arabic like kohl, cotton safari,... etc.
This research tries to find out as many Arabic words as
possible that English has borrowed from Arabic to show the
influence of Arabic on English.
The purpose of this research is to present and discuss the
Arabic loan words in English by comparing and analyzing the two
forms in both languages to prove that the English forms are of
Arabic origin.
The hypothesis of the present research is that Arabic has a
great influence on English in all fields of life through the Arabic
loan words.
The study depends on a new approach of analysis in order to
make sure that those words under question and other words are not
of English origin. It will also make use of all the literature available
in libraries, internet, dictionaries,… etc. It will mainly depend on
the English- Arabic dictionaries like Al-Mawrid, Oxford... etc. The
Arabic dictionaries will also be used such as Al- Eyn, Taj- AlArous,... etc.
The study falls into Introduction, Arabic loan words,
comparison and analysis. It ends with a conclusion.
١٧١
١٠١ ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬/ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ‬
Shihab Hamad Abdullah
Historical Background
Arabic is the language of the Islamic religion. Because
Islam is an international religion, Arabic is needed everywhere.
When the Arabs reached Spain and established the Andulus
kingdom there, communication between the Arabs and the
Europeans began. During the period ١٧٧٠ on, the Andulus
kingdom became the center of various sciences. So, a new
contact began between this state and the other parts of Europe.
English was one of the languages used by the people of
Europe. It began to deal with Arabic. It borrowed some words
and at the same time it lent Arabic some English words like
bicycle, telephone,... etc. It borrowed words from Arabic like
wadi, yashmak, loafah (Strang, ١٩٧٠: ٩٤).
The English vocabulary developed. Many loan words
were introduced into English. Some loan words were borrowed
from Latin, French, German, Arabic and other languages.
Linguistically speaking, the Arabs borrowed as freely as they
lent and their language borrowed from different languages as
Persian, Turkish, English, Greek,... etc.
English followed different techniques in borrowing from
Arabic. It borrowed some Arabic words by changing one letter
in the beginning, in the end or in the middle or sometimes by
changing the order of the letters.
English was influenced by other languages such as
Hebrew and Persian. For example the letter (v) in English is
read as (b) in Hebrew and (w) in Persian as in Tel-Aviv instead
of Tel-Abib: and in Persian the (v) is read as (w) as in' divan,
which is read in Arabic as diwan' too, (David, ٢٠٠٣: ١٠٩).
١٧٢
١٠١ ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬/ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ‬
Shihab Hamad Abdullah
In the following section, the Arabic loan words are listed
alphabetically with their counterparts.
English
Aba
Admiral
Adventure
Alas
Alchemy
Alcove
Algebra
Alidade
Alizarin
Alkali
Almanac
Amber
Arsenal
Aye
A
Arabic
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ ﺃﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ‬،‫ﺍﻷﻤﻴﺭ‬
‫ ﻤﻐﺎﻤﺭﺓ‬،‫ﻋﺭﺒﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴﻰ ﺁﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ‬
‫ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺔ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺭ‬
‫ ﺍﻹﺴﻁﺭﻻﺏ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﺎﺩﺓ‬
(‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺭﺓ )ﺼﻤﻎ ﺍﺤﻤﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻲ‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺒﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ ﻨﻌﻡ‬،‫ ﺒﻠﻰ‬،‫ﺇﻱ‬
B
‫ ﺒﻜﺎﻟﻭﺭﻴﻭﺱ‬،‫ ﺒﺎﻜﺭ‬،‫ﺒﺎﻜﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ ﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ‬،‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺹ‬
‫ ﺠﺴﻡ‬،‫ﺒﺩﻥ‬
‫ ﻓﻘﺭﺓ‬،‫ﺒﻨﺩ‬
Bachelor
Balance
Body
Bond
C
‫ﻜﻌﻜﻪ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻟﺏ‬
‫ﺨﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ‬
‫ ﻨﺎﻗﻪ‬،‫ ﺒﻌﻴﺭ‬،‫ﺠﻤل‬
‫ﻜﺎﻓﻭﺭ‬
Cake
Caliber
Caliph
Camel
Camphor
١٧٣
‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪١٠١‬‬
‫‪Shihab Hamad Abdullah‬‬
‫ﻏﺭﺍﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺒﺭﻴﻕ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺭﺍﻁ‬
‫ﻜﺭﺍﻭﻴﺎ )ﻨﺒﺎﺕ(‬
‫‪Arabic‬‬
‫ﺨﺭﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﺨﺭﻨﻭﺏ‬
‫ﻜﺭﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻔﻥ‪ ،‬ﺠﻴﻔﻪ‬
‫ﻗﻁ‪ ،‬ﻗﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺼﻙ‬
‫ﺼﻔﺭ‪ ،‬ﻻﺸﻲﺀ‬
‫ﻜﻼﺏ‪ ،‬ﺩﺒﻭﺱ‬
‫ﻜﻔﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻨﺼل‬
‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﻜﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻁﻥ‬
‫ﺠﺭﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺭﻤﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻜﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻜﻭﺯ‬
‫ﻗﻁﻊ‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪Carafe‬‬
‫‪Carat‬‬
‫‪Caraway‬‬
‫‪English‬‬
‫‪Carob‬‬
‫‪Carrion‬‬
‫‪Cat‬‬
‫‪Cheque‬‬
‫‪Cipher‬‬
‫‪Clip‬‬
‫‪Coffin‬‬
‫‪Consul‬‬
‫‪Corner‬‬
‫‪Cotton‬‬
‫‪Crime‬‬
‫‪Crimson‬‬
‫‪Cup‬‬
‫‪Cut‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫ﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺼﺤﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻔﻜﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻁﻐﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻀﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﺠﻠﺩ‬
‫ﻏﺴﻕ‬
‫‪Desert‬‬
‫‪Diary‬‬
‫)‪Divan (Persian‬‬
‫‪Dogma‬‬
‫‪Drub‬‬
‫‪Dusk‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻤﺒﻜﺭ‬
‫ﺃﺭﺽ‬
‫ﻋﻴﻥ‬
‫‪Early‬‬
‫‪Earth‬‬
‫‪Eye‬‬
‫‪١٧٤‬‬
‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪١٠١‬‬
‫‪Shihab Hamad Abdullah‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫ﺃﻓل‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻊ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺸل‪ ،‬ﺨﺎﻁﺊ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﺤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻨﺎﺭ‬
‫‪Arabic‬‬
‫ﻓﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺭﻭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻓﻠﺕ‪ ،‬ﻫﺭﺏ‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪Fall, fell‬‬
‫‪False‬‬
‫‪Fire‬‬
‫‪English‬‬
‫‪Fur‬‬
‫‪Fleed, fled‬‬
‫‪G‬‬
‫ﻴﺠﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺠﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻴﻜﺴﺏ‬
‫ﻏﺭﺒﺎل‬
‫ﻏﺯﺍل‬
‫ﺠﻥ‪ ،‬ﻤﻜﺭ‬
‫ﺯﺭﺍﻓﺔ )ﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ(‬
‫ﺍﺠﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﻁ‪ ،‬ﻫﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺠﻭﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺠﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﺤﺴﻥ‬
‫ﻗﺭﻗﺭﺓ‬
‫‪Gain‬‬
‫‪Garble‬‬
‫‪Gazelle‬‬
‫‪Gin‬‬
‫‪Giraffe‬‬
‫‪Give‬‬
‫‪Good‬‬
‫‪Gurgle‬‬
‫‪H‬‬
‫ﺤﺭﻴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻨﺴﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺤﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺤﺸﻴﺵ )ﻨﺒﺎﺕ(‬
‫ﻫﻼ‬
‫ﺤﻨﺎﺀ )ﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻨﺔ(‬
‫‪Harem‬‬
‫‪Has‬‬
‫‪Hashish‬‬
‫‪Hello‬‬
‫‪Henna‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻁل‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﻓﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴل‪ ،‬ﻤﺭﻴﺽ‬
‫ﻴﻨﺩﺱ‪ ،‬ﻴﺩﺨل‬
‫‪Idle‬‬
‫‪Ill‬‬
‫‪Index‬‬
‫‪J‬‬
‫ﺠﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺭﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻴﺎﺴﻤﻴﻥ )ﻨﺒﺎﺕ(‬
‫‪Jar‬‬
‫‪Jasmine‬‬
‫‪١٧٥‬‬
‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪١٠١‬‬
‫‪Shihab Hamad Abdullah‬‬
‫ﺠﺭﺒﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻴﺭﺒﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺠﻥ‪ ،‬ﻤﻠﻙ‬
‫‪Jerboa‬‬
‫‪Jinn‬‬
‫‪K‬‬
‫ﻜﺤل‬
‫ﻨﻘﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻨﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻀﺭﺒﻪ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Kohl‬‬
‫‪Knocker‬‬
‫‪١٧٦‬‬
‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪١٠١‬‬
‫‪Shihab Hamad Abdullah‬‬
‫‪Arabic‬‬
‫ﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻤﺘﺄﺨﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻴﻤﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺘﺴﺎﻫل‪ ،‬ﺭﻓﻕ‬
‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺤﻠﻭ‪ ،‬ﺒﺩﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﺠﻤﻴل‬
‫ﻤﻜﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺎﻜﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺎﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﻤﺠﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺠﺯﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻤﺫﺒﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻁﺭﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺭﺸﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺨﻁﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻭﺴﻡ‪ ،‬ﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﻤﻭﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻭﻤﻴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺠﺜﺔ ﻤﺤﻨﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻭﺼﻠﻲ )ﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل(‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪Machine‬‬
‫‪Magazine‬‬
‫‪Massacre‬‬
‫‪Mattress‬‬
‫‪Menance‬‬
‫‪Monsoon‬‬
‫‪Mummy‬‬
‫‪Muslin‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫ﻨﺎﻜﺭ‪ ،‬ﻋﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﺅﻟﺅ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻨﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻏﻔﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ‬
‫ﻨﺎﺭﺩﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻨﹸﺒل‪ ،‬ﻨﺒﻴل‬
‫ﻨﺒﻠﺔ ﻨﺒﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻨﺘﻭﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻋ‪‬ﻁﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻋ‪‬ﻁﺭ‬
‫ﻨﺎﺭﻨﺞ )ﺃﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﺭﺴﻴﺔ(‬
‫‪English‬‬
‫‪Late‬‬
‫‪Lemon‬‬
‫‪Lenity‬‬
‫‪Lingu‬‬
‫‪Lulu‬‬
‫‪Nacre‬‬
‫‪Nadir‬‬
‫‪Nap‬‬
‫‪Naphtha‬‬
‫‪Nard‬‬
‫‪Noble‬‬
‫‪Nubble‬‬
‫‪Nuchal‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪Odour‬‬
‫‪Orange‬‬
‫‪١٧٧‬‬
‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪١٠١‬‬
‫‪Shihab Hamad Abdullah‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪Arabic‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﺏ‬
‫ﺒﺠﺎﻤﺔ )ﺃﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﺭﺴﻲ(‬
‫ﺒﺎﺭﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻤﺴﺤﻭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ‬
‫‪English‬‬
‫‪Papa‬‬
‫‪Pajamas‬‬
‫‪Powder‬‬
‫‪Physics‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫ﻗﻨﻁﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻗﺭﺁﻥ‬
‫‪Quintal‬‬
‫‪Quran‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫ﺭﻴﺎل )ﻋﻤﻠﺔ ﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﻋﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺭﺩﻱﺀ‪ ،‬ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﺨﻼﻕ‬
‫‪Rial‬‬
‫‪Rod‬‬
‫‪Rude‬‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫ﺴ‪‬ﻜﺭﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺴﻔﺭ‬
‫ﺯﻋﻔﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺼﻨﺩل )ﺨﺸﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺩل(‬
‫ﺸﻴﻁﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺴﻤﺴﻡ‬
‫ﺸﺎل )ﻴﻠﻑ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻁﻔل( ﻗﻤﺎﺵ‬
‫ﺸﺎﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﺤﺼﺔ‬
‫ﺠ‪‬ﺩﻭ‪‬ل‬
‫ﺸﻴﺦ‬
‫ﺸﺭﺒﺕ‪ ،‬ﻤﺭﻁﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺸﺭﻴﻑ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺴﻠﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻡ‬
‫ﻤﺴﻙ‪ ،‬ﻀﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ‬
‫ﺨﻨﺴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺃﻓﻌﻰ‬
‫‪Arabic‬‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫‪١٧٨‬‬
‫‪Saccharin‬‬
‫‪Safari‬‬
‫‪Saffron‬‬
‫‪Sandal‬‬
‫‪Satan‬‬
‫‪Sesame‬‬
‫‪Shawl‬‬
‫‪Share‬‬
‫‪Schedule‬‬
‫‪Sheikh‬‬
‫‪Sherbet‬‬
‫‪Sheriff‬‬
‫‪Slick‬‬
‫‪Smell‬‬
‫‪Smug‬‬
‫‪Snake‬‬
‫‪English‬‬
‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪١٠١‬‬
‫‪Shihab Hamad Abdullah‬‬
‫ﺼﺎﺒﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺼﻠﺏ‪ ،‬ﺼﻠﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺼﻁﺒل‪ ،‬ﺯﺭﻴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺴﺭﺴﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺴﺤﺭ‪ ،‬ﺸﻌﻭﺫﺓ‬
‫ﺴﻜﺭ‬
‫ﺴﻤﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺴﻤﺕ‪ ،‬ﻗﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺸﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﺸﺭﺍﺏ‬
‫‪Soap‬‬
‫‪Solid‬‬
‫‪Stable‬‬
‫‪Sorcery‬‬
‫‪Sugar‬‬
‫‪Sumac‬‬
‫‪Summit‬‬
‫‪Syrup‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫ﻁﺒﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻨﻀﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺫﻴل‪ ،‬ﻁﺭﻑ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻗﻁﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻪ‬
‫ﺘﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻠﻭ‪ ،‬ﻴﺨﺒﺭ‬
‫ﺫﺍ‪ ،‬ﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺫﻱ‪ ،‬ﻫﺫﻩ‪‬‬
‫ﺘﺒﻎ‬
‫ﺘﻔﺭﻴﻕ‪ ،‬ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺭ‬
‫‪Table‬‬
‫‪Tail‬‬
‫‪Tar‬‬
‫‪Tariff‬‬
‫‪Tell‬‬
‫‪That‬‬
‫‪This‬‬
‫‪Tobacco‬‬
‫‪Traffic‬‬
‫‪U‬‬
‫ﺃﻑﹸ‪ ،‬ﻀﺠﺭ‬
‫‪Ugh‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪....................‬‬
‫‪....................‬‬
‫‪....................‬‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺨﺸﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺭﺙ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﻤﻪ ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Wadi‬‬
‫‪Wood‬‬
‫‪Worth‬‬
‫‪١٧٩‬‬
١٠١ ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬/ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ‬
Shihab Hamad Abdullah
English
X
....................
....................
....................
Arabic
Y
(‫ﻴﺸﻤﺎﻕ )ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺼل‬
‫ ﻴﺨﺕ ﺸﺭﺍﻋﻲ‬،‫ﺘﺨﺕ‬
‫ ﻴﺜﻤﺭ‬،‫ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‬،‫ﻴﻠﺩ‬
Yashmak
Yacht
Yield
Z
‫ﺯﻋﻔﺭ‬
‫ﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺱ‬
‫ﺯﻗﻭﺭﺓ‬
Zaffer
Zenith
Ziggurat
١٨٠
١٠١ ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬/ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ‬
Shihab Hamad Abdullah
Analysis of Arabic Loan Words:The previous pages present the Arabic loan words which
are taken from English and Arabic dictionaries. Each English
word stands for one or more Arabic words. Some of them stay
as they are in Arabic or undergo some changes as it is shown
below:
When one looks at group (A), one can find that some of
the Arabic words stay as they are in English like (‫ﻋﺒﺎﺀﺓ‬: aba),
(‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻲ‬: alkali), (‫ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺭ‬: algebra) with regard to the nearest letter
which stands as a counterpart for the Arabic one as in the word
(alkali) in which the letter (K) stands as the nearest letter to that
in the Arabic word. The other words have slight changes like
changing the letter (V) in (alcove) into (b) because this letter is
also read as (b) by Hebrew.
In group (B), the word (bachelor: ‫ )ﺒﺎﻜﻭﺭﻩ‬has additional
letters not found in Arabic. The word (body: ‫ )ﺒﺩﻥ‬changes the
last Arabic letter into (y). But, the words (bond: ‫ )ﺒﻨﺩ‬and
(balance: ‫ )ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺹ‬are the same in both Languages.
In group (C) most of the words have the same utterances
in English and Arabic with the change of one letter which
stands initially.
The letter (c) in this group takes different sounds. It
stands for the Arabic letter (‫ )ﻕ‬in words like (caliber: ‫)ﻗﺎﻟﺏ‬, (cat:
‫)ﻗﻁ‬, (consul: ‫ )ﻗﻨﺼل‬but it stays in (cipher: ‫)ﺼﻔﺭ‬.
Other words use the letter (c) to stand for the Arabic
letters like (‫ )ﺥ‬in (caliph: ‫ )ﺨﻠﻴﻔﺔ‬and (carob: ‫)ﺨﺭﻭﺏ‬. It also
represents the Arabic letter (‫ )ﺝ‬in (camel: ‫ )ﺠﻤل‬and (crime:
‫)ﺠﺭﻴﻤﺔ‬. The letter (c) is pronounced the same in both languages
١٨١
١٠١ ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬/ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ‬
Shihab Hamad Abdullah
as in (cake: ‫)ﻜﻌﻜﻪ‬, (cup: ‫)ﻜﻭﺏ‬, (caraway: ‫)ﻜﺭﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬, (camphor: ‫)ﻜﺎﻓﻭﺭ‬,
(coffin: ‫ )ﻜﹸﻔﻥ‬and (carrion: ‫)ﻜﺭﻴﻪ‬. It is also used to represent the
Arabic letter (‫ )ﻍ‬in (carafe: ‫)ﻏﺭﺍﻓﺔ‬.
In group (D), all the words begin with the letter (d) which
represents different letters in Arabic. It stands for the Arabic letter
(‫ )ﺝ‬in (desert: ‫)ﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ‬. It is pronounced the same in both languages in
(divan: ‫ )ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ‬in which the letter (v) is read as (w) by the Persians
since this word has come from Persian. It is also the same in (diary:
‫)ﺩﺭﺍﻴﺔ‬. It stands for (‫ )ﻍ‬in (dusk: ‫ )ﻏﺴﻕ‬and for (‫ )ﻁ‬in (dogma: ‫)ﻁﻐﻤﻪ‬.
In group (E), all the words begin with the letter (e) which
stands for the Arabic letter (‫ )ﺃ‬as in (early: ‫ )ﺃﻭﻟﻲ‬and (earth: ‫)ﺃﺭﺽ‬. It
stands for the Arabic letter (‫ )ﻉ‬in (eye: ‫ )ﻋﻴﻥ‬with dropping of the
Arabic last letter (‫)ﻥ‬.
In group (F), the words begin with the letter (F) which is
pronounced the same in both languages. It seems that the English
forms use the Arabic words with reordering the letters. The word
(fall: ‫ ﻭﻗﻊ‬،‫ )ﺍﻓل‬seems to be taken from the Arabic form (afll). The
word (fur: ‫ )ﻓﺭﻭ‬also follows the same procedure, reordering the
letters. The same is said with (false: ‫ ﺨﺎﻁﺊ‬،‫)ﻓﺎﺸل‬, but the word (fire:
‫ ﻨﺎﺭ‬،‫ )ﻓﺎﻴﺭ‬has the same utterance which stands as an alternative for
the main meaning.
In group (G), all the words begin with the letter (g) with
different sounds. It stands for the Arabic letter (‫ )ﻍ‬in (garble: ‫)ﻏﺭﺒﺎل‬
and (gazelle: ‫)ﻏﺯﺍل‬. It also stands for the Arabic letter (‫ )ﺯ‬in (giraffe:
‫)ﺯﺭﺍﻓﺔ‬. The word (give: ‫ ﺍﻋﻁ‬،‫ )ﺍﺠﺏ‬can be analyzed into its letters as
follows:
Eng.
Ar.
g
‫ﺠـ‬
i
‫ﻱ‬
١٨٢
v
‫ﺏ‬
e
‫ﺃ‬
١٠١ ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬/ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ‬
Shihab Hamad Abdullah
By reordering the letters, the word (egiv: ‫ )ﺃﺠﺏ‬is produced
which gives the same meaning of the Arabic alternatives. The
word (good: ‫ )ﺠﻭﻭﺩ‬can be analyzed as follows:
Eng.
g
o
o
d
‫ﺠـ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺩ‬
Ar.
It has the same letters with different pronunciation in EnglishThe word (‫ )ﺠﻭﻭﺩ‬in Arabic is an alternative of (‫)ﺍﺤﺴﺎﻥ‬. So, the
noun is borrowed from Arabic to be used as an adjective in
English.
In group (H), most of the words begin with the same
letter (h) which stands for the Arabic letter (‫ )ﺡ‬in all the words
but it is pronounced the same in (hello: ‫)ﻫﻼ‬.
In group (I), the letter (i) stands for the Arabic letter (‫)ﻉ‬
in (idle: ‫ )ﻋﺎﻁل‬and (ill: ‫)ﻋﻠﺔ‬. The word (ill) may be taken from
the Arabic words (‫ﻋﻠﺔ‬: illa) or (‫ﻋﻠﻴل‬: ilil). The English system
makes the words as they appear in English after making some
changes.
In group (J), one can notice that the utterances in English
have the same pronunciations in Arabic. The word (jar: ‫)ﺠﺭﺓ‬
doesn't have the last Arabic letter which means that it expresses
the English system.
In group (K) the words begin with the same letter (k). It
is pronounced (k) in both languages. Whereas it is not
pronounced in the beginning of (knock: ‫ ﻀﺭﺒﺔ‬،‫)ﻨﻘﺭﺓ‬. This word
can be analyzed as follows:
Eng.
k
n
o
ck
‫ـ‬
‫ﻥ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻕ‬
Ar.
١٨٣
١٠١ ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬/ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ‬
Shihab Hamad Abdullah
It is obvious that the Arabic form has two letters which are the
same in English, but English dropped the last Arabic letter (‫)ﺭ‬
since the stem of the word in Arabic is the verb in the past
tense. Hence, the Arabic main word is (‫)ﻨﻘﺭ‬.
In group (L), all the words begin with the letter (I) in
both languages except the word (late: ‫ ﻤﺘﺄﺨﺭ‬،‫)ﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬. The secret in
this word is that it is taken from the same Arabic order of the
letters with a slight change. It can be analyzed as follows:
Eng.
I
a
t
e
‫ل‬
‫ﺃ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺃ‬
Ar.
The Arabic letters are read by English from left to right. The
word (lulu: ‫ ﺒﺩﻴﻊ‬،‫ )ﺤﻠﻭ‬has a change in the first letter. The letter
(I) is used to stand for the Arabic letter (‫)ﺡ‬.
In group (M), both forms in English and Arabic share the
same meanings. They also share some similar letters. The word
(machine: ‫ )ﻤﺎﻜﻨﻪ‬can be analyzed as follows:
Eng.
m a ch i n e
‫ﻡ‬
‫ﺃَ ﻥ ﻱ ﻙ ﺃ‬
Ar.
It is obvious that both of the words share the same letters and
the same order of letters. The word (massacre: ‫ ﻤﺫﺒﺤﺔ‬،‫ )ﻤﺠﺯﺭﺓ‬can
be analyzed as follows:
Eng.
m a ss a c r e
‫ﻡ‬
َ‫ﺃ‬
‫ ﺠـ ﺃَ ﺯ‬‫ﺃ ﺭ‬
Ar.
It undergoes some sound change and becomes as it appears in
English.
In group (N), the two forms in English and Arabic share
most of the letters. The word (nacre: ‫ )ﻨﺎﻜﺭ‬has the same Arabic
letters as it is shown in the following analysis:
١٨٤
١٠١ ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬/ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ‬
Shihab Hamad Abdullah
Eng.
n a
c r e
‫ﻥ‬
‫ﺭ ﻙ ﺃ‬
َ‫ﺃ‬
Ar.
The word (nap: ‫ ﻏﻔﺎ‬،‫ )ﻨﺎﻡ‬has a change in the last letter.
English uses (P) instead of (m) in Arabic.
In group (O) the words (odour: ‫ )ﻋﻁﻭﺭ‬share the same
letters except the use of (d) in English to stand for the letter (‫)ﻁ‬
in Arabic. The word (orange) can be analyzed as follows:
Eng.
o r a n
g e
‫ﺃَ ﺠـ ﻥ ﺃ ﺭ ﻭ‬
Ar.
The analysis gives the Arabic word (‫ )ﻨﺎﺭﺝ‬but this word is
already taken from Persian (‫ )ﻨﺎﺭﻨﺞ‬This word is used in Iraqi
Arabic as (rorange: ‫)ﺭﻭﺭﻨﺞ‬. This means that English has
dropped the first letter to give the word its English shape.
In group (P), the word (papa: ‫ ﺃﺏ‬،‫ )ﺒﺎﺒﺎ‬is taken from the
Arabic letters with changing the letter (b) in Arabic into (P) in
English as an English form. It can be analyzed as follows:
Eng.
p
a
p
a
‫ﺏ‬
‫ﺃ‬
‫ﺏ‬
َ‫ﺃ‬
Ar.
English, in this case, reads the Arabic letters from left to right
with keeping the order as it is. The word (Powder) is analyzed
as follows:
Eng.
p o w d e r
‫ﻭ ﺏ‬
‫ﺭ ﺃَ ﺩ ﻭ‬
Ar.
By reordering the Arabic letters, the word (‫ )ﺒﺎﺭﻭﺩ‬is produced.
In group (Q), the word (quintal: ‫ )ﻗﻨﻁﺎﺭ‬has a slight
change. The letters (t) and (I) are used to stand for the Arabic
letters (‫ )ﻁ‬and (‫)ﺭ‬. The word (Qur'an: ‫ )ﻗﺭﺁﻥ‬begins with the (q)
to stand for the Arabic letter (‫)ﻕ‬.
١٨٥
١٠١ ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬/ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ‬
Shihab Hamad Abdullah
In group (R), the word (rial: ‫ )ﺭﻴﺎل‬has the same letters in
both languages. The word (rod: ‫ )ﻋﻭﺩ‬has borrowed its letters
from the Arabic letters and an (r) is added to begin the English
form. The word (rude: ‫ )ﺭﺩﻱﺀ‬shares the Arabic counterpart in
its letters but with different pronunciation.
In group (S) many words are listed. They begin with the
letter (s) which is pronounced either (s) or (sh). It is used to
stand for the initial letters in the Arabic words except in the
word (schedule: ‫)ﺠﺩﻭل‬. The letters (sh) are used to stand for the
Arabic letter (‫)ﺝ‬. It is important to note here that some English
words take their English forms by reordering the Arabic letters.
For example:
Eng.
s
m
e
ll
‫ﺵ‬
‫ﻡ‬
َ‫ﺃ‬
‫ل‬
Ar.
The outcome of reordering the letters is the Arabic word (‫)ﺍﻟﺸﻡ‬.
The other word is (soap: ‫ )ﺼﺎﺒﻭﻥ‬which can be analyzed as
follows:
Eng.
s
o
a
p
‫ﺹ‬
‫ﻭ‬
ً‫ﺃ‬
‫ﺏ‬
Ar.
The English form neglects the final letter of the Arabic form
(‫ )ﻥ‬and it reorders the Arabic letters as they appear in the
English form. The letter (s) is used to stand for the Arabic letter
(‫ )ﺯ‬as in (saffron: ‫ )ﺯﻋﻔﺭﺍﻥ‬with a slight change. The word
(sorcery: ‫ )ﺴﺤﺭ‬is taken from the Arabic words (‫ )ﺴﺭ‬and (‫)ﺴﺭﻱ‬
as it is shown as follows.
Eng.
s o r c e r y
‫ﻱ ﺭ ﺃَ ﺱ ﺭ ﻭ ﺱ‬
Ar.
١٨٦
١٠١ ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬/ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ‬
Shihab Hamad Abdullah
The product in Arabic is (‫ )ﺴﺭ ﺴﺭﻱ‬which is an alternative of
the word (‫)ﺴﺤﺭ‬. This is a new technique used by English to
borrow from Arabic other than the main meaning. The same is
true with the word (snake) which can be analyzed as follows:
Eng.
s
n
a
k e
‫ﺱ‬
‫ﻥ‬
‫ﺃ‬
‫ﺃَ ﺨـ‬
Ar.
So, the word (snake) is taken from the Arabic word (‫)ﺨﻨﺴﺎﺀ‬
which is a quality of the snake.
In group (T), all the words begin with the letter (t) which
stands for the Arabic letters ‫ ﺕ‬, ‫ ﺫ‬and ‫ ﻕ‬as it is shown in the
forms of the words in both languages.
In group (U), there is one word which has the same
utterance and meaning in both languages. It expresses
unsatisfied action.
There is no word in group (V). In group (W), the word
(wadi: ‫ )ﻭﺍﺩﻱ‬has the same utterance and meaning in both
languages. The word (wood: ‫ ﺨﺸﺏ‬،‫ )ﻋﻭﺩ‬has the same letters in
English and Arabic except the addition of ( w ) in English to
take its English shape. The word (worth: ‫ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬،‫ )ﺜﺭﻭﺓ‬can be
analyzed as follows:
Eng.
w
o
r
th
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺭ‬
‫ﺙ‬
Ar.
English reads the Arabic word from left to right. Therefore, this
word (worth) is taken from Arabic.
There is no word in group (X). In group (y), the word
(yashmak: ‫ )ﻴﺸﻤﺎﻕ‬has the same utterance and meaning in both
languages. This word has come to Arabic from Turkish as the
dictionaries show. Then, it is borrowed by English. The word
١٨٧
١٠١ ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬/ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ‬
Shihab Hamad Abdullah
(yield: ‫ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‬،‫ )ﻴﻠﺩ‬has the same pronunciation and meaning in both
languages. The word (yacht: ‫ )ﻴﺨﺕ‬is thought to be taken from
the word (‫ )ﺘﺨﺕ‬in Arabic which means the (queen's chair). It
can be analyzed as follows:
Eng.
y
a
ch
t
‫ﻱ‬
َ‫ﺃ‬
‫ﺨـ‬
‫ﺕ‬
Ar.
English uses the letter (y) instead of the Arabic letter (‫ )ﺕ‬to
begin the English form.
In group (Z), the word (zaffer: ‫ )ﺯﻋﻔﺭ‬is of Arabic origin.
The same is true with the word (zenith: ‫ )ﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺱ‬with some
change. It is an alternative to the word (summit: ‫ ﻗﻤﺔ‬،‫)ﺴﻤﺕ‬.
Conclusion
From the analysis and comparison of the English words
with their counterparts in Arabic, the researcher has arrived at
the following findings:
١. All the words that are listed as counterparts in English and
Arabic are proved as of Arabic origin.
٢. English depends on some techniques in borrowing from
Arabic. The first technique is that English copies the Arabic
word as it is like (kohl), (wadi), (good),... etc. The second
technique is that English changes the first letter of the
Arabic word as in the words (crime), (camel),... etc. The
third technique is that English omits the last Arabic letter as
in the word (soap), knock,... etc. The fourth technique is
that English changes the middle letters and keeps the first
and last letters of the word as in (early). The fifth technique
is that English uses the same Arabic letters with reading the
١٨٨
١٠١ ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬/ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ‬
Shihab Hamad Abdullah
Arabic word from left to right as in (late). The sixth
technique used by English is that English uses the same
Arabic letters with changing the order of the letters as in
(powder). The seventh technique is that English uses
Arabic words other than those listed in the English
dictionaries with the same meaning of the word as in
(snake). The last technique is that English uses the same
Arabic letters to form a word which is an alternative to the
main meaning as in the word (corner: ‫ ﺭﻜﻥ‬،‫ )ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬in which
the letters (c, r and n) can form the word (‫ )ﺭﻜﻥ‬in Arabic.
٣. Arabic has a great influence on English and this shows the
power of Arabic.
٤. The researcher uses the technique of analyzing the words
into their separate letters and gives the counterpart in
Arabic as follows:
Eng.
c
r
i
m
e
‫ﺭ ﺠـ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻡ‬
َ‫ﺃ‬
Ar.
Which gives the Arabic word (‫)ﺠﺭﻴﻤﺔ‬.
Eng.
a d v e n t u r e
‫ﺃ ﺭ ﻉ ﺕ ﻥ ﺃ ﺏ ﺩ ﺃ‬
Ar.
Which gives the word (‫ )ﻋﺭﺒﺩﺓ‬which is an alternative of (‫)ﻤﻐﺎﻤﺭﺓ‬.
The word (‫ )ﻋﺭﺒﺩﺓ‬is not found in English dictionaries but only
in Arabic ones.
Finally, the researcher recommends that scholars and
linguists can make other studies about the secrets of English
and other subjects that are relevant to the origin of English.
Also, they can make studies about the relationship between
١٨٩
‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪١٠١‬‬
‫‪Shihab Hamad Abdullah‬‬
‫‪English and Arabic in other fields such as grammar and‬‬
‫‪literature.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻜﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﺍﻤﻴﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻜﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻜل ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺫﻜﺭﺕ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﺌﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺼل ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻜﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻜﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺤﺭﻓﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻜل ﺤﺭﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺎﺒﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻜﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻷﻭل ﻤﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻨﺄﻤل ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻠﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻜﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ‬
‫‪References‬‬
‫‪١. Al-Ba'albaki, Munir, ١٩٧٧, Al-Mawrid Dictionary, Dar El-Ilm, Beirut.‬‬
‫‪٢. David, Crystal, ٢٠٠٣, English as a Global language, Cambridge‬‬
‫‪University Press, U.K.‬‬
‫‪٣. Jackendoff, R, ١٩٩٠, Semantic Structures, MIT Press, Cambridge,‬‬
‫‪U.K.‬‬
‫‪٤. Oxford University, ٢٠٠٠, Oxford Dictionary, Oxford University Press,‬‬
‫‪London, U.K.‬‬
‫‪٥. Strang, B.M., ١٩٧٠, A History of English, William Clowes and Sons‬‬
‫‪Limited, London.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ . ١‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﺒﻭ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﺭﺤﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴل ﺒﻥ ﺍﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻋﻤﺭﻭ ﺒﻥ ﺘﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻫﻴﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ ) ﺕ ‪١٧٠‬‬
‫ﻫـ ( ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻘﻕ ﺩ‪ .‬ﻤﻬﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻭﻤﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻤﺭﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺭ ﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻼل‪.‬‬
‫‪ . ٢‬ﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻭﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻤﻭﺱ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﺭﺯﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﺒﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻘﺏ )ﺒﻤﺭﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﺒﻴﺩﻱ( ) ﺕ ‪ ١٢٠٥‬ﻫـ ( ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻘﻘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﺍﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٩٠‬‬
‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪١٠١‬‬
‫‪Shihab Hamad Abdullah‬‬
‫‪ . ٣‬ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻤﻜﺭﻡ ﺒﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ) ﺍﺒﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻀل ﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﺒﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺼﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻴﻔﻌﻲ ﺍﻻﻓﺭﻴﻘﻲ ) ﺕ ‪ ٧١١‬ﻫـ ( ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭ ـ ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻁ ‪ ١٤١٤ / ٣‬ﻫـ‪.‬‬
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