Download Chapter 7D - Kean University

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New Jersey Center for Science, Technology and Math Education (CSTME)
&
The Department of Biology
Present
The Cancer Journal Club
(CJC)
Hosted by Dr. David Alvarez-Carbonell & Dr. Jeffry Fasick
Starting Thursday, October
18th @ 4:00PM
Meetings are scheduled every Thursday from 4:00PM to 5:00PM
Pizza and Sodas will be served in every section
Kean University • 1000 Morris Ave. T-117, Union, NJ 07083-0411
Web: http://www.kean.edu
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The Upper Limb
The upper limb consists of the arm (brachium),
forearm (antebrachium), and hand (manus)
Thirty-seven bones form the skeletal framework of
each upper limb
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Arm
The humerus is the sole bone of the arm
It articulates with the scapula at the shoulder, and
the radius and ulna at the elbow
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Arm
Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder
Articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow
Proximal end (head) fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula
Anatomical neck: constriction inferior to the head
Tubercles: Greater & lesser separated by intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove)
Site of muscle attachment for the rotator cuff muscles
The intertubercular sulcus guides a tendon of the biceps to its attachment point at the rim of the
glenoid cavity
Surgical neck: common site of fractures
Deltoid tuberosity: attachment site of the deltoid muscle of the shoulder
Radial groove: marks the course of the radial nerve
Trochlea (medial) and Capitulum (lateral): condyles that articulate w/ the ulna and radius,
respectively
The trochlea & capitulum are flanked by the medial and lateral epicondyles which are points of muscle
attachment
Coronoid fossa (anterior) and olecranon fossa (posterior): depressions that allow the corresponding
processes of the ulna to move freely
Radial fossa: receives the head of the radius when the elbow is flexed
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Bones of the Forearm (antebrachium):
Radius and Ulna
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Figure 7.24
Forearm
Can palpate the radius and ulna along their entire length…unless you are
very muscle bound
The radius and ulna articulate proximally with the humerus and distally with
the wrist bones
radioulnar joints: joints where the radius & ulna articulate both proximally
and distally
Interosseous membrane: connects the radius & ulna along their entire length
The radius and ulna form an “X” when pronated.
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Ulna
Slightly longer than the radius
Forms the elbow joint w/ the humerus
Proximal end bears:
Olecranon process
Coronoid process
These processes are separated by the trochlear notch
These processes “grip” the trochlea of the humerus (hinge joint)
Thus, when fully extended, the olecranon process of the ulna locks
into the olecranon fossa of the humerus and prevents
hyperextension
Posterior olecranon process: forms the angle of the elbow when flexed
Radial notch: site where the ulna articulates w/ the head of the radius
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Radius
The major forearm bone contributing to the wrist
The radius lies opposite (lateral to) the ulna and is thin at its proximal end,
widened distally (the opposite of the ulna)
The superior surface of the head is concave and articulates w/ the capitulum
of the humerus
Medially, the head articulates with the radial notch of the ulna
Major markings include:
the radial tuberosity: anchor site for the biceps
ulnar notch: located distally and articulates w/ the ulna
styloid process: anchoring site for ligaments
running to the wrist
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Hand
Skeleton of the hand contains wrist bones (carpals), bones of the palm
(metacarpals), and bones of the fingers (phalanges)
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Figure 7.26a
Carpus (Wrist)
Consists of eight short bones
The carpals are united by ligaments
They are arranged in 2 irregular rows of 4 bones each:
Proximal Row (lateral to medial):
Scaphoid (articulates with the radius)
Lunate (also articulates with the radius)
Triquetral
Pisiform
Distal Row (lateral to medial)
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
hamate distally
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Metacarpus (Palm)
Five numbered (1-5, thumb to little finger) metacarpal bones
radiate from the wrist to form the palm
Their bases articulate with the carpals proximally, and with
each other medially and laterally
Heads articulate with the proximal phalanges
Knuckles are the heads of the metacarpals
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Phalanges (Fingers)
Each hand contains 14 long bones called phalanges
Fingers (digits) are numbered 1-5, beginning with the thumb
(pollex)
Each finger (except the thumb) has three phalanges – distal,
middle, and proximal
The thumb has no middle phalanx
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Pelvis (Hip)
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Figure 7.27a
Comparison of Male and Female Pelves
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Table 7.4.1
Comparison of Male and Female Pelves
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Table 7.4.2
Pelvic Girdle (Hip)
Attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton
Transmits the weight from the upper body to the lower body
Supports the visceral organs of the pelvis
Lacks mobility, but has greater stability
Hip bones = os coxae (coxal bone) unite anteriorly and with the sacrum posteriorly
Bony pelvis = a deep basin-like stucture formed by the coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx
Coxal bone cosists of 3 bones (at childhood)
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
These bones are fused in adults with their names being the “regions” of the
coxal bone
Acetabulum: receives the head of the femur (otherwise known as the hip joint)
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Ilium: Lateral & Medial Views
Lateral View
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Medial View
Figure 7.27b
Ilium
The ilium is a large flaring bone that forms the superior region of the
coxal bone
It consists of a body and a superior winglike portion called the ala
(where the iliac crests are found)
Sites of muscle attachment are:
Anterior superior iliac spine
Posterior inferior iliac spine
Posterior superior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Greater Sciatic notch: passage for the sciatic nerve to the thigh
Gluteal surface: consists of the posterior, anterior, and inferior gluteal
lines. Serves as the attachment of the gluteal muscles
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Ilium
The auricular surface articulates with the sacrum forming the
sacroiliac joint
The weight of the body is transferred through the spine to the
pelvis through this joint
The body of the ilium joins the pubis
Major markings include the iliac crests, four spines, greater
sciatic notch, iliac fossa, arcuate line, and the pelvic brim
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Ischium
The ischium forms the posteroinferior part of the hip bone
The thick body articulates with the ilium, and the thinner ramus articulates with the
pubis anteriorly
Ischial spine: projects medially into the pelvic cavity
Is the point of attachment for the sacrospinous ligament running from the
saccrum
Lesser sciatic notch: passage for nerves and blood vessels to serve the
anogenital area
Ischial tuberosity: a thickened area that is the strongest part of the hip
bones (You are sitting on it right now!!!) Also functions as the
attachment site for the muscels of the hamstring
Sacrotuberous ligament: a massive ligament running from the sacrum to
each ischial tuberosity. Functions to hold the pelvis together
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Pubis: Medial and Lateral Views
Medial
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Lateral
Figure 7.27c
Pubis
The pubic bone forms the anterior portion of the hip bone
It articulates with the ischium and the ilium
The urinary bladder rests upon it
“V” shaped with superior and inferior rami issuing from a flattened
medial body.
Pubic crest: lateral end is the pubic tubercle and the attachment point for
the inguinal ligament
Obturator foramen: passage way for blood vessels and nerves, but is
mostly filled with fibrous membranes
Pubic symphisis joint: where the bodies of the 2 pubic bones are joined
by a fibrocartilage disc
Pubic arch: the acuteness of the angle of this structure defines a male vs.
female hip
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Comparison of Male and Female Pelvic
Structure
Male pelvis
Tilted less forward
Adapted for support of heavier male build and stronger muscles
Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep
Female pelvis
Tilted forward, adapted for childbearing
True pelvis defines birth canal
Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has greater capacity
Female
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Male
Pelvic Structure and Child Bearing
The pelvic brim separates the false (greater) and true (lesser)
pelvis
False pelvis:
Supports abdominal viscera
Does not restrict childbirth
True pelvis:
Surrounded by bone
Contains the pelvic organs
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Pelvic inlet IS the pelvic brim
During child birth, the soon-to-be-newborn’s forehead faces one
ilium and it’s occiput faces the other ilium.
Pelvic outlet IS the inferior margin of the true pelvis
After the baby’s head passes the inlet, the baby rotates to an
anterio-posterior orientation with the forehead facing
posteriorly
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Comparison of Male and Female Pelvic
Structure
Characteristic
Female
Male
Bone thickness
Lighter, thinner, and smoother
Heavier, thicker, and more
prominent markings
Pubic arch/angle
80˚–90˚
50˚–60˚
Acetabula
Small; farther apart
Large; closer together
Sacrum
Wider, shorter; sacral curvature is
accentuated
Narrow, longer; sacral
promontory more ventral
Coccyx
More movable; straighter
Less movable; curves
ventrally
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The Lower Limb
The three segments of the lower limb are the thigh,
leg, and foot
They carry the weight of the erect body, and are
subjected to exceptional forces when one jumps or
runs
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Femur
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Figure 7.28b
Femur
The longest, largest, strongest bone of the body
Articulates with the hip bone and knee
Head: possesses the fovea capitis (central pit)
Short ligament of the head of the femur runs from the fovea capitis to
the acetabulum where it secures the femur
The head is carried on a neck that angles laterally to join the body (the
neck is the weakest part of the bone and is the location of a “broken
hip”)
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Femur
Greater/lesser trochanters:
Sites of attachment of the thigh and buttock muscles
Other sites of muscle attachment are:
The two trochanters are connected by the
intertrochanteric line anteriorly and the intertrochanteric
crest posteriorly
The gluteal tuberosity blends into the linea aspera which
diverges into the medial / lateral suprcondylar lines
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Femur
The lateral and medial condyles articulate with the tibia of the leg
The medial and lateral epicondyles are sites of muscle attachment
Adductor tubercle: site of muscle attachment
Patellar surface: articulates with the patella (kneecap)
Intercondylar fossa:
Present between the condyles at the distal end of the femur.
Articulates with the intercondylar eminence of the tibia
Anterior and posterior intercondylar fossa (area) are the sites of
anterior cruciate and posterior cruciate ligament attachment,
respectively.
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Tibia and Fibula
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Figure 7.29
Leg
The tibia and fibula form the skeleton of the leg
They are connected to each other by the interosseous membrane
They articulate with the femur proximally and with the ankle bones
distally
They also articulate with each other proximally and distally via the
immovable tibiofibular joints
The tibiofibular joints allow essentially no movement.
These joints are less flexible, but stronger than say the forearm
Medial tibia articulates proximally with the femur to form the modified
hinge joint of the knee and distally with the talus bone of the foot at the
ankle
Lateral portion of the fibula stabalizes the ankle joint
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Tibia (shin bone)
Receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the
foot
2nd largest, strongest bone in the body
Medial and lateral condyles: articulate with the corresponding condyles
of the femur and are separated by the intercondylar eminence
Tibial tuberosity is the attachment site of the patellar ligament
Tibial shaft is the triangular in cross-section
The anterior and medial borders can be palpated
The medial malleolus: a projection forming the medial “bulge” of the
ankle
Fibular notch: on the lateral surface. Participates in the distal tibiofibular
joint
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Fibula
Head is the proximal end
Lateral malleolus is the distal end (and results in
the lateral ankle bulge)
Articulates with the talus
Does not bear weight, but is a site for muscle
attachment
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Foot
The skeleton of the foot
includes the tarsus,
metatarsus, and the
phalanges (toes)
The foot supports body
weight and acts as a lever to
propel the body forward in
walking and running
Segmentation make the foot
pliable for locomotion on
uneven ground
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Figure 7.31a
Tarsus
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Figure 7.31b, c
Tarsus
Composed of seven bones that form the posterior half of the foot
Body weight is carried primarily on:
the talus: articulates with the tibia and fibula superiorly
The calcaneus: forms the heel and carries the talus on its superior surface.
The calcaneal (Achilles) tendon attaches to the posterior surface of the
calcaneus
The calcaneus tuberosity is the part that touches the ground
The sustentacalum tali (the talar shelf) is the part that supports the talus
Tibia articulates with the talus at the trochlea of the talus
The remaining tarsals are:
Cubiod
Navicular
medial, intermediate, lateral cuneiform bones
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Metatarsus and Phalanges
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Figure 7.31a
Metatarsus and Phalanges
Metatarsals
Five (1-5) long bones that articulate with the proximal phalanges (Great
Toe =1=medial)
Articulate with cuboid and cuneiform bones of the tarsus and the
proximal phalanges
1st metatarsal plantar surface rests on 2 sesamoid bones (important for
supporting body weight) e.g. ball of the feet
Phalanges
The 14 bones of the toes
Arranged the same as the fingers
Each digit has three phalanges except the hallux, which has no middle
phalanx
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Arches of the Foot
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Figure 7.32
Arches of the Foot
The arches are:
Lateral longitudinal – cuboid is keystone of this arch
Medial longitudinal – talus is keystone of this arch
Transverse – runs obliquely from one side of the foot to the other
Maintained by strong ligaments and the pull of tendons
Have a “spring” effect
Medial longitudinal arch is very high compare (7.32 b to c)
The talus and calcaneus bones form the high arch medially
While the cuboid bone is key to the lateral arch
2 longitudinal arches serve as pillars for the transverse arch
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KU Game Day!! Homecoming Week!!
Friday 4 pm & 8 pm
Saturday 2 pm
Saturday 7:30 pm
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