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Pre-Historic Georgia The indigenous people came from Asia across the "Bering Land Bridge"! Dr. Eldrick H. Horton © Pre-Historic Georgia A rchaic P Woodlands aleo Mississippians Dr. Eldrick H. Horton © Where is Georgia? Georgia 5 Regions/6 Physical Features/NW Hemispheres/USA Place/Location/ Regions/ Features Dr. Eldrick H. Horton © Where is Georgia? 4 Most Georgians Live In This Region... 2 6 3 1 •Fall Line •Barrier Islands •Okefenokee Swamp •Appalachian Mtns. •Chattahoochee River •Savannah River Dr. Eldrick H. Horton © 5 European Exploration and Colonization Great Britain Hernando De Soto Gold Catholic Missions Friars St Catherine's Barrier Islands Guale Mocama Protestants Huguenots Mercantilism Virginia Colony Jamestown France Spain Dr. Eldrick H. Horton © Georgia Becomes a Colony... Dr. Eldrick H. Horton © "The Trustee Period" 1732-1752 •21-21-5 •Trustees •Years •"Rules of the Land" •James Oglethorpe (GB) •Friend Died in Debtor's Prison •Wanted GA to be a Colony for the "Worthy Poor” •Chief Tomochichi •Mary Musgrove •City of Savannah •The Salzburgers •The Highland Scots •The "Battle of Bloody Marsh" •The "Spanish Threat" Dr. Eldrick H. Horton © •King George II Approved (Charter of 1732) it For 3 Reasons: •Charity/ Economics/ Defense ("Spanish Threat") "Royal Colony" 1752-1776 Royal Governors John Reynolds Henry Ellis James Wright The Road to Discontent and The American Revolution... Colonist/Patriots/Whigs vs Great Britain/Loyalists/Tories French and Indian War France and Great Britain Also known as the "Seven Year's War" Native Americans Fought with France Fought Over the Ohio River Valley Territory Great Britain Won The "Treaty of Paris" gave G.B. the Territory... King George III's "Proclamation of 1763" Dr. Eldrick H. Horton © The War Was Expensive... the Colonist Paid... The "Sugar Act" The "Stamp Act" "TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION " "Son's of Liberty" and the "Boston Massacre" The "Townshend Act" The "Tea Act" The "Boston Tea Party" The "Intolerable Acts" The fighting begins at the "Battle of Lexington and Concord"! Georgia in the American Revolution... "The siege of Savannah" "Battle of Kettle Creek" •Georgia was a Loyal Colony •Georgia gained Territory after the French and Indian War •Georgia was the Only Colony to Follow the "Stamp Act" •Georgia's Group of "Patriots" were the "Liberty Boys" •When the colonists met at the First Continental Congress, Georgia had no delegates. Elijah Clarke Austin Dabney Nancy Hart Dr. Eldrick H. Horton © Georgia's Role With "The Declaration of Independence" Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall and George Walton - Georgia’s Second Provincial Congress met in Tondee’s Tavern (“The Cradle of Liberty in Georgia”) in Savannah, GA and appointed delegates to the Second Continental Congress. They Signed the Declaration of Independence. Preamble-Feelings Body-Grievance Against the King Conclusion-Declared Independence Dr. Eldrick H. Horton © Georgia's Constitution of 1777 and the U.S. Constitution Georgia's Constitution of 1777 was Modeled after the Articles of Confederation No Tax Collection System Too Much Legislative Power (Unicameral) No Military to Enforce Laws • Georgia had two delegate that signed the Constitution : • Abraham Baldwin (His vote forced a tie over the issue to support small state representation) • He helped develop the “Great Compromise” (Each state gets 2 members (bicameral) in the Senate, but representation in the House of Representation was based on the states’ population. • William Few (voted in favor of the National Government) • Baldwin and Few hoped the Federal Government would help them fight the Native Americans in Georgia. • On January 2, 1788, Georgia was the 4th State to Ratify (approve) the U.S. Constitution. • Since southern states were made up of many slaves , how weren’t allowed to vote, the population was counted by measuring each slave as 3/5 of a person (“The Three-Fifths Compromise”). • In 1791, Ten Amendments were added to the Constitution called the “Bill of Rights”. Dr. Eldrick H. Horton © Georgia's Growth and Expansion 1st State University in the U.S.A. - U.G.A. Athens, GA Capitol City - Moved From Savannah to Louisville Baptist and Methodist Church Growth - "Second Great Awakening" Land Policies - Headright System, Land Lotteries and the Yazoo Land Fraud Technological Growth - Raildroads & Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney) Dr. Eldrick H. Horton © Indian Removal Creek 2 chiefs and 2 Treaties Alexander McGillivray - Treaty of New York William McIntosh - Treaty of Indian Springs Cherokee "Assimilates" (White Life)/Sequoyah (Written Language) Chief John Ross Dahlonega Gold Rush - Georgia Wanted the Land President Andrew Jackson Executed the "Indian Removal Act" Worcester vs Georgia (Court Case Challenging the "Indian Removal Act") Judge John Marshall Ruled in Favor of the Cherokee A Group of Cherokee Eventually Gave-Up the Land With the Treaty of Echota "The Trail of Tears" Dr. Eldrick H. Horton © Causes of the Civil War Sectionalism Slavery States' Rights Tariff of 1828 Nullification Missouri Compromise (Missouri/Maine) (2 at a time) Compromise of 1850 (C.A./ Fugitive Slave Act) Georgia Platform (Uphold the Fugitive Slave Act/Not ban Slavery) Kansas-Nebraska Act (Popular Sovereignty) Key Events... Key Events... First Battle - Fort Sumter April 12, 1861 Kentucky, Maryland,Missouri and Delaware were "border states" - Didn't join the Confederacy Antietam- Bloodiest Day of the War Emancipation Proclamation - Slaves Free Chickamauga - Georgia's first and largest battle Dr. Eldrick H. Horton © Union Blockade - Prevented the South from trading with Europe Gettysburg- Largest and deadliest Battle (Union Won) Atlanta Campaign - The Union's mission to take Atlanta - General William Sherman forced Confederates out of Atlanta and burned 90% of the city. Sherman continued his "march to the sea" taking Savannah. Dred Scott (Blacks Not a Citizen/ Can't Sue) Election of 1860 (Republican Abraham Lincoln-AntiSlavery) GA seceded from the Union in 1/21/1861 Alexander Stephen voted against secession) Key Events... Captured Union soldiers were placed in Andersonville Prison -horrible Conditions - 13700 soldiers are buried there. General Lee surrendered to the Union April 9, 1865 - The War Was Over 620,000 died... 2/3's from disease, wounds or prison hardships. Reconstruction Admitting Southern States Back Into The Union... Freedmen's Bureau Sharecroppers and Tenant Farmers 13th Amendment - Outlawed Slavery 14th Amendment - Citizenship and Protection Under the Law 15th Amendment - All Males the Right to Vote Regardless of Race Henry McNeal Turner and Other Black Legislators Won Elections in Georgia for the First Time. Klu Klux Klan - The Rise of Secret Hate Groups Dr. Eldrick H. Horton © "The New South" Bourbon Triumvirate "Industry and Business is better than agriculture." Racial Tension grew as Hoke Smith ran for Governor and promised to remove the voting rights of Blacks... Joseph Brown John Gordon Alfred Colquitt Wealthy Democrats who argued for Industry and Business in Georgia; Believed in White Supremacy... Henry Grady - An ally of the Bourbon Triumvirate- Editor of the AJC - Voice of the South - Advocated for the "New South" The International Cotton Explosion - Hosted in Georgia to spotlight Georgia Populist- Farmers hated the industry/business movement - started the Farmer's Alliance- led to the Populist Party under Tom Watson Rebecca Latimer Felton - First U.S. Female Senator- for 24 hours - Replaced Tom Watson Dr. Eldrick H. Horton © Atlanta Race Riots - 1906 Frank Leo Case - Antisemitism County Unit System - Voting System that supported small counties Jim Crow Laws - Segregation Plessy v. Ferguson - "Segregation was legal" as long as "separate was equal"... Disenfranchisement- Denying Voting Rights Racial Violence- KKK, cross burnings, polling places, churches The Response from Blacks... Booker T. Washington - No integration/Hard work/Vocational Education W. E. B. Du Bois - Believed that Blacks should speak out for their rights! John Hope - First President of Morehouse College and founded the first Black Graduate School for African Americans Lugenia Burns Hope - founded Neigh7Union for poor blacks Alonza Herndon - Georgia and World War I... CAUSES: M.A.I.N./Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand GEORGIA'S CONTRIBUTIONS: Training Camps Built Planes Trained Pilots Prisoners of War Camps Victory Gardens The “Great Depression” and WWII… Eugene Talmadge The Boll Weevil… The “Great Depression” 1929-Late 1930’s The Boll Weevil The 1920’s Drought The Cost of Farm Equipment The Migration of Farmers Dr. Eldrick H. Horton © Unemployment Low Wages Other Countries Owed the U.S. A. Money Debt Talmadge served three times as the commissioner of agriculture and three times as governor. Farmers backed Talmadge passionately, and he fought for farmer’s issues throughout his entire career. As governor, Talmadge resisted efforts to give more civil rights to African- Americans. “The New Deal” President Franklin D. Roosevelt Social Security Act Rural Electrification Agricultural Adjustment Act Civilian Conservation Corps Civil Rights Movement 1940’s -1950’s SS8H11abc SUMMARY: ©Copyright HAE 1964 CIVIL RIGHTS ACT On June 11, 1963, President John F. Kennedy gave a televised speech talking about the importance of civil rights for ALL Americans. He then asked Congress to create an Act (law) that protected the freedoms of African Americans by outlawing discrimination and segregation. The bill was passed in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, and signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson (who succeeded President Kennedy after he was assassinated). It should be noted that many Southern US Congressmen did not support the Civil Rights Act. Only 8 out of 127 Southern politicians voted to pass the Civil Rights Act, compared to 355 out of 394 of nonSouthern politicians, and Southern attempts to preserve white supremacy failed. SS8H11c SS8H11a Describe major developments in civil rights and Georgia’s role during the 1940s and 1950s; include the roles of Herman Talmadge, Benjamin Mays, the 1946 governor’s race and the end of the white primary, Brown v. Board of Education, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the 1956 state flag. CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN THE 1940s 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1946: END OF WHITE PRIMARIES As governor of Georgia, Ellis Arnall enforced the court decision to stop the unfair practice of White Primaries, which had disenfranchised black voters. African-Americans could now vote during the primary election in July for either black candidates or non-racist white candidates. Racist white candidates no longer automatically advanced to the General Election because there was no opposition in white primaries. However, the county unit system still gave rural counties a huge advantage, which is where a majority of the racist voters lived in Georgia. Discuss the impact of Andrew Young on Georgia. CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN THE 1970s 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1967 LESTER MADDOX A strict segregationist who became governor of Georgia in 1967. He once shutdown his own restaurant business “Pickrick Cafeteria” instead of desegregating. However, once he became governor of Georgia he promoted and hired more AfricanAmericans in government jobs than previous governors. He also integrated the Georgia State Highway Patrol and GBI. He also appointed the first African American to head a state department. Dr. Eldrick H. Horton © Civil Rights Movement 1974 MAYNARD JACKSON In 1974, Maynard Jackson became the 1st AfricanAmerican mayor of a major southern city (Atlanta). Jackson played a important role in expanding and modernizing Atlanta’s airport, which has become the busiest airport in the world and employs thousands of workers in the Atlanta area, now named Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport to honor his contributions. Played a role in bringing the 1996 Olympics to Atlanta. 1977 ANDREW YOUNG Former Civil Rights activist during the Civil Rights movement who was friends with Dr. King. Andrew Young also became the first African-American US Representative from Georgia since the Reconstruction Era. President Jimmy Carter appointed Young as the first African-American UN Ambassador. Like Maynard Jackson he also became mayor of Atlanta and later helped bring the Olympics to Georgia. Ellis Arnall? Wanted to remain governor until controversy was settled 1946 GOVERNOR’S RACE “the 3 governors controversy” Who will replace Eugene Talmadge? . Herman Talmadge? Received enough “writein” votes on the ballot Melvin Thompson? Was elected Lieutenant Governor of Georgia HERMAN TALMADGE Just like his dad, Herman Talmadge was a racist governor who supported segregation. He became governor during the “3 governors controversy” when Eugene Talmadge won the 1946 Governor’s Race in November, but died before taking office. Herman received write-in votes because voters knew his dad was ill. The Georgia Supreme Court ruled that a special election must be held between Herman Talmadge and Melvin Thompson. Talmadge won because of the county unit system. BENJAMIN MAYS As president of Morehouse College in Atlanta, Dr. Mays was a civil rights activist and mentor to Martin Luther King, Jr. In 1936, Dr. Mays traveled to India and visited with Mohandis Gandhi and learned Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violent protests and boycotts. Martin Luther King, Jr. would learn this from his mentor Benjamin Mays and it would be the strategy during the Civil Rights movement to end segregation and gain racial equality. Dr. Mays gave the Benediction at the March on Washington, as well as Dr. King’s eulogy. Civil Rights Movement 1940’s -1950’s Dr. Eldrick H. Horton ©