Download Zoology / Lemmons / Study Guide: “Big Things”, Worms and Mollusks

Zoology / Lemmons / Study Guide: “Big Things”, Worms and Mollusks
Big Things to keep remembering:
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Lab Safety: Main items are “ask your teacher” and “wear goggles, tie-back hair, and closed toed shoes)
Graphing: be able to make a conclusion from the data presented in a graph (pie, bar, line, scatter plot)
My list for Scientific Method in a functional order: Observation, Scientific Question, Scientific Hypothesis, Research,
Analyze Data, Conclusions, Further Research
Dependent Variable (= What researcher is interested in the response of; this variable depends upon the
independent variable) versus Independent Variable (= What researchers manipulates to see how it affects the
dependent variable) versus Controlled Variables (= all other variables that are kept the same) versus the Control (=
the normal; or an experimental group with no independent variable applied)
Zoology = study of animals
Eukaryotes (= have nucleus) versus Prokaryotes (= no nucleus)
Estimated Number of eukaryotic species on earth = ~ 8.7 million (Animal species 7.7 million) (Mora et. al. PLoS
Biology 2011) (they estimated ~10,000 prokaryotes)
Main reasons for native species being endangered in our current generation: habitat destruction, pollution,
poaching; over harvest, competition from species introduced by humans
Individual organism, Population (all one species), Community (2 or more species in area), Ecosystem (also includes
the abiotic variables such as rocks, water = nonliving), Biome (larger scale), Biosphere (entire earth)
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species
Domains = Eukarya (eukaryotes); Archaea (harsh environment prokaryotes, such as thermal vents); Bacteria
(prokaryotes that are the typical bacteria, such as on your skin)
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Eukaryote Kingdoms Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia; also the catch-all group Protists for which many new Kingdoms
are being named (e.g. some are now saying there is a Kingdom Chromista)
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Photosynthesis in plants produces sugar and oxygen (& removes CO2) that can be utilized by animals.
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Community interactions between two organisms: Competition = attempting to use same resource, Predation =
predator captures and feeds on the prey, Mutualism = both benefit, Commensalism = one benefits while other
doesn’t benefit nor is harmed, Parasitism = one benefits by living inside or on the other organism
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Biodiversity is the # of species AND the sum total of the genetic variety of all organisms in a given area. Species
diversity = strictly the # of different species in a given area.
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Animals (e.g. wasp or bee) can help the process of pollination by transferring pollen from one plant to another.
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What are protists? = Eukaryotes that are not members of the Kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, or Fungi
At least half of the oxygen on the earth comes from these plantlike protists that are unicellular algae; these
organisms also make up the base of many aquatic animal food webs; what are they called? = phytoplankton
What characteristics do all animals share? Multicellular; eukaryotic heterotrophs; lack cell walls; having the
protein collagen
What are invertebrates and what % of animals is invertebrate? Animals that do NOT have a backbone or vertebral
column; 95%
In a Protostome, the blastopore becomes a ______; in a Deuterostome it becomes a _______. Of animals, which
are Deuterostomes? Mouth; Anus; Echinoderms & Chordates (which includes Vertebrates like yourself)
Sponges are in Phylum Porifera; what are characteristics for this phylum? Animals with pores throughout their body
that carry water; a single layer of body tissue; no nervous system
Jellyfish, hydras, sea anemones, and coral all belong to Phylum Cnidaria; what are characteristics for this phylum?
Animals with soft bodies & tentacles which have stinging cells; two layers of body tissue
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Unit Specific Items
 Flatworms belong to which Phylum? Phylum Platyhelminthes (remember flat and plat)
 What are the characteristics of flatworms? Worms that are: flat, non-segmented, incomplete digestive tract (food
in and waste out the pharynx), 3 tissue layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm), acoelomate (no inside the body
cavity since filled in by tissue), bilateral symmetry, protostome
 What are some examples of flatworms? Flukes (e.g. liver; blood), tapeworms, free-living planarians
 Roundworms belong to which Phylum? Phylum Nematoda
 What are the characteristics of roundworms? Worms that are: round, non-segmented, complete digestive tract
(mouth  intestine  anus), pseudocoelom (inside-the-body fluid-filled cavity lined on only one side by muscle),
protective cuticle as outermost layer of body, 3 tissue layers, bilateral symmetry, protostome
 What are some examples of parasitic roundworms? Trichinella (trichinosis-causing worm = remember the mass of
worms in the body builders intestine? If not, YouTube it.), filarial worm that cause elephantiasis, hookworm (they
penetrate through the bottom of your bare feet), pinworm (emerge from anus while you sleep at night to lay eggs;
itchy itchy), guinea worm (emerge from foot and have to “coil” out of body)
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Draw a person with elephantiasis in only a single leg:
Segmented worms belong to which Phylum? Phylum Annelida
What are the characteristics of segmented worms? Worms that are either round or flat with: segmented bodies,
complete digestive tract, a true coelom = coelomate (inside-the-body fluid-filled cavity lined on BOTH sides by
muscle), 3 tissues layers, bilateral symmetry, protostome
What are some examples of segmented worms? Marine polychaete bristle worms including the Bobbit Worm (with
jaws; hid beneath surface to surprise attack prey like the Lion Fish); leeches (remember some use these to purify
their blood [Demi Moore] or to draw off swelling of blood after a surgery); earthworms
Mollusks belong to which Phylum? Phylum Mollusca
What are the key characteristics of Mollusks? Soft body; Head attached to foot (head-foot)(foot is sometimes
modified into other structures such as tentacles); many have a shell; coelomate; 3 tissue layers, bilateral symmetry,
protostomes
What are some examples of mollusks? Bivalves (clams, oysters, mussels); Gastropods (snails, slugs, nudibranchs
which steal stinging cells from jellyfish); Cephalopods with eyes that can form images (squid, octopus, cuttlefish,
nautilus with spiral gas-filled shell)
You are in a conversation with another person whom you wish to impress; utilizing information other than what is
on this study guide, list 2 items of scientific knowledge for each of the following that you would include in this
impressive conversation: flatworms, roundworms, segmented worms, mollusks.
Your choice (could be a news story, from textbook, from legit website, etc.)