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SECTION 17.1 THE LINNAEAN SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION Study Guide Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities. VOCABULARY taxonomy taxon CHAPTER 17 The Tree of Life KEY CONCEPT binomial nomenclature genus MAIN IDEA: Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today. Fill in the concept map with details about Linnaean taxonomy. Linnaean taxonomy classifies 1. names 4. based on Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company. 2. using a system called 5. into groups called 3. MAIN IDEA: which gives each species a 6. Linnaeus’ classification system has seven levels. 7. How are the seven levels of Linnaeus’ classification system organized? 8. Describe the trend in the levels, or taxa, as you move down from kingdom to species. Unit 6 Resource Book McDougal Littell Biology Study Guide 1 STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED CHAPTER 17 The Tree of Life Fill in the seven taxa of the Linnaean classification system into the appropriate boxes below. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. MAIN IDEA: The Linnaean classification system has limitations. 9. Why did Linnaeus base his system of classification on physical similarities alone, as opposed to including molecular and genetic similarities? 10. Why are physical similarities among species not always the result of being closely 11. Why do scientists today rely on molecular and genetic similarities to classify organisms? Vocabulary Check 12. Taxonomy is the science of 13. Words from the and organisms. language are used in binomial nomenclature. 14. In the binomial nomenclature naming system, each species is given a unique scientific name that includes a 2 Study Guide name and a descriptor. Unit 6 Resource Book McDougal Littell Biology Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company. related? SECTION 17.2 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS Study Guide Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships. MAIN IDEA: VOCABULARY phylogeny cladistics CHAPTER 17 The Tree of Life KEY CONCEPT cladogram derived character Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry. 1. What is a phylogeny? 2. How can a phylogeny be shown? 3. Describe the main goal of cladistics. Use the word box below to label the main features of a cladogram. Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company. clade node taxon being classified derived character 5. 4. 7. 6. Unit 6 Resource Book McDougal Littell Biology Study Guide 5 STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED CHAPTER 17 The Tree of Life 8. What is a clade? 9. How are derived characters used in making a cladogram? 10. On a cladogram, what is a node and what does it represent? MAIN IDEA: Molecular evidence reveals species’ relatedness. 11. Give two examples of molecular evidence that can be used to help determine species’ relatedness. 13. What can be concluded if the genes of two species are found to be nearly identical? Vocabulary Check 14. Phylo- comes from the Greek word meaning “class,” and the suffix -geny means “origin.” How do these meanings apply to the term phylogeny? 15. How are the words cladistics and cladogram related? 16. Traits that are shared by some species of a group being studied, which other species in that group do not have, are called 6 Study Guide characters. Unit 6 Resource Book McDougal Littell Biology Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company 12. Why are evolutionary trees often changed? SECTION 17.3 MOLECULAR CLOCKS Study Guide VOCABULARY molecular clock mitochondrial DNA Molecular clocks provide clues to evolutionary history MAIN IDEA: CHAPTER 17 The Tree of Life KEY CONCEPT ribosomal RNA Molecular clocks use mutations to estimate evolutionary time. 1. What are molecular clocks? 2. Explain how species become more and more different at the molecular level, after they have diverged from a common ancestor. 3. Using Figure 17.8 as a reference, draw your own set of DNA sequences that illustrate Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company molecular evolution. 4. How can scientists estimate mutation rates for use in developing a molecular clock? MAIN IDEA: Mitochondrial DNA and ribosomal RNA provide two types of molecular clocks. 5. Depending on how closely related species are, scientists must choose a molecule with an appropriate Unit 6 Resource Book McDougal Littell Biology rate to use as a molecular clock. Study Guide 9 CHAPTER 17 The Tree of Life STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED 6. In the table below, take notes about two commonly used molecular clocks. Molecular Clock Description of Molecule Why It’s Unique How It’s Useful as a Molecular Clock mtDNA Vocabulary Check molecular clock mitochondrial DNA ribosomal RNA 7. Useful for studying closely related species 8. Model that uses mutation rates to measure evolutionary time 9. Useful for studying species in different kingdoms or phyla 10 Study Guide Unit 6 Resource Book McDougal Littell Biology Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company rRNA SECTION 17.4 DOMAINS AND KINGDOMS Study Guide The current tree of life has three domains. MAIN IDEA: VOCABULARY Bacteria Archaea CHAPTER 17 The Tree of Life KEY CONCEPT Eukarya Classification is always a work in progress. 1. Why is classification considered a work in progress? 2. How has the kingdom system changed over the last three hundred years? 3. Describe Woese’s discovery and the impact it had on the tree of life. Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company. On the timeline below, fill in the major changes to the kingdom system that have occurred over the past three hundred years. 1753: 1700 1938: 1800 1866: Unit 6 Resource Book McDougal Littell Biology 1977: 1900 2000 1959: Study Guide 13 CHAPTER 17 The Tree of Life STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED MAIN IDEA: The three domains in the tree of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Fill in the table below with notes about the three-domain system. Domain Characteristics Kingdoms Included 4. Bacteria 5. Archaea 7. Why is it difficult to classify bacteria and archaea down to the species level? Vocabulary Check Bacteria Archaea Eukarya 8. Have cells with distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles 9. Known for their ability to live in extreme environments 10. Classified by their shape, need for oxygen, and whether they cause disease 14 Study Guide Unit 6 Resource Book McDougal Littell Biology Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company. 6. Eukarya