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SECTION
17.1
THE LINNAEAN SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
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Organisms can be classified based on physical
similarities.
VOCABULARY
taxonomy
taxon
CHAPTER 17
The Tree of Life
KEY CONCEPT
binomial nomenclature
genus
MAIN IDEA: Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today.
Fill in the concept map with details about Linnaean taxonomy.
Linnaean taxonomy
classifies
1.
names
4.
based on
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2.
using a system called
5.
into groups called
3.
MAIN IDEA:
which gives each species a
6.
Linnaeus’ classification system has seven levels.
7. How are the seven levels of Linnaeus’ classification system organized?
8. Describe the trend in the levels, or taxa, as you move down from kingdom to species.
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CHAPTER 17
The Tree of Life
Fill in the seven taxa of the Linnaean classification system into the appropriate boxes below.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
MAIN IDEA:
The Linnaean classification system has limitations.
9. Why did Linnaeus base his system of classification on physical similarities alone, as
opposed to including molecular and genetic similarities?
10. Why are physical similarities among species not always the result of being closely
11. Why do scientists today rely on molecular and genetic similarities to classify organisms?
Vocabulary Check
12. Taxonomy is the science of
13. Words from the
and
organisms.
language are used in binomial nomenclature.
14. In the binomial nomenclature naming system, each species is given a unique scientific
name that includes a
2
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name and a
descriptor.
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related?
SECTION
17.2
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON EVOLUTIONARY
RELATIONSHIPS
Study Guide
Modern classification is based on evolutionary
relationships.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
phylogeny
cladistics
CHAPTER 17
The Tree of Life
KEY CONCEPT
cladogram
derived character
Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry.
1. What is a phylogeny?
2. How can a phylogeny be shown?
3. Describe the main goal of cladistics.
Use the word box below to label the main features of a cladogram.
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clade
node
taxon being
classified
derived
character
5.
4.
7.
6.
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CHAPTER 17
The Tree of Life
8. What is a clade?
9. How are derived characters used in making a cladogram?
10. On a cladogram, what is a node and what does it represent?
MAIN IDEA:
Molecular evidence reveals species’ relatedness.
11. Give two examples of molecular evidence that can be used to help determine species’
relatedness.
13. What can be concluded if the genes of two species are found to be nearly identical?
Vocabulary Check
14. Phylo- comes from the Greek word meaning “class,” and the suffix -geny means
“origin.” How do these meanings apply to the term phylogeny?
15. How are the words cladistics and cladogram related?
16. Traits that are shared by some species of a group being studied, which other species in
that group do not have, are called
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characters.
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12. Why are evolutionary trees often changed?
SECTION
17.3
MOLECULAR CLOCKS
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VOCABULARY
molecular clock
mitochondrial DNA
Molecular clocks provide clues to
evolutionary history
MAIN IDEA:
CHAPTER 17
The Tree of Life
KEY CONCEPT
ribosomal RNA
Molecular clocks use mutations to estimate evolutionary time.
1. What are molecular clocks?
2. Explain how species become more and more different at the molecular level, after they
have diverged from a common ancestor.
3. Using Figure 17.8 as a reference, draw your own set of DNA sequences that illustrate
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molecular evolution.
4. How can scientists estimate mutation rates for use in developing a molecular clock?
MAIN IDEA: Mitochondrial DNA and ribosomal RNA provide two types of molecular
clocks.
5. Depending on how closely related species are, scientists must choose a molecule with an
appropriate
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rate to use as a molecular clock.
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CHAPTER 17
The Tree of Life
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6. In the table below, take notes about two commonly used molecular clocks.
Molecular
Clock
Description of
Molecule
Why It’s Unique
How It’s Useful as a
Molecular Clock
mtDNA
Vocabulary Check
molecular clock
mitochondrial DNA
ribosomal RNA
7. Useful for studying closely related species
8. Model that uses mutation rates to measure evolutionary time
9. Useful for studying species in different kingdoms or phyla
10
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rRNA
SECTION
17.4
DOMAINS AND KINGDOMS
Study Guide
The current tree of life has three domains.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
Bacteria
Archaea
CHAPTER 17
The Tree of Life
KEY CONCEPT
Eukarya
Classification is always a work in progress.
1. Why is classification considered a work in progress?
2. How has the kingdom system changed over the last three hundred years?
3. Describe Woese’s discovery and the impact it had on the tree of life.
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On the timeline below, fill in the major changes to the kingdom system that have occurred
over the past three hundred years.
1753:
1700
1938:
1800
1866:
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1977:
1900
2000
1959:
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CHAPTER 17
The Tree of Life
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MAIN IDEA: The three domains in the tree of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Fill in the table below with notes about the three-domain system.
Domain
Characteristics
Kingdoms Included
4. Bacteria
5. Archaea
7. Why is it difficult to classify bacteria and archaea down to the species level?
Vocabulary Check
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
8. Have cells with distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
9. Known for their ability to live in extreme environments
10. Classified by their shape, need for oxygen, and whether they
cause disease
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6. Eukarya