Download Five Characteristics of Civilization

Five Characteristics of Civilization
Advanced cities
Center of trade for a larger
area
Examples – Atlanta, NY,
Seattle
Specialized workers
Workers skilled in specific
kinds of work
Examples – jewelers,
architects, plumbers
Complex institutions
Long-lasting pattern of
organization in a
community
Examples – US Senate,
Roman Catholic Church,
New York Stock Exchange
Record keeping
Written records of a
community
Examples – receipts,
student grades, laws
Advanced technology
Innovations that allow
communities to solve
problems
Examples – iPads,
automobiles, computers
Development of English
• Indo-European – language spoken by peoples
on the Eurasian steppes
• Indo-European migrations – Germanic, Celt,
Italic, and Greek tribes move west into Europe
• Angles and Saxons settle in England – AngloSaxon becomes the language spoken
• 1066 – Norman conquest
– Norman French, descended from Latin, heavily
influences Anglo-Saxon
Influence of Judaism
• Christianity born of Judaism – major religion of
the West
• Ten Commandments become the basis for many
law and moral codes
• Monotheism
• Jewish lands become the focus of the Crusades
Persian Government
• Satraps governed provinces
– States and governors
• Use of Royal Road to communicate quickly
throughout the empire
– Highway system
– Electronic communication
Athenian and U.S. Democracy
Athens
Citizens = 18 years old
males born to citizen
parents
Both
United States
Citizens have political
power
Citizens = born in US or
naturalized
Three branch government
Representatives elected to
legislate
Laws voted/proposed
directly by assembly
Legislative passes laws
Leaders chosen by lot
Executive carries out laws
Executive branch = council
of 500
Judicial conducts trials with
paid jurors
12 member juries
Various juries
Executive branch headed
by president who appoints
officials
Attorneys and appeal
process
No attorneys or appeals;
one day trials
Roman Republic and the U.S.
• Elected consuls → elected president
– Chief executive, commander-in-chief of army
• Senate/assemblies → senate/house of reps
– Legislative and advisory responsibilities
• Praetors → judicial system (supreme court)
– Hear civil and criminal trials and appeals
• Twelve Tables → U.S. Constitution
• Citizenship
– All adult male landowners → native-born or
naturalized adults
Spread of Christianity
• Alexander’s conquests
– Brings East and West into direct cultural contact
– Fusion of languages into koine Greek – universal
language that allowed N.T. to be read broadly
• Pax Romana
– Christianity spreads along Roman roads
– Time of peace allowed missionaries to travel and
preach their message
– Roman rule = everyone knows Latin/Greek = common
language for sharing the gospel
Crusades and the Modern Day
• Intolerance and hatred between Jews, Christians,
and Muslims
• Increased persecution of Jews and Muslims in
Europe
• Seen today in:
– Terrorism and the War on Terror
– Resentment at western intervention in Islamic states
– Economic turmoil (e.g., oil sanctions)
English Political Reforms
• Henry II
– Juries – 12 community members who answered a royal
judge’s questions about a case
– Common law – body of case law that gave uniformity to
England’s justice
• John
– Magna Carta – guarantee of basic political rights (e.g., no
taxation without representation, trial by jury, protection of
the law)
• Edward I
– Parliament – legislative body made up from the nobility
and the commons
World Religions
Hinduism
Buddhism
Judaism
Christianity
Islam
• Brahma,
Vishnu, Shiva
• No one
person
• Sacred texts,
including
Vedas and
Puranas
• Reincarnation,
moksha =
freedom from
earthly
desires which
comes from a
lifetime of
worship,
knowledge,
and virtue
• no personal
deity
• Buddha
• Multiple
sacred texts
• Nirvana,
Noble
Eightfold Path,
reincarnation
• Yahweh
• Abraham
• Hebrew Bible,
including
Torah
• Monotheism,
loving God
who holds
people
accountable
for sins, live
by the
teachings of
the Torah
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
God
Jesus Christ
Bible
Monotheism,
loving God,
Jesus was son
of God who
died to save
humanity
from sin,
resurrection
makes eternal
life possible
Allah
Muhammad
Qur’an
Five Pillars of
Islam: faith,
prayer, alms,
fasting
(Ramadan),
pilgrimage to
Mecca