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How are diseases spread? 11.2 Pathogens • Pathogens are microorganisms that cause diseases. • How do they cause diseases? • They have to enter our bodies. How do pathogens get into a body? • Through cuts in the skin – from injury, or insect/animal bites. How do pathogens get into a body? • Through the digestive system – when you eat and drink How do pathogens get into a body? • Through the respiratory system – when you breathe through your mouth and nose. How do pathogens get into a body? • Through the reproductive system – during sexual intercourse. Chlamydia – can be treated with antibiotics – so what kind of infection is it? Name 4 ways pathogens can enter your body • • • • 1 2 3 4 How to avoid catching a disease • By covering your mouth and nose. • When somebody sneezes or coughs, tiny drops of liquid are released into the air. • Droplet infection • Colds and flu are spread by this method How to avoid catching a disease • By not touching • Some diseases are contagious. • Spread by touching infected people or things they have touched. • What have these 2 got? • • • • By using protection. Syphillis Gonorrhoea HIV • By not sharing needles. • People who inject medicines or illegal drugs should never share needles. • Disease can be passed on in blood on the needle. • HIV Hepatitis How to prevent diseases spreading • Be hygienic • What does that mean? Cook food properly • Some animals contain bacteria that could cause food poisoning. • Some species of E. coli and Salmonella. • If foods are cooked properly the bacteria will be killed. • Keep raw and cooked food separate. Drink clean water • Untreated water can contain microorganisms that cause diseases like cholera and typhoid. • Could happen after flooding if sewage contaminates the water supply. • You must boil water of use sterilisation tablets. Protect from animal bites • Mosquitos spread Malaria • They bite an infected person, then someone else. • Take anti-malarial drugs. • Use insect repellent spray http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/themalaria-cycle/6989.html Wash your hands • Reduce risk of infection from microorganisms wash your hands regularly. Cover cuts and grazes • Thoroughly clean a cut. • Cover with a plaster so that microorganisms cannot enter your body. Health and safety • Employees and clients • Ensure work places are hygienic. Restaurants • • • • Checked by environmental health officers. Premises must be clean. Food is stored and cooked properly. To prevent spread of microorganisms which could cause food poisoning. Swimming pools • Lifeguards trained to check water purity in swimming pools. • Use chemicals to ensure that water is clean. • Prevent the spread of waterborne diseases. Personal hygiene • Wash hands thoroughly before preparing and eating food. • Cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze. • Ideally use a tissue that can be immediately binned. Cholera • http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/ma nchester-cholera-epidemic-1832-pt-12/3312.html • http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/ma nchester-cholera-epidemic-1832-pt-22/3313.html