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Biomes Are large regions that have similar abiotic and biotic components throughout. Biotic factors are “living” components They include: animals plants fungi protists bacteria . Abiotic factors are “non-living” components They include: oxygen water nutrients light soil If biotic and abiotic conditions are the same, similar biomes can exist far apart. Biosphere Biomes Ecosystems Ecosystems are varying regions (such as lakes, rivers, mountains, forests and fields) within a biome. Within ecosystems are habitats. A habitat is where an organism lives. latitude-temperature latitude-precipitation elevation-temperature elevation-precipitation Temperature and precipitation are two of the most important abiotic factors that influence, and help to identify, biomes. A climatograph shows the average temperature and precipitation for a location over a period of 30 years or more. Game, Set … Match In groups of 2-3 create a matching question that compares the key biotic and abiotic features of different biomes. Include three “obvious” characteristics that set each biome apart from others. Rubric 5 marks - neatness/organization 15 marks - quality of defining characteristics Other factors include latitude, elevation, and ocean currents. List the biomes in order from the poles to the equator Adaptations … are traits that allow organisms to better survive and reproduce in their specific environment The abiotic factors of a biome will influence the biotic factors. Adaptations can be … Structural Behavioural Something an organism has Something an organism does Examples include: Examples include: Webbed feet Sharper claws Longer neck More fur Brighter feathers Migration Mating rituals Hibernation Playing dead Social dynamics Mimicry allows one animal to look, sound, or act like another animal to fool predators into thinking it is poisonous or dangerous. Migration and hibernation are types of behavioural adaptations 3 structural & 2 behavioral adaptations 2 structural & 1 behavioral adaptation 3 structural & 1 behavioral adaptation 3 structural & 1 behavioral adaptation of each Symbiosis is an interaction between members of two different species that live together in a close association. There are three types! Types of symbiosis: Mutualism - both species benefit ex) a bee gathering nectar from a flower Types of symbiosis: Parasitism - one species benefits and the other is harmed ex) a tape worm living inside of a person mountain pine beetle and pine trees pine beetle damaged forest Types of symbiosis: Commensalism - one species benefits, one is not helped nor harmed ex) the barnacles on a whale Adaptations develop through natural selection. How do adaptations evolve through natural selection? Within a species there is variation for all traits. Speckled moths may be more white or black in color Organisms that have certain varieties of a trait will have a slightly better chance of surviving and reproducing. Moths born with more black pigment are better likely to blend into the dark background of tree bark and therefore are less likely to be eaten. Traits are inherited from parents. Those that will survive may pass on their beneficial traits to their offspring. Surviving moths will reproduce and pass on their traits to their offspring. The cycle continues and the population changes … ADAPTIVE RADIATION leads to EVOLUTION through NATURAL SELECTION. Over many generations the population of moths evolves to become darker. Making it better adapted to its environment. Biotic Interactions in Ecosystems • A community = all the organisms that interact within an ecosystem. • A population of organisms refers to all of the members of a certain species within an ecosystem. • A species refers to all of the organisms within an ecosystem that have the same structure, and who can reproduce with each other. Different species Different species within an ecosystem A population consists of one species A community consists of many populations interacting in the same environment • A niche refers to the role a species has within an ecosystem. in other words … what it does. Includes how an organism fits into its environment physically, chemically and biologically. Competition occurs when a resource is desired by two or more individuals. Competition usually means resources are limited This limits the size and health of that individual, and perhaps that population Predation is the relationship between the “eaters” and the “eaten”. Predators have adaptations to help them catch their prey. Prey have adaptations to help avoid predators. Examples of adaptations include spines, shells, camouflage and mimicry. The number of predators and prey influence each other. Predator Prey Relationships Biodiversity in Ecosystems • Biodiversity refers to the the variety and number of different individuals and species in an ecosystem. Healthy ecosystems generally have high biodiversity. Most biodiversity losses occur from the loss of habitat. • Humans often have a negative impact on biodiversity. Many efforts are now made to lessen this impact in order to maintain biodiversity. Ecological management programs try to balance human progress with maintaining biodiversity.